DOI: / Pursuing Alternative Development

Transcription

1 DOI: / Pursuing Alternative Development

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3 Pursuing Alternative Development: Indigenous People, Ethnic Organization and Agency M. Saiful Islam Assistant Professor Department of Development Studies University of Dhaka, Bangladesh DOI: /

4 M. Saiful Islam 2015 S o f t c o v e r r e p r i n t o f t h e h a r d c o v e r 1 s t All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: PDF ISBN: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. doi: /

5 Contents List of Illustrations List of Photographs Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations vi vii viii x 1 Introduction: Rethinking Orthodox Development 1 2 NGOs and Development Practices 28 3 Promoting Economic Livelihood 47 4 Educating the Indigenous People 75 5 Striving for Social Justice 94 6 Ethnic Organization and Alternative Development: Possibilities and Challenges 113 References 127 Index 137 DOI: / v

6 List of Illustrations Figures 2.1 Approaches of Prochesta in mobilizing indigenous people Processes of forming a village-based samiti 65 Tables 3.1 A typical input output calculation from agriculture Average net benefit from sharecropping Food sufficiency among the sampled Santal households in Bangladesh Savings and the use of loan by the samiti members Educational levels of the sampled Santal households 77 vi DOI: /

7 List of Photographs 3.1 Bullock as the major means of tilling lands Modern tractors are recently introduced Transplanting paddy Small shop to support economic livelihood Plying vutvuti to supplement household income Microcredit program of Prochesta Indigenous students in a Prochesta-run school Mass gathering: a non-violent protest against discrimination 104 DOI: / vii

8 Acknowledgments The time spent in writing, reviewing, and revising this book has witnessed a number of changes in my profession as a faculty member in a number of universities in Bangladesh and Brunei. I am thus indebted to a number of persons and institutions all over. I fear to acknowledge any particular individual if it overlooks many others who contributed to this initiative. I express my deepest gratitude to Dr A.H.M. Zehadul Karim, Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, International Islamic University Malaysia who continuously encouraged, urged, and supported me to complete this book. Any expression in words would undoubtedly be inadequate to convey my gratitude to him. Many thanks to Dr A.K.M. Ahsan Ullah, Deputy Dean, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University Brunei Darussalam, who immensely inspired me to publish this manuscript and helped me in many ways without which this manuscript perhaps would not have been in its present form. I am also thankful to Dr. Sarbeswar Sahoo, Assistant Professor at IIT-Delhi, for his suggestions and recommendations on this manuscript. I appreciate his forbearance and congruency on the ways we discussed and debated issues such as NGOs, development discourse, and civil society. I acknowledge the faculty members of the sociology and anthropology program, University Brunei Darussalam, and the faculty members of the Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka for their continuous support and constructive comments on this manuscript. At Palgrave Macmillan, I convey my sincere gratitude and thanks to Christina M. viii DOI: /

9 Acknowledgments ix Brian and Ambra Finotello who continuously supported me from the very beginning of this book project. I appreciate their utmost professionalism. It was also a wonderful experience working with Vidhya Jayaprakash and her team at Newgen Knowledge Works, and their assistance is highly accredited. My most profound debt is to my informants who accepted and accommodated me, and also allowed me to be a part of their everyday life during the fieldwork. The executive director and staff members of the ethnic organization helped me a lot in providing information, sharing their experience, and learning the way they understand and practice development. My sincere thanks are due to them. This endeavor would only be fruitful, if it helps in any way for the betterment of these poor, socially excluded, highly deprived, and oppressed indigenous peoples of the studied area. My family has always been a source of inspiration, encouragement, and strength. I am grateful to my parents who, despite a lot of economic difficulties, helped me continue my study and taught me to dream. Without their contribution, it would have been simply impossible for me to reach at a status which I am holding now. Nila, my wife, has also been a constant source of my strength doing everything she could to make this project successful. It is her continuous push and care that enabled me to complete this manuscript despite many repulsive constraints and other involvements. My warmest gratitude is to her whose care sustained me throughout. DOI: /

10 List of Abbreviations ADAB ADB APP BRAC CCP FAO ILO IPAP LBBT LPSM NFPE NGO PO RVKP SGH UN UNDP UNESCO USAID WHO Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh Asian Development Bank Assistant Public Prosecutor Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee Chinese Communist Party Food and Agricultural Organization International Labor Organization Integrated Poverty Alleviation Project Lembaga Bela Banua Talino Lembaga Pengembangan Swadaya Masyarakat Non-formal Primary Education Non-governmental Organization People s Organization Rajasthan Vanvasi Kalyan Parishad Self Help Group United Nations United Nations Development Program United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization United States Agency for International Development World Health Organization x DOI: /