Democracy in Latin America 4

Transcription

1 Democracy in Latin America 4 -(,).9 co 100 (,) C100 en M0~ 0- c E(1) 100..c > ~.8 e Costa Rica Uruguay e.7,; evenezuela Argentina.6.5 Honduras e Panama Mexico e Chile.4 e Ecuador Colombia eel Salvador eparaguay.3 eguatemala e Brazil o GDP per Capita (Average ) Pearson's r =.48 FIGURE 12.1 National Wealth and Public Support for Democracy (2003) SOURCE: Data on support for democracy are from the 2003 Lotinobor6metro survey. Data on GDP per capita are from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.

2 ;6 Chapter 12 Challenges and Choices in the Twenty-First Century.9 :J :: e.>0.7 EQ.) M(tI Co I- 0 l- (J) c.. 0- Co :J..c ~ 't0.5 >.4 e.>.8 C.6 Uruguay.. Costa Rica,; Argentina Venezuela Mexico. Panama Chile Colombia EI Salvador Ecuador Paraguay Honduras Nicaragua Brazil Guatemala Poverty Rate (Average ) Pearson's r = -.56 FIGURE 12.2 Poverty and Public Support for Democracy (2003) SOURCE: Data on support for democracy are from the 2003 Lodnobor6metro suney. Data on poverty are from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.

3 Democracy in Latin America 4.9 ~ 0- +" C'a c'- c. 0 '- (J0E(1) ~V).c M0~> Co ~.~ -Co.8.7 Costa Rica / Argentina.6.5 Peru. EI Salvador Mexico Honduras '- Panama Nicaragua. Bolivia Chile Colombia.4.3 Brazil. Guatemala Income Inequality (Average ) Pearson's r = -.88 FIGURE 12.3 Income Inequality and Public Support for Democracy (2003) SOURCE: Data on support for democracy are from the 2003 Lotinobor6metro survey. Data on income inequality are from the World Bank.

4 J Chapter 12 Challenges and Choices in the Twenty-First Century.9 FIGURE 12.4 Liberty and Public Support for Democracy (2003) SOURCE: Data on support for democracy are from the 2003 Lotinobor6metro survey. Data on liberty are from Freedom House.

5 Democracy in Latin America 4: Mo o ~ > ~.7 " (.) o E Q) C.6 "- Costa Rica. Uruguay / Argentina. Venezuela * o... "- o :.5 ::s U).- (.) :0 ::s.4 c. Chile Peru EI Salvador Panama Colombia Honduras Nicaragua Bolivia Ecuador Paraguay..3 Brazil Guatemala level of Perceived Corruption (Average ) Pearson's r=-.31 FIGURE 12.5 Political Corruption and Public Support for Democracy (2003) SOURCE: Data on support for democracy are from the 2003 Latinobar6metro survey. Data on perceived corruption are from Transparency Interational's Corruption Perceptions Index.

6 !) Chapter 12 Challenges and Choices in the Twenty-First Century.9 - / ca (.) I...7 0~>.81.6 Argentina. Venezuela I.. 0- Nicaragua Peru. Panama Mexico Bolivia Chile c. Honduras Q).~ I / Ecuador EI /' Salvador ::J.Paraguay c IỊ 2 Guatemala I.41 Brazil Uruguay Costa Rica:.5~ Public Satisfaction with Democracy (Average ) Pearson's r =.79 Satisfaction with democracy is measured as the percentage of the population that says it is very satisfied or satisfied with the functioning of democracy in the country. FIGURE 12.6 Satisfaction with Democracy and Public Support for Democracy (2003) SOURCE: Data on support for democracy and satisfaction with democracy are from the 2003 Latinobor6metro survey.

