International Political Economy Series General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor and Director, Institute of International Relations, The University

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1 International Political Economy Series General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor and Director, Institute of International Relations, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad & Tobago Titles include: Hans Abrahamsson UNDERSTANDING WORLD ORDER AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE Poverty, Conflict and the Global Arena Morten Bøås, Marianne H. Marchand and Timothy Shaw (editors) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REGIONS AND REGIONALISM James Busumtwi- Sam and Laurent Dobuzinskis TURBULENCE AND NEW DIRECTION IN GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY Bill Dunn GLOBAL RESTRUCTURING AND THE POWER OF LABOUR Myron J. Frankman WORLD DEMOCRATIC FEDERALISM Peace and Justice Indivisible Barry K. Gills (editor) GLOBALIZATION AND THE POLITICS OF RESISTANCE Richard Grant and John Rennie Short (editors) GLOBALIZATION AND THE MARGINS Graham Harrison (editor) GLOBAL ENCOUNTERS International Political Economy, Development and Globalization Patrick Hayden and Chamsy el- Ojeili (editors) CONFRONTING GLOBALIZATION Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics Axel Hülsemeyer (editor) GLOBALIZATION IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY Convergence or Divergence? Helge Hveem and Kristen Nordhaug (editors) PUBLIC POLICY IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION Responses to Environmental and Economic Crises Jomo K. S. and Shyamala Nagaraj (editors) GLOBALIZATION VERSUS DEVELOPMENT Adrian Kay and Owain David Williams (editors) GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE Crisis, Institutions and Political Economy Dominic Kelly and Wyn Grant (editors) THE POLITICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE 21ST CENTURY Actors, Issues and Regional Dynamics Sandra J. MacLean, Sherri A. Brown and Pieter Fourie (editors) HEALTH FOR SOME The Political Economy of Global Health Governance Craig N. Murphy (editor) EGALITARIAN POLITICS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION John Nauright and Kimberly S. Schimmel (editors) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SPORT

2 Morten Ougaard THE GLOBALIZATION OF POLITICS Power, Social Forces and Governance Jǿrgen Dige Pedersen GLOBALIZATION, DEVELOPMENT AND THE STATE The Performance of India and Brazil Since 1990 Markus Perkmann and Ngai- Ling Sum GLOBALIZATION, REGIONALIZATION AND CROSS BORDER REGIONS K. Ravi Raman (editor) CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Comparative Critiques Ben Richardson SUGAR: REFINED POWER IN A GLOBAL REGIME Marc Schelhase GLOBALIZATION, REGIONALIZATION AND BUSINESS Conflict, Convergence and Influence Herman M. Schwartz and Leonard Seabrooke (editors) THE POLITICS OF HOUSING BOOMS AND BUSTS Leonard Seabrooke US POWER IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE The Victory of Dividends Timothy J. Sinclair and Kenneth P. Thomas (editors) STRUCTURE AND AGENCY IN INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MOBILITY J. P. Singh (editor) INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL POLICIES AND POWER Fredrik Söderbaum and Timothy M. Shaw (editors) THEORIES OF NEW REGIONALISM Susanne Soederberg, Georg Menz and Philip G. Cerny (editors) INTERNALIZING GLOBALIZATION The Rise of Neoliberalism and the Decline of National Varieties of Capitalism Ritu Vij (editor) GLOBALIZATION AND WELFARE A Critical Reader Matthew Watson THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MOBILITY Owen Worth and Phoebe Moore GLOBALIZATION AND THE NEW SEMI-PERIPHERIES International Political Economy Series Series Standing Order ISBN hardcover Series Standing Order ISBN paperback You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 International Cultural Policies and Power Edited by J. P. Singh

4 Introduction, selection and editorial matter J. P. Singh 2010 Individual chapters contributors 2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

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7 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Notes on Contributors ix x xi xiii 1 Global Cultural Policies and Power 1 J. P. Singh Part I Politics, Power, Technologies 2 Cultural Policy and the Political Nature of Culture 19 Carole Rosenstein 3 The Arts, Culture, and Civil Society: Power Stations in the Grids of Governance 29 Timothy W. Luke 4 Art State Relations: Art and Power through the Lens of International Treaties 36 Sandra Braman 5 Toward a Political Economy of Digital Culture: From Organized Mass Consumption to Attention Rivalry 56 Jeffrey A. Hart 6 Playing with Power: The Cultural Impact of Prosumers 63 Bjarki Valtysson Part II Cultural Policies: US, EU, Japan 7 The Political Economy of Cultural Diversity in Film and Television 77 Harvey Feigenbaum 8 An Economic Approach Toward the Trade and Culture Debate: The US Position 84 Carol Balassa 9 Cultural Diplomacy: The Humanizing Factor 101 Cynthia P. Schneider 10 Power in European Union Cultural Policy 113 Patricia Dewey vii

8 viii Contents 11 Making Geography Matter in Cultural Policy Research: The Case of Regional Cultural Policy in Sweden 127 Jenny Johannisson 12 The Importance of the Business Sector in Cultural Policy in Japan A Model of Complementary Relationship with Government 140 Nobuko Kawashima Part III Cultural Voices: The Developing World 13 Coloniality, Identity and Cultural Policy 155 Kevin V. Mulcahy 14 Valorization of World Cultural Heritage in Time of Globalization: Bridges Between Nations and Cultural Power 166 Isabelle Brianso 15 Reality TV Shows, Private Television Networks and Social Change in India 181 Lauhona Ganguly 16 The Power to Narrate : Film Festivals, a Platform for Transnational Feminism? 194 Jasmine Champenois 17 Everyday Cultural Politics, Syncretism, and Cultural Policy 203 Dennis Galvan Bibliography 214 Index 238

9 List of Figures 1.1 Instrumental and meta-power Where do respondents get their national and international news? Article 151 of the consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union EU Institutions roles in cultural policy decision-making Total amount of spending for méséna by respondents (million yen) Projected growth of Indian television industry 184 ix

10 List of Tables 5.1 Old and new players in the cultural industries Summary of the discourses used by institutional agents in the cultural policy (re)construction process in Göteborg x

11 Preface The book provides a global survey of the implications of cultural industries and technologies for power and policies at local, societal, national, and international levels. It aims to integrate these perspectives into the study of political and social sciences. Especially political scientists by and large ignore cultural industries and technologies which are prominent in other disciplines. Cultural industries in this book covers fine and performing arts, publishing, heritage, films, music, television, design, and cultural tourism. Together, they make up one of the biggest sectors of any economy and are prominent in various policy debates such as in international trade profiles, copyrights issues, and economic development. Economics is merely the beginning, of course. The role of cultural industries in the realm of identity, aesthetics, and social voice carries us over to issues in anthropology, sociology, arts, and philosophy, to name a few other disciplines. The book began as an all- day short course on Cultural Industries, Technologies and Policies at the American Political Science Association annual meeting in Philadelphia on August 30, 2006, where initial drafts of six of the chapters included in this volume were presented. Over three dozen scholars in attendance agreed that there was a need for a survey of issues covered in cultural policies for political scientists. However, it took a couple of years to find scholars from across the world who could translate the several sub- issues covered here in a language that would be useful for social sciences in general and political science in particular. In the early 1980s, there were a few political scientists who began to study comparative and international cultural policies but they soon left political science to teach their courses in arts management and cultural studies or communication programs. The result is that while courses in cultural policies are regularly taught in several social science and humanities programs, these courses are rarely taught in political science. We hope that this book will help in making cultural policy issues salient to political scientists who may find them an important subject of study. I would like to thank several individuals and organizations that, in various ways, made the book possible. The Policy Studies Organization and two sections of the American Political Science Association Information Technology and Politics; and Science, Technology and Environmental Politics sponsored the workshop at the Philadelphia APSA. Tim Shaw, International Political Economy Series editor at Palgrave Macmillan, and Alexandra Webster, head of social sciences, provided enthusiastic support and a timely referee review for the project. Renee Takken, Manavalan xi

12 xii Preface BhuvanaRaj, and Shalini Singh gave excellent and efficient production support. Sarah Thompson provided able research and editorial assistance at Georgetown University. Many thanks to Becky Jakob for proofreading and for preparing the Index. Anuj Narang also helped with the proofs. Students in my graduate seminar on Cultural Economics and Policies read several essays and gave important feedback. Most importantly, I thank the many scholars in this volume who rose to the challenge of writing essays that would make the subdiscipline of cultural policies and power accessible to social scientists. Note: The applicant further agrees to print, or cause to be printed in every copy of the work, on the copyright page, separate acknowledgements page, or on the first page of such quotation covered by this permission, the following notice: Excerpt from The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon, copyright 1963 by Présencopyright 2004 by Richard Philcox. Used by permission of Grove/Atlantic, Inc.

13 Notes on Contributors Carol Balassa, Senior Fellow, The Curb Center for Art, Enterprise and Public Policy at Vanderbilt, Washington, DC, US. Isabelle Brianso, Centre d Histoire Culturelle des Sociétés Contemporaines (CHCSC) and Laboratoire de recherche en management (LAREQUOI), Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Versailles University ATER (Attachée Temporaire d Enseignement et de Recherche) in communication and information sciences, France. Sandra Braman, Professor, Department of Communication, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, US. Jasmine Champenois, Executive Director, Department of Executive Education, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Switzerland. Patricia Dewey, Associate Professor, Arts and Administration Program; Director, Center for Community Arts and Cultural Policy, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, US. Harvey B. Feigenbaum, Professor, Political Science and International Affairs, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, US. Dennis Galvan, Associate Professor of Political Science and International Studies, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, US. Lauhona Ganguly, PhD candidate, American University, Washington, DC; Part-time Faculty, The New School, New York, US. Jeffrey A. Hart, Professor, Department of Political Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, US. Jenny Johannisson, Centre for Cultural Policy Research, Swedish School of Library and Information Science, University College of Borås, Sweden. Nobuko Kawashima, Professor, Faculty of Economics, Doshisha University, Japan. Timothy W. Luke, Distinguished Professor, Department of Political Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, US. Kevin V. Mulcahy, Sheldon Beychok Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Public Administration, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, US; Executive Editor, Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society. xiii

14 xiv Notes on Contributors Carole Rosenstein, Assistant Professor, Arts Management Program, George Mason University; Affiliated Scholar, Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy at the Urban Institute, Washington, DC. Ambassador Cynthia P. Schneider, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy, Georgetown University; Non-Resident Senior Scholar, Brookings Institution; Washington, DC, US; Co-Director, Muslims on Screen and Television: A Cross Cultural Resource Center, Los Angeles, CA. J. P. Singh, Associate Professor, Communication, Culture and Technology Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, US. Bjarki Valtysson, Assistant Professor, IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark.