Tightening the Reins. Towards a Strengthened International Nuclear Safeguards System. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

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1 Tightening the Reins Towards a Strengthened International Nuclear Safeguards System Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

2 A Publication of the Research Institute of the GERMAN SOCIETY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Auswartige Politik) D Berlin, RauchstraBe 18, Tel.: , Fax: Homepage: Board Executive Committee Dr. Ulrich Cartellieri (President) Dr. Immo Stabreit (Executive Vice President) Dr. Giuseppe Vita (Treasurer) Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser (Otto Wolff Director of the Research Institute) Axel Osenberg (Counsel) Dr. Karl-Hermann Baumann Jtirgen E. Schrempp Dr. Mark Wossner Otto Wolff von Amerongen Dr. Klaus Zumwinkel Other Board Members: Eberhard Diepgen Michael Glos Prof. Dr. Roman Herzog Ulrich lrmer Hans-Ulrich Klose Dr. Klaus Mangold Volker Riihe Kajo Schommer Friedrich Spath Wolfgang Thierse Dr. Theodor Waigel Heinrich Weiss Peter Prinz Wittgenstein Dr. Monika Zimmermann Dr. Klaus von Dohnanyi Dr.-lng. Hans-Olaf Henkel Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Hornhues Walther Leisler Kiep Dr. Werner Lamby Dr. Giinther Nonnenmacher Dr. Wolfgang Rupf Dieter Schulte Manfred Stolpe Karsten D. Voigt Bernhard Walter Dr. Richard von Weizsacker Dr. Monika Wulf-Matthies Hans-Dietrich Genscher C. Peter Henle Dr. Werner Hoyer Dr. Helmut Kohl Christine Lieberknecht Alfred Frhr. von Oppenheim Rudolf Scharping Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Schwarz Prof. Dr. Rita Siissmuth Dr. Antje Vollmer Prof. Dr. Werner Weidenfeld Prof. Dr. Harald Wiedmann Dr. Jiirgen Zech The German Society for Foreign Affairs is committed to the analysis and discussion of problems of European and international politics, security and economics, the collection of documents on these questions and the enhancement of understanding international questions through lectures, study groups and publications. The Society seeks to promote international scholarly cooperation and thus increase understanding between nations. The Society maintains a research institute, a library and the journal INTERNATIONALE POLITIK. The German Society for Foreign Affairs according to its statutes does not take position on international problems. All opinions expressed in publications of the Society are the personal opinion of the authors.

3 Erwin Hackel. Gotthard Stein Editors Tightening the Reins Towards a Strengthened International Nuclear Safeguards System, Springer

4 Prof. Dr. Erwin Hackel Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Auswartige Politik Postfach Berlin Germany Dr. Gotthard Stein Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Programmgruppe Technologiefolgenforschung Jiilich Germany ISBN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Tightening the reins: towards a strengthened international nuclear safeguards system: with 4 tables I Erwin Hăckel; Gotthard Stein (eds.). - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 2000 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This work is subject to copyright. Ali rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted oniy under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are Iiable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg in 2000 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Hardcover-Design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg SPIN / O - Printed on acid-free paper

5 Foreword This book has grown out of a research project dealing with political and technical challenges to international nuclear material and technology controls. The project, which was carried out in the period , was made possible through financial support from the Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology and, after reorganization of the German Government following the September 1998 elections, from the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. Our research project was a co-operative effort linked to a joint Working Group on Nuclear Nonproliferation, sponsored by the German Society for Foreign Affairs (DGAP, Berlin) in collaboration with the Research Centre Jiilich (FZJ, 1iilich). The working group, a long-standing institution under the chairmenship of Professors Wolf Hafele and Karl Kaiser, is a unique undertaking for the purpose of continuous information exchange, intellectual debate and political consensus formation on all aspects of German nuclear nonproliferation policy. Members of the group comprise leading experts and decision-makers from government and politics, the natural and social sciences, engineering and nuclear industrial enterprises, as well as mass media and the specialized press. Many among them have shaped and executed the Federal Republic's nuclear policies in a variety of responsible positions. Contributions to this book have been authored, with a few exceptions, by members of the working group. Although they reflect to a considerable extent previous discussions within the group, including a broad range of sometimes divergent views, the authors alone are responsible for their individual contributions even when some of them speak out in an official capacity. Our book seeks to contribute to an ongoing discussion about the nature, merits and problems of the so-called Strengthened Safeguards System which is presently being installed by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The subject is an intricate and highly technical one, accessible to a limited number of specialized experts in many countries spread around the world, and the discussion on the intemationallevel is naturally carried forward in English as the working language. In order to reach the relevant audience it is therefore appropriate for this book to be presented in English throughout even though most of its authors are nativespeaking Germans. The editors wish to thank all authors, collaborators and institutions that have helped to bring forth this book. Weare indebted to Brigitte Schmitz, Marlies Klein and Marijan Bohte for putting it in good shape. Erwin Hackel and Gotthard Stein

6 Contents INTRODUCTION Erwin Hackel and Gotthard Stein PART ONE: BACKGROUND Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Safeguards: From INFCIRC/153 to INFCIRC/540 and Beyond Wolfgang Fischer 9 From "Programme 93+2" to Model Protocol INFCIRC/540: Negotiating for a Multilateral Agreement in the International Atomic Energy Agency Reinhard Loosch 23 PART TWO: IMPLICATIONS The Structure and Content of Model Protocol INFCIRC/540 Walter Sandtner 69 Aspects of Integrating INFCIRC/153 and INFCIRC/540 Rudiger Gerstler, Wolf-Dieter Lauppe and Gotthard Stein 77 The Strengthened Safeguards System: Objectives, Challenges and Expectations Bruno Pellaud 89 The Point of View of German Facility Operators RudolfWeh 99 Implications for Nuclear Safeguards in the EU Countries Wilhelm Gmelin 107

7 VIII Implications for Research and Development in Safeguards Technology Hans Hermann Remagen and Bernd Richter 117 The New Safeguards System in the Context ofinternational Non Proliferation Policy Hartmut Blankenstein 129 PART THREE: OUTLOOK Implementing Safeguards in Weak and Failed States Erwin Hackel 141 Implementing Safeguards in Countries Under Suspicion Annette Schaper 151 Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones: Their Added Value in a Strengthened International Safeguards System JanPrawitz 165 The Uses and Limits of International Safeguards in Nuclear Weapon States Harald Muller 175 Towards a Comprehensive Nuclear Policy for the European Union Werner Ungerer 185 PART FOUR: ANNEXES Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards (INFCIRC/540) 203 Abbreviations and Acronyms 269 List of Authors 273