Public Administration and Information Technology. Volume 11. Series Editor Christopher G. Reddick San Antonio, Texas, USA

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2 Public Administration and Information Technology Volume 11 Series Editor Christopher G. Reddick San Antonio, Texas, USA

3 Public Administration and Information Technology publishes authored and edited books that examine the application of information systems to common issues and problems in public administration. This series examines both the successes of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) adoption and some of the most important challenges to implementation. The books published in this series will address all areas of public administration, through the use of information technology adoption in the public and nonprofit sectors, and in the private sector where important lessons can be learned for public managers and policy analysts. New and emerging technologies that will have a lasting impact on public administration will be featured in this series. Both developed and developing countries will be examined in this series. The series particularly welcomes books that cover international dimensions of public administration and information technology. The research in this series will be able to bridge both theory and practice to provide relevance to public managers. The series will cover all aspects of e-governance/e-government research, and new and emerging trends and issues in this research. The series publishes edited books, monographs, upper-level textbooks and research handbooks. For authors interested in submitting a book proposal, please the editor. Prof. Christopher Reddick, The University Texas at San Antonio, USA, chris.reddick@utsa.edu Editorial Advisory Board members Bannister, Frank, Faculty