For Britain, however, it was a dreadful decade perhaps the worst in our modern history, and one that set the tone for years to come.

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1 By Dominic Sandbrook PUBLISHED: 23:25 GMT, 12 April 2013 UPDATED: 23:25 GMT, 12 April 2013 Dawn is breaking in Puerto Argentino, the town its former inhabitants once knew as Port Stanley. At the tiny airport, a gigantic mural commemorates the soldiers from the mainland who lost their lives in the battle for the Malvinas, or the Falklands, as they used to be called. Next to the old Anglican cathedral (now Catholic), a gigantic blue and white flag flutters. In the square nearby, a statue of General Leopoldo Galtieri gazes impassively out to sea. Today, in 2013, the world remembers General Galtieri as one of the defining personalities of the Eighties, a strong leader who, by recapturing the Malvinas, set his stamp on the age. For Britain, however, it was a dreadful decade perhaps the worst in our modern history, and one that set the tone for years to come. Socialist 'heaven': Tony Benn as PM, Kinnock as Chancellor For many historians, the Eighties really began in September 1978, when Labour Prime Minister Jim Callaghan announced there would be a General Election on Thursday, October 5. Though Callaghan had been forced to seek a humiliating bailout from the IMF only two years earlier, he

2 remained remarkably popular. Polls showed Labour neck-and-neck with Margaret Thatcher s Tory Party. The PM didn t have to call an election until the autumn of 1979, but he figured it was better to go to the polls now than risk any deterioration in his party s fortunes. As the campaign wore on, Callaghan began to pull ahead. And when the first results were announced in the early hours of Friday morning, it was clear that his great election gamble had paid off. Labour had secured only a 12-seat majority, but it was enough. And on the Tory benches, disappointed expectations soon turned into bitter recriminations. For many historians, the Eighties really began in September 1978, when Labour Prime Minister Jim Callaghan announced there would be a General Election on Thursday, October 5 On the Monday after polling day, the famous men in grey suits the party grandees, who had never really liked her paid a call on Margaret Thatcher. She resigned as party leader that evening, brushing away tears in a moving farewell Press conference. As historians now agree, Mrs Thatcher never really stood a chance: Britain was not ready for a woman prime minister. As she herself had remarked only eight years earlier: There will not be a woman prime minister in my lifetime the male population is too prejudiced. In her place, the Tories turned to the bumbling figure of Willie Whitelaw, an old-fashioned patrician Wet whom they decided would connect better with the British electorate. In the meantime, the country was reeling from crisis to crisis. Scarcely had Callaghan returned to No 10 than his premiership was consumed in the notorious Winter of Discontent. As one group of workers after another lorry drivers, railwaymen, bus drivers, ambulance drivers, caretakers, cleaners, even grave-diggers walked out on strike for higher wages, the country ground to a halt. Buoyed by his election victory, Callaghan was in no mood to compromise. Rather than break his declared 5 per cent national pay limit and risk higher inflation, he declared a State of Emergency and summoned the

3 Army to drive Britain s petrol tankers. On the Monday after polling day, the famous men in grey suits the party grandees, who had never really liked her paid a call on Margaret Thatcher. She resigned as party leader that evening It was a catastrophic mistake. On February 12, 1979, a date that has gone down in history as Black Monday, fighting broke out between pickets and soldiers at one depot outside Hull. In the chaos, one soldier carrying live rounds, in contravention of orders opened fire and killed five people. It was one of the most shocking moments in modern British history. Callaghan resigned the next day, the last honourable act of a decent man overwhelmed by events. But contrary to his expectations, the Labour Party did not turn to his Chancellor, the bushy-browed Denis Healey. Instead, they lurched to the Left and elected as their new Prime Minister Michael Foot, with his flowing white locks, walking stick and impassioned socialist rhetoric. The real power in the land, however, was Foot s colleague Tony Benn, who replaced the disgruntled Healey as Chancellor. And in the next few years, it was Benn who presided over the most sweeping socialist measures any Western country had seen in living memory. To the horror of many in industry, Benn insisted that Britain s declining economy needed a dose of shock therapy. The top rate of income tax went up to 98 per cent, and the government announced a one-off 5 per cent equality levy on households with income over 50,000 a year. As frightened investors began to withdraw their money from the City of London, Benn introduced sweeping exchange controls. He also, in an attempt to shore up Britain s crumbling manufacturing base, introduced the most stringent import tariffs in the Western world.

4 On the Monday after polling day, the famous men in grey suits - the party grandees, who had never really liked her - paid a call on Margaret Thatcher. She resigned as party leader that evening The reaction was pandemonium. As inflation shot over 25 per cent and unemployment went above two million, horrified European leaders insisted that Britain s new policies were incompatible with membership of the Common Market. But Benn was adamant. You turn if you want to, he told his party conference in Labour s not for turning. The following year, as the economic picture continued to worsen, the Government introduced controls to stop people taking sterling out of the country. As a result, the foreign package holiday market collapsed although landladies in Blackpool said they had never seen more business. There were rumours that Foot was planning to move his turbulent Chancellor, but they were blown away when, in April 1982, Argentine forces landed in the Falklands. As a veteran crusader against fascism, Foot was desperate to confront the invaders, even though most of his own party opposed him. But the operation to recapture the islands was a disaster from start to finish. The sinking of HMS Sheffield marked the beginning of the end, and after the disastrous failure of the San Carlos landings, the game was up. As inflation shot over 25 per cent and unemployment went above two million, horrified European leaders insisted that Britain s new policies were

5 incompatible with membership of the Common Market Foot clung onto office for a few more months, but in the autumn of 1982, after a handful of Labour rightwingers led by Healey had broken away to form the Social Democratic Party, Foot announced his resignation becoming the second Labour Leader to quit in just three years. And so it was that Benn took his place as Labour leader for the Remembrance Day service at the Cenotaph in November A year earlier, Foot had been derided for wearing a green coat described by some as a donkey jacket. Now Benn turned up in a genuine black woollen donkey jacket, complete with numerous badges: CND, Right to Work, Ireland for the Irish and a tiny Red flag. When Benn called an election six months later, his manifesto called for the abolition of the monarchy and the Lords, withdrawal from Nato and the EEC, the scrapping of our nuclear weapons and the nationalisation of Britain s 25 biggest companies. His critics called it the longest suicide note in history. But thanks to some enthusiastic pump priming by his new Chancellor, Neil Kinnock, there was an illusory sense of economic recovery. And as the ineffective Whitelaw and the belligerent Healey spent most of the election campaign attacking one another, it was Benn, defying all the pundits, who was triumphantly re-elected in June We re all right! shouted a jubilant Kinnock at a Labour victory rally. We re all right! In place of Thatcher, the Tories turned to the bumbling figure of Willie Whitelaw, an old-fashioned patrician Wet whom they decided would connect better with the British electorate What followed has gone down in history as Britain s Hundred Days.