7 416 Chapter 12 Challenges and Choices in the Twenty-First Century ~lf~(~~~:w':#''sw:i"mm! d(~:>:m'dq~~:.'q~~~;mxw~~~/.->'x.x:w-$~w~4'w.'~~idz:~zx.~:~"mzw.<j:(~~:w."*:x;(«"*~~..x~~ X"".$»'aw~~%[~[~~Uh~"",;a.m(-1<<~~ TABLE 12.1 Degree of Market Orientation in Latin American Economies (1980, 1985, 1990, and 1995)* Country Percentage increase from 1985 to 1995 Argentina Brazil Chile Cuba Guatemala Mexico Venezuela / ~ Subreg;onal Bolivia Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Ecuador EI Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay average Republic Subreg;onal average Latin American average *Market orientation is measured on a scale of 0 to 1, with 1 being the most market oriented. SOURCE: Samuel Morley, Roberto Machado, and Stefano Pettinato, "Indexes of Structural Reform in Latin America" (Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1999). W...i:W'~~~r~"w$'.t':::~#~~~:'«M.1'.4::w~~a~*Z:W".4%*.'&~WZ~4'~?~..w-"~~~n:w;r6%::~;~.'{~A:W"~::'4'f.wm-f.'««r,{%,W~Z::::iWP'...aw'.«W'&'{(@z#&~':W..?'~.#4'...@zr'@J.W...zi~W&~4

8 I The Quest for Development Revisited 417 w.«r~~~m:iy~a~~m;m$whw/,"..,;-;-mmxw'l-%w~4'mff$~.«/;xw/n;.wl-m'i"mxw.am74m;,,>~.(.msm~w$m;.:;m~wm~w,:-7n»7u~~m:wf(<y///hw///# ~~~,»;m-'#»;w~7,mm?"jr4mxxxm'>whw//)wff/#..rum;x~'j"mxm-;r.~ TABLE 12.2 Development Outcomes in Latin America ( ) change Percentage In inequality 7 26 per rate ( ) Income GDP poverty capita " Bolivia ' ( ) ( ) Percentage market orientation* * below SOURCE: half Guatemala, a standard average. Based Mexico, deviation economic Costabelow Rica, data the andfrom mean Uruguay) the (Venezuela, Economic are listedthe Commission asdominican above average, for Republic, Latin while America and the Ecuador) three and countries the are Caribbean. listed overas mean market orientation (Argentina, Chile,

9 The Quest for Development Revisited 419 m:.w.1'q.~wk"; TABLE 12.3 Development Outcomes in Latin America ( ) in per GDP ( ) -7 Percentage change In rate inequality capita poverty Income / (1995) Percentage Wff.@.~}$$H";j~M7~&'4W"$W>;W..0WU:Z:~%~~#..0td.U';;;%;%29..%$*,$..:w;.;;;;;:;%»».m;w;»}%>W}'YU::W0.;';;:;~;:0"H:*~0W#.&»-hW7Z@3}w»:'i~f;.;.m$».::;:%ff»%;»$mW;'::,W$»ff..M%.w-'«;::*W~~;%i0ff~,W'd.&:;;;;»~W&-i>'».w,::mw$;$%t..::;':::1::~j}};};}.~>.m standard SOURCE: Dominican market deviation Based Bolivia Republic, orientation* onbelow economic EI Salvador, the mean datand from (Venezuela, Uruguay) the Economic are Colombia, listedcommission asand above Honduras) average; for Latin are the America listed threeas countries and below the average. Caribbean. over half a ntation (Argentina, the I I

10 Chapter ' rights Bolivia 64.3 Challengesand Political 4 rights Degree rights Civil of Political Choicesand in thecivilliberty Twenty-FirstCentury in Latin America (1980, entina 1985, Republic TABLE average 1990, 12.4 ~$$».qg$~$~*%~~ff~zp"#.&@77..w.t:m:::.w"::;'~$::%r$ff..f'.@"~;:r$ff&%{{"-'::r%~;'::~w~~$~.rwff..fflw.(~~&$~~@',@'...:m-m::~~-::f{{1.t"x&m:?{::;'-7&-%'{{..~;:$%f,'~:~;$'$$%#:@;,r:::::$${{~ %${"--m'wgz::~i < SOURCE:Basedon 1995, FreedomHouse,Freedom and 2000)* in the World Country Ratings, (accessedon June24, to , 2002). Political protection of sion, nities t:>u!'il11!'1tt:>,1 assembly, the Civil and for press, participation the nn!'l from freedom an right <::t:>ut:>n_nnint independent torture private ofby and religion, minority <::r!'llt:> other property. judiciary, freedom crimes groups. Political protection against toinorganize turn, liberty humanity, from civil interest and arbitrary rights civil freedom groups, include liberty police ofreedom are expres- power, each the presence of an important opposition party, and some meaningful opportu- *'Zm7/.?-mwam>r#~X'm"k>~7,$;Y/hmXWW.y&~U7#&tiW$Ar&7.?ff..wmr.~~~>7.~WWi'J'm;;;t;V,:'Wm>-;-»%xm-m;~4';.:m~~df.%m"i«11m~gq; APW~1-7.@;m-n'/#AW

