Previous Units. Next Unit, CH 17 The Progressive Era

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2 Previus Units CH 13: Prblems: Rise f crpratins, cncentratin f wealth/cntrl f industries CH 14 Prblems: increase in industry and immigratin -> mre wage wrkers in factries - > city ppulatins increase -> wrking cnditins/city living CH 16 Prblems: issues f injustices and the narrwing f rights (i.e. African Americans, wmen, etc.) & plitical crruptin Next Unit, CH 17 The Prgressive Era Nw we will study hw sciety/gvernment addressed these issues (r didn t, the Prgressive Era can be misleading..) Hw d individuals and grups address and/r reslve these issues f injustice and inequalities? Gvernment slutins t scial prblems, an Activist Gvernment

3 GROUP PROJECT Each grup will be assigned a prblem f the Prgressive Era Cities (living cities were nt prepared fr rapid grwth) Labr (laws t prtect wrkers, right t frm unins) Mnplies/Business Excesses (cntrl f industries, cmpetitin) The Cnsumer (hw t prtect the cnsumer e.g. fd/drugs) Cnservatin (preservatin, natural resurces) Wmen s Rights (when will wmen ever get the right t vte, t run fr public ffice?) The Farm Prblem (hw did this new wrld create prblems fr farmers wh were nce the backbne f the cuntry) Crruptin in Gvernment (we have talked abut this a lt but hw d yu fix it? Esp. in cities) Inequality in the Distributin f Wealth (increasing gap between the rich and the pr) Each grup will becme familiar with the prblem f the era and the prpsed slutins and will be respnsible fr presenting this infrmatin t the class TODAY- take nte f yur assigned prblem and prpsed slutins

4 The Drive fr Refrm Industrializatin, urbanizatin, and immigratin brught many benefits & prblems Prgressivism New ideas and hnest, efficient gvernment culd bring abut scial justice Prgressive ideas brught lasting refrms that still affect sciety tday

5 Origins f Prgressivism The peple wh made up the Prgressive Mvement Came frm all plitical parties, scial classes, ethnic grups, & religins Leaders emerged frm the grwing middle class, whse pwer and influence was rapidly spreading Dissatisfied industrial wrkers A few wealthy Americans driven by a desire t act fr the gd f sciety

6 Industrializatin and urbanizatin created trubling scial and plitical prblems Crrect these prblems and injustices Encuraged their state legislatures and the federal gvernment t enact laws t address the issues faced by the pr Used lgic and reasn t make sciety wrk in a mre efficient and rderly way Many, mtivated by religius faith, sught scial justice

7 The Prgressive Party Platfrm, Identify as many gals and/r beliefs f the Prgressive Party. Direct primaries (State & Natinal ffices) The initiative, referendum, and recall Believe that n peple can justly claim t be a true demcracy which denied equal plitical rights n accunt f sex, pledges itself t the task f securing equal suffrage t men and wmen alike Strict limitatin f all campaign cntributins and expenditures, and detailed publicity f bth befre as well as after primaries and electin Effective legislatin lking t the preventin f industrial accidents, ccupatinal diseases, verwrk, invluntary unemplyment, and ther injurius effects incident t mdern industry The fixing f minimum safety and health standards The prhibitin f child labr Minimum wage standards fr wrking wmen, prvide livable wages in industrial ccupatins The general prhibitin f night wrk fr wmen and the establishment f 8 hur wrk day fr wmen and yung persns One day s rest in seven fr all wage wrkers The eight hur day in cntinuus twenty-fur-hur-industries Standards f cmpensatin fr death/injury by industrial accident and disease which will transfer the burden f lst earnings frm the families r wrking peple t the industry Establishing schls fr industrial educatin under public cntrl & encuraging agricultural educatin and demnstratin in rural schls Establishment f industrial research labratries t put the methds and discveries f science at the service f American prducers The rganizatin f the wrkers, men and wmen, as means prtecting their interests and f prmting their prgress (unins) Wise cnservatin f frests, cal and il lands, water pwers and ther natural resurces