6 Benn s attempts to abolish the monarchy came to nothing. But he did manage to get rid of the House of Lords, overcoming the old order s opposition by creating a record 500 new peers, including such luminaries as Viscount Barnsley (Arthur Scargill), the Earl of Nottingham (football manager Brian Clough) and the Marchioness of Stirling (the comedian Wee Jimmy Krankie). In its place, the trade unions were invited to nominate a new People s Convention, who would sit in judgment on all legislation passed by the Commons. In the next few weeks, the Convention approved the most sweeping measures Britain had ever known. The Armed Forces were slashed to the bone, and Britain s nuclear weapons were decommissioned. The Labour party lurched to the Left and elected as their new Prime Minister Michael Foot, with his flowing white locks, walking stick and impassioned socialist rhetoric In Dublin, Benn signed a historic Anglo-Irish agreement, turning Northern Ireland into an international protectorate with Senator Edward Kennedy as the state s first proconsul. And with Britain s car industry in desperate trouble, and foreign imports now forbidden by law, Benn made a ground-breaking trip across the Berlin Wall, where he struck a deal to buy 250,000 East German Trabants. There was no disguising the fact, though, that Britain s economy was now in a wretched condition. Kinnock s pre-election boom had turned inexorably to dust, leaving the country with an inflation rate of almost 40 per cent and official unemployment figures of four million plus. Undeterred by mounting criticism from France s President Mitterrand and West Germany s Chancellor Kohl, Benn ploughed the profits from North Sea oil into what he called the Big Bang a massive programme to provide new jobs for the unemployed in Britain s coal mines. From her new home in the United States, where she had become a visiting professor at Harvard, Margaret Thatcher warned that the Prime Minister was squandering Britain s resources on industries that were doomed to failure. However, by now it was too late. As a result of the recession and the inefficiencies of the dominant printing

7 unions, most newspapers had closed. The Times had ceased publication in 1981, when the Government vetoed Rupert Murdoch s attempt to rescue it from bankruptcy. Those papers that survived, including the Daily Mail, were forced to operate under the strict supervision of the new Minister of Communications, former Oscar-winning actress Glenda Jackson. Meanwhile, the BBC was put under government control, with one of Benn s disciples, the Postmaster General Michael Meacher, assuming the role of chairman. To the few foreign tourists who came to Britain, cities such as London seemed strangely shabby and backward. Few restaurants stayed open after 9 pm. Telephone connections were slow and erratic.

8 The real power in the land, however, was Foot s colleague Tony Benn (right), who replaced the disgruntled Denis Healey (left) as Chancellor, and then replaced him as Labour Prime Minister A few pioneering souls invested in mobile phones, which were and indeed still are provided by the General Post Office, though you have to be prepared to wait nine months. And since the Prime Minister had always been keen on gadgets, it was not surprising that he ploughed billions into Britain s nationalised British Computer Corporation, even though the results were widely condemned as slow and unreliable. Home computers, for instance, never took off in popularity, since most people simply could not afford the necessary 250 licence. Little wonder, then, that all these years later, less than 10 per cent of Britain s population is connected to the internet. For all Mr Benn s efforts, however, his socialist paradise did not last for ever. Despite the torrent of pro-government propaganda poured out by the state-controlled BBC, the British people had had enough.

9 The sinking of HMS Sheffield marked the beginning of the end, and after the disastrous failure of the San Carlos landings, the game was up In 1988, they kicked out the government and replaced it with a Tory-SDP Coalition, led by Michael Heseltine. Yet less changed than many people expected. Britain never returned to either Nato or the EEC, and 25 years later we are still something of a pariah in Europe. The Cold War continues, but we remain officially neutral not least because our military weakness means that no potential ally would really want us. Thanks to their control of the People s Convention, public life is still dominated by the trade unions, marshalled by the 75-year-old TUC president Arthur Scargill. Meanwhile, most of the country s supermarkets, pubs and even removal firms are still owned by the State.

10 'We're all right!' shouted a jubilant Chancellor Kinnock at a Labour victory rally after Benn, defying all the pundits, was triumphantly re-elected in June 1983 When President Obama called Britain Cuba without the sunshine and with older cars, we pretended to laugh. But for most of us, Britain s condition is long past a joke. So, could things have been different? Some historians claim that if Callaghan had put off the election until 1979, as some of his ministers were urging, then Margaret Thatcher might have won and become prime minister. And then 21st century Britain would be completely different. But I m not so sure. As our school curriculum written by Tony Blair, Mr Benn s hand-picked successor is so keen on reminding us, individuals never matter in history. The tides of history were surely inevitable. And in any case, who ever heard of a woman Prime Minister?