11 hile of corruption change in ( ) Chapter -4-7 Challenges Political 6.6 average and Corruption Choices inthe Latin Twenty-First America Century ( ) < corruption SOURCE:Transparency Republic average TABLE 12.5 International, Corruption (accessed Perceptions October Index, 15, ). Percentage ~~~$~~~~~~~~«~@WM'#~~.&i:r~#..M~:@W.till. #$4m"»..w.::.~.mr~~'@;i.'S:W.'r{:w...:W,,:@;{::%'mWM;,r~$%'~~?::%<"&Wmif&.~WM$X;: '0";;}~Y~~"X,..~4~-:r;~~.*"$Y~.;:waw-m-;:.,;#A:."()W,&;;w;:~~~#<?..>w')$~w,x~XX!'H:-:*~w/mmxv&~~am~wm;w..x-s~Wv~..;.m;w~~~$v't;.m.;'.4.. ;:'mxxw~~$($"~ Wff~

12 430,~,.xxX"#.~$..ww'-:«~~*9'~~L.w..w#M'h:~~.w~a>W~X«-X:;ili<'%~-x.w,v&X(~m:.wu.&"~...;.w;:;~d/W~&~H7~,($mwwr.&w.$;x:':>7ff& ia Chapter immediate No YesReactive YesProactive reelection No Challenges powers Institutional dominant Potentially No Ballotage election Presidential NotNo and Choices Power inthe Latin Possibility dominant marginal Twenty-First American of Century Democracies LE 12.6 tbolivian votes most candidate (1990 received Republic votes to determine Versus electoral the receives most the general law 2003)* votes; athe majority, requires outcome. after election. however, the 1995, Prior president the tothere legislature 1995, to obtain no thesecond-round chose legislature an absolute between chose ballotage majority the among twoof election. candidates the three popular Instead, candidates whovotes. received the If legislature who no the Possibility of ~~ I

13 Chapter 12 Challenges and Choices in the Twenty-First Century ~~~AZi-Xxm:~'»7.#M%~iK'm'..mw~mm~~Z$X1~wn;mm.x Jr../&-?"/~m%WmW/#HJ"X/X1-»0;;X'SS<~/AmX(~~$~$~4:~~;Y;»'d~~~*/mm'A;m7&M';wG7- TABLE 12.7 Latin American Attitudes Toward Democracy (1996 Versus 2003)* 50% / (1996) -22%60% 46% 45% -14%75% -32%59% 33% 68%71% 50% 77% 40% -32%63% 52% -17%80% 78% 53%0%62% always Democracy in democracy -30%54% -20%42% -35%53% -13% (2003) 67%8% -10%64% -23%80% -12%56% 55%31%59% 51% -7% -4% -3% 57% 61% support 52% 51% t topreferable 2003 for from is Percentage change ~~~~~ the < tthe average Republic statement Latinobar6metro..?;<; «~W~m~~~~W~:Z?;;.~,a:~~~:f"~~~H2W,.K(?Q}i;W";:;$W~M SOURCE: Press "Democracy releases is summarizing not is conducted always (accessed preferable:' thein Latinobar6metro Cuba onand November the Dominican surveys 4, 2003). for Republic and 2003 population agreeing with

14 Venezuela ) for 2221 inequality Income rate Poverty for of with (average for democracy 75 Level corruption (2003) ) 1gg6-3political how 16 Development, of and for perceived functions Satisfaction civil 441 liberties Liberty, Governance, and Support Democracy in Latin America """'''''''U~''--'-.'--'."-"~~--._--" for countries SOURCE: andpoverty, TABLE lower Democracy (at Same corruption. income 12.8 above as for inequality, ry rankings are inverted (2003)* Numbers the Figures median and in bold point corruption indicate thebecause distribution). that thesuccess countryisranks indicated thebytop lowhalf poverty, of these lowseventeen inequality, Protection '~%X~X;