Understanding Powers of International Organizations
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1 Understanding Powers of International Organizations A Study of the Doctrines of Attributed Powers, Implied Powers and Constitutionalism - with a Special Focus on the Human Rights Committee Viljam Engstrom ABO 2009 ABO AKADEMIS FORLAG - ABO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY PRESS
2 Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations ix xii Part I Introducing the Doctrines as a Subject of Research 1 1 The Three Doctrines and the Question of "Who Decides" First Example: Who in the UN Should Authorize Peacekeeping? By What Means? Second Example: Who Should Decide on the Extent of European Integration? 6 2 Focusing on the Human Rights Committee The Human Rights Committee as an International Actor The Human Rights Committee as a Legal Person The Three Doctrines and Committee Powers The Committee Enjoys Powers that are Functionally Necessary The Powers of the Committee are Limited to those Attributed to It Constitutionalism and the Human Rights Committee Towards a Better Understanding of Powers "A Power" vis-a-vis "Power" An Evergreen or Ignored Subject? Outlining the Aim of the Thesis Sketching the Research Approach On the Politics of Legal Reasoning Avoiding Subjectivity! The Task Ahead 35 Part II Reasoning on Powers and the Image of Organizations 40 1 An Outline of a Dichotomy The Idea of Attributed Powers, Early Powers. Organizations as Standing Conferences The Image of Independence Emerges Attribution as a Viable Notion 49
3 1.2 The Idea of Implied Powers From an Ever Increasing Enthusiasm The ICJ on the Role of the UN The Doctrine as a Tool for European Integration to a More Restricted Account? Concluding Remarks: Defining Powers and the Idea of "Trends" 70 2 Powers - An Inevitable Source of Debate Framing the Question: On the Source of International Obligations i Powers as Constitutive of the Independence of Organizations Overdoing It: Deriving Powers from the Existence of an Organization Powers as Expressive of the Intent of Members Overdoing it: Associating Powers with Member Views Concluding Remarks: A Dual Image of Organizations 94 3 Structuring the Dichotomy Internal and External Means of Guidance Expressly Safeguarding Member Prerogatives Principles of Interpretation as Guidance The Constitutionalization of Organizations From a Constitutional Character to Constitutionalism Constitutionalism in Organizations The Supranational Constitutionalism of Europe Constitutionalism in the WTO The UN and the Idea of a World Constitution Concluding Remarks: The Promise of Constitutionalism Part III Three Doctrines in Search of Content Reconciling Attributed and Implied Powers The Elusiveness of Implied Powers Implied Powers or Implied Functions? Different Expressions of a Functional Character The Problems with Defining Functional Necessity Looking for Guidance in the Constituent Instrument 143
4 1.2 The Attributed Character of all Powers Attribution by Treaty Attribution by Implication Concluding Remarks: On the Emptiness of the Attributed and Implied Powers Doctrines Breaking Up the Doctrine of Constitutionalism Identifying Formal and Substantive Aspects of Constitutionalism! Formal Constitutionalism and its Critique Judicializing Organizations Potential Problems ^.TT Separating Political and Judicial Questions Politicizing the Judiciary Judicializing the Political Process Substantive Constitutionalism and its Critique Democratizing Organizations Different Sources of Legitimacy Is Democratic Legitimacy in Organizations Possible? Democratic Legitimacy Deficits On the Possibility of a Demos Constitutionalism as Hegemony Concluding Remarks: The Virtue of Constitutionalism 210 Part IV The Powers of the Human Rights Committee Effectiveness, Consent, and the Question of Reservations Arguing for Implied Powers Emphasizing Attribution Using One to Oppose the Other Meeting the Doctrines on their Own Terms Which Effectiveness? What Consent? Constitutionalism and the Human Rights Committee Arguing in Favor of Judicialization Potential Risks with Judicialization The Committee Is Politicized Disputes over Civil and Political Rights are Overlegalized 249
5 3.3 Democratic Legitimacy and the Committee On the Difficulties of Democratization Introducing Democratic Elements to the Committee Is There a Universal Conception of Human Rights? Concluding Remarks: Three Dichotomies and the Determination of Human Rights Committee Powers 269 Part V General Conclusion A Recapitulation I Contributions to Understanding Powers of Organizations Revealing Different Aspects of "Who Decides" In Prospect 284 Svensk sammanfattning Bibliography Index xv xxiii lxix
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