8 Prgressives target a variety f prblems Plitical refrm City fficials wh built crrupt rganizatins [ plitical machines ] Used bribery & vilence t influence vters Misuse f public mney City prblems Paved streets, safe drinking water, decent husing, and adequate municipal services Dishnest business wners and pliticians cntrlled municipal services Used bribery and shady deals t becme rich while cnditins fr urban residents remained unsafe and little changed Big business Plitical refrm, big business, reduce the gap between the wealth and the pr Bust the trusts - create mre ecnmic pprtunities fr small businesses Sherman Antitrust Act f inadequate and ineffective in limiting the abuses f big business Reduce gap between the wealthy & pr Harsh cnditins - miners, factry wrkers, and ther labrers Scial welfare laws & gvernment regulatins [help children & gvernment aid wrkers/cnsumers]

9 Muckrakers Scially cnscius jurnalists and ther writers dramatized the need fr refrm Sensatinal investigative reprts uncvered a wide range f ills afflicting America in the early 1900s Thedre Rsevelt called these writers muckrakers A muckrake is a tl used t clean manure and hay ut f animals stables Muckrakers articles appeared in magazines and newspapers that entered millins f American hmes Peple acrss the natin were hrrified by the cnditins that were revealed t them

10 Jurnalists uncver injustices Lincln Steffens; uncvered scial prblems In 1903, Steffens published The Shame f the Cities, a cllectin f articles n plitical crruptin His reprts expsed hw the gvernment f Philadelphia let utility cmpanies charge their custmers excessively high fees Shwed hw crrupt pliticians wn electins by bribing and threatening vters, and revealed hw plitical crruptin affected all aspects f life in a city Jacb Riis; a phtgrapher fr the New Yrk Evening Sun Fcused n crwded, unsafe, rat-infested tenement buildings where the urban pr lived Between 1890 and 1903, he published several wrks, including Hw the Other Half Lives Ida Tarbell; reprted Rckefeller s ruthless methds The Histry f Standard Oil; ruins cmpetitrs, charge higher prices, and reap huge prfits Jhn Sparg; fcused attentin n the dangerus and difficult lives f child wrkers

11 Excerpt: The Shame f the Cities, Lincln Steffens (1904) 1. What is Steffens pinin regarding businessmen (5 descriptrs)? The typical business man is a bad citizen Busy with plitics Chief surce f crruptin Deplring refrm Beats gd gvernment with crruptin funds A self-righteus fraud Crruptin, he claimed, was the result f "big business men" wh crrupted city gvernment fr their wn ends, and "the typical business man" average Americans wh ignred plitics and allwed such crruptin t cntinue Greedy businessmen kept the plitical machines functining It was their hunger fr gvernment cntracts, franchises, charters, and special privileges, he believed, that crrupted urban plitics

12 Nvelists Defend the Dwntrdden Fictin writers put a human face n scial prblems Naturalist nvels - hnestly prtrayed human misery and the struggles f cmmn peple Thedre Dreiser - Sister Carrie The fate f a small-twn girl drawn int the brutal urban wrlds f Chicag and New Yrk Frank Nrris s - The Octpus Dramatized the Suthern Pacific Railrad s stranglehld n struggling Califrnia farmers Uptn Sinclair - The Jungle Related the despair f immigrants wrking in Chicag s stckyards and revealed the unsanitary cnditins in the industry Frances Ellen Watkins Ila Lery Prtrayed sme f the struggles f black Americans

13 Refrm sciety M uckrakers increased ppular supprt fr Prgressivism Activists prmted laws t imprve living cnditins, public health, and schls. Urged gvernment t regulate businesses Believed that careful scial planning wuld make American life better The Scial Gspel Many refrmers thught that Christianity shuld be the basis f scial refrm Christianity and the Scial Crisis, The Scial Gspel Blended ideas frm German scialism and American Prgressivism int a plan fr building a better sciety By fllwing the Bible s teachings abut charity and justice, peple culd make sciety the kingdm f Gd Prtestant leaders fllw Began t urge the end f child labr and a shrter wrkweek Pushed the federal gvernment t limit the pwer f crpratins and trusts

14 Settlement Husing Prgressives aimed t imprve the lives f pr peple in the cities A cmmunity center that prvided scial services t the urban pr Gave mthers classes in child care and taught English t immigrants Ran nursery schls and kindergartens Prvided theater, art, and dance prgrams fr adults Jane Addams Leading figure; settlement huse mvement Opened Hull Huse, a settlement huse in Chicag Hull Huse grew t include 13 buildings Inspired ther wmen t becme scial wrkers 1911; the cuntry had mre than fur hundred settlement huses

15 The Subjective Necessity fr Scial Settlements, J. Addams (1892) 1. Where did Addams examine urban pverty? England & Eurpe 2. What did the Hull Huse serve as? A halfway settlement huse and scial center fr immigrants streaming int the city 3. What was it established in the belief f? What wuld add t an already existing demcracy? The mere fthld f a huse, easily accessible, ample in space, hspitable and tlerant in spirit, situated in the midst f the large freign clnies, s easily islated in American cities, wuld be in itself a serviceable thing. It wuld be an effrt t add scial functin t demcracy. 4. What are the three mtivatins fr Scial Settlements? 1) Desire t make the entire scial rganism demcratic & extend demcracy beynd its plitical expressin 2) impulse t share the race life & t bring as much as pssible f scial energy t the accumulatin f civilizatin t thse prtins f the race which have little 3) A renaissance f Christianity, a mvement twards its early humanitarian aspects 5. Accrding t Addams, where have American demcratic ideals fallen shrt? Demcracy has made little attempt t assert itself in scial affairs. Plitical equality alne des nt secure all gd t all men. Hull-Huse Weekly Prgram 1. Mnday Scial Club, Debate Club, Greek Art, English Cmpsitin 2. Tuesday Child Labr, Our Jury System, Labr Organizatins Identify a lecture, class, club, etc. ffered fr each day f the week 4. Wednesday Classes in Singing, Reading Party, Mther s Evening Club 5. Thursday Shakespeare, Algebra, Cncert, American Plitics 4. Friday Advanced German, Chemistry- with experiments, Men s Gymnastics Class 5. Saturday/Sunday Clay Mdeling, Sewing Classes fr Italian Girls, Fairy Stry Club, Histry f Medieval Art

16 Prtecting children & Imprving Educatin Imprving educatin Flrence Kelley Helped cnvince the state f Illinis t ban child labr 1902; Kelley helped frm the Natinal Child Labr Cmmittee Created U.S. Children s Bureau in 1912 which examined issues that affected the health and welfare f children Keating-Owens Act Banned child labr 2 years later, the Supreme Curt ruled the law uncnstitutinal Cngress had verstepped its cnstitutinal pwer in attempting t regulate the prductin f gds. (10 th Amendment- pwers nt delegated t fed gvt. are reserved t states) Nt until 1938 that Cngress wuld end child labr fr gd (Fair Labr Standards Act) States passed laws that required children t attend schl until a certain age Debate: what children shuld learn and hw they shuld learn? Still debated tday : What d yu think? Jhn Dewey Criticized schls fr teaching children t memrize facts but nt t think creatively Teach new subjects: histry, gegraphy, as well as practical skills like cking and carpentry Ideas were nt adpted at nce, but in later years, many states put them int effect.

17 Transcript: Keating-Owen Child Labr Act f Hw des this law specify child labr? Frbade the shipment acrss state lines f gds (r between cuntries) made in factries which emplyed children under the age f 14, r children between 14 and 16 wh wrked mre than eight hurs a day, vernight, r mre than six days/week. 2. What authrity des the law give fr the purpse f securing prper enfrcement f this law? (SEC 3.) Authrizatin t enter and inspect at any time mines quarries, mills, canneries, wrkshps, factries, manufacturing establishments, and ther places in which gds are prduced r held fr interstate cmmerce. 3. What are vilatrs f this law subject t? (SEC 5.) First ffense- punished by a fine f nt mre than $200, and fr each ffense subsequent t the same cnvictin - a fine f nt mre than $1,000, nr less than $100, r by imprisnment fr nt mre than 3 mnths.

18 Industrial Wrkers Cnditins U.S. had the highest rate f industrial accidents in the wrld Lng hurs, pr ventilatin, hazardus fumes, and unsafe machinery Each year sme thirty thusand wrkers died n the jb, half a millin were injured Fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factry in NYC Shcked Americans and fcused attentin n the need t prtect wrkers Wrkers had little chance t escape because managers had lcked mst f the exits The fire killed 146 wrkers, mst f them yung Jewish wmen WHY? States pass laws t make wrkplaces safer Wrkers cmpensatin laws, which set up funds t pay wrkers wh were hurt n the j Laws limited the wrkday t 10 hurs Lchner v. New Yrk (1905) - Supreme Curt rules that such laws were uncnstitutinal (the right fr an individual t cntract 14 th Amendment)] Lchner Era

19 Gvernment Refrm The need t refrm the plitical prcess in rder t refrm sciety Free gvernment frm cntrl f plitical bsses and pwerful business interests Give peple mre cntrl ver gvernment & mre effective and efficient in serving the public Galvestn, Texas Greatest natinal calamity in American histry Killed mre than 8,000 peple Emergency measure frm cmmissins Prved efficient in rebuilding effrts Permanently adpt the cmmissin frm f gvernment Galvestn Plan Other cities decided t take up the cmmissin frm f gvernment By 1918, 500 cities had adpted sme frm f it. Curbed the pwer f bsses and their plitical machines Refrm gvernments purchased public utilities s that electric, gas, and water cmpanies culd nt charge city residents unfairly high rates

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21 The Galvestn Plan f City Gvernment, W.B. Munr (1907) Municipal = twn/city gvernment 1. Why did Galvestn give the system f gvernment by cmmissin a trial? After massive hurricane, the city fund itself face t face with bankruptcy. In less than 20 years the city was nearly 3 millin dllars in debt frm this alne. They needed a new way t deal with this financial prblem. 2. What did this gvernment lk like? What is the cmmissin respnsible fr? (The Galvestn Experiment) Administratin f the city was entrusted t 5 cmmissiners, 3 f whm were appinted by the gvernr and 2 elected by citizens (later amended t all elective cmmissiners.) There is a ppular electin every 2 years, f 5 cmmissiners, 1 f whm if the mayr- president. The cmmissin draws up & passes the annual budget, awards all cntracts, and makes all imprtant appintments. There is a cmplete centralizatin f all pwers and a definite lcatin f all respnsibility. 3. What cnditins in Galvestn imprved? What was this attributed t [4]? (The Results in Galvestn) The financial cnditin f the city, all municipal services became mre efficient, citizens were mre willing t seek and accept civic ffice, and the general tne f municipal administratin was nticeably raised. This was attributed t 1) the use f apprved business methds in financing 2) the eliminatin f all leakages in expenditures 3) the making f all appintments (electin) n the basis f individual merit 4) the strict accuntability f each cmmissiner fr the n-gings f his wn department. This system rendered a strict adherence t fundamental rules. 4. Which neighbring Texan cities created a similar framewrk f administratin? (The Galvestn Example ) Hustn, Frt Wrth, Austin, Dallas, and El Pas. 5. Finish the statement, If the system des nt guarantee efficient administratin... (The Imprtant Advantage f Centralizing Respnsibility) It at least prmises t disclse where the blame fr inefficiency shuld be made t fall.

22 1. What is the wrk f administering the affairs f a city similar t? (Apprximates the Gvernment f the City t that f...) T that f cnducting the affairs f a private business crpratin. The salient (nticeable) characteristic f sund crprate management is the centralizatin f pwers in the hands f a small bard f directrs 2. What is a system f divisn f pwers able t cunterbalance? What des this justify the risk f? (The Cmmissin is Mre...) A system f divisin f pwers is almst certain t cunterbalance what it gains in security against what it lses in inability t cpe with prblems which demand prmpt, united and uncmprmising attentin. It justifies the risk f assuming a reasnable amunt f risk that cncentrated pwer will be abused (less elected fficials) 3. What is a chief cmplaint f municipal pliticians? (The Cmmissin System Claimed t be...) That the plan is un-american and undemcratic; that it invlves a departure frm American traditins f lcal self-gvernment and prpses a step in the directin f municipal dictatrships. 4. What is a secndary cmplaint f the system? Hw is this s? (The System will Tend t Increase the Influecne f...) That the system will serve t strengthen rather than weaken the influence f the regular partisan rganizatins in civic affairs. The cncentratin f pwer and patrnage in the hands f a few cmmissiners might make it seem imperative t the party leaders that the cmmissin shuld be cntrlled. 5. What d spnsrs f the cmmissin plan argue its adptin wuld ensure? (A Change in Frm f Gvernment will Avail Little...) Its adptin wuld ensure administratin by skilled experts, since appintments made by a small bdy wuld prbably be dictated by reasns f merit and experience alne. 6. What can lessen the danger f cncentrated pwer? What des this system f gvernment prmise? (Cnclusin) Cncentratin f pwer is never dangerus when accmpanied by an equal cncentratin f respnsibility. It prmises t cmpel the bsses t wrk in the pen [i.e. hnestly, transparency.]

23 Prgressives als pushed fr electin refrms Direct primaries Traditinally, it was the party leaders wh picked candidates fr state and lcal ffices An electin in which citizens themselves vte t select nminees fr upcming electins By 1916, all but fur states had direct primaries Make sure that elected fficials wuld fllw citizens wishes 3 ther plitical refrms: Initiative: gave peple the pwer t put a prpsed new law directly n the ballt in the next electin by cllecting citizens signatures n a petitin. Vters themselves culd pass laws instead f waiting fr elected fficials t act Referendum: allwed citizens t apprve r reject laws passed by a legislature Recall: gave vters the pwer t remve public servants frm ffice befre their terms ended Direct electin f senatrs by vters, nt state legislatrs Became law in 1913 when the Seventeenth Amendment t the Cnstitutin was apprved

24 Initiative, Referendum, and Recall 1. What is the initiative (a)? The pwer f the electrs (citizens f vting age) t prpse statutes and amendments t the Cnstitutin and t adpt r reject them. 2. Hw may an initiative measure be prpsed (b)? Presenting t the Secretary f State a petitin that sets frth a prpsed statute r amendment t the Cnstitutin and is certified t have been signed by electrs equal t 5% (statute) and 8% (amendment.) 3. What is the referendum (a)? The pwer f the electrs t apprve r reject statutes r parts f statutes (except: urgency statutes, calling electins, and thse prviding fr tax levies r apprpriatins fr usual current expenses f the state.) 4. Hw may a referendum measure be prpsed (b)? By presenting t the Secretary f State, within 90 days after the enactment date f the statue, a petitin signed by electrs in number t 5% f the vtes fr all candidates fr Gvernr at the last electin. 5. What is the pwer f recall (a)? Hw is it initiated? The pwer f the electrs t remve an elective fficer. It is initiated by delivering t the Secretary f State a petitin alleging reasn fr recall. Prpnents have 160 days t file signed petitins. 6. What qualificatins must a petitin meet (b)? It must be signed by electrs equal in number t 12% f the last vte fr the ffice, with signatures frm each f 5 cunties equal t 1% f the last vte fr the ffice in the cunty.

25 Rbert Fighting Bb La Fllette, Gvernr f Wiscnsin Wn the passage f many refrm laws Frced railrads t charge lwer fees and pay higher taxes Helped t imprve educatin, make factries safer, & adpt the direct primary Hiram Jhnsn, Gvernr f Califrnia Shattered the Suthern Pacific Railrad s stranglehld n state gvernment Put in place the direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall Pushed fr the careful use f natural resurces such as water, frests, and wildlife Prgressive Gvernrs Thedre Rsevelt f New Yrk Develped a fair system fr hiring state wrkers & made sme crpratins pay taxes Wdrw Wilsn f New Jersey Reduced the railrads pwer and pushed fr a direct primary law

26 The Danger Threatening Representative Gvernment, Rbert M. La Fllette 1. Accrding t La Fllette, what is the basic principal f the gvernment? Hw is this accmplished? The will f the peple. This was t be accmplished by electing men t make, and men t execute the laws, wh, wuld represent in the laws the will f the peple. 2. What is a representative gvernment? A gvernment where every man had equal vice, equal rights, and equal respnsibilities. 3. Accrding t La Fllette, what is it that is swelling the tanks f the dissatisfied? A grwing cnvictin in state after state, that we are fast being dminated by frces that thwart the will f the peple and menace representative gvernment. 4. Hw des he describe the crpratin f tday? It has invaded every department f business, and it s pwerful but invisible hand is felt in almst all activities f life. The business nce transacted by individuals in every cmmunity is in the cntrl f crpratins. All individualities are lst. 5. What des he believe Americans are exchanging fr cheap gds? Independence 6. La Fllette states that, the crpratin des nt limit its peratins t the legitimate cnduct f its business. What is his pint? Specially retained representatives are either elected t ffice, directly in their interests r maintained in a perpetual lbby t serve them. 7. Hw d crpratins becme plitical machines? (i.e. what are pliticians sure f if they bey their crprate masters? ) Renminatin (reelectin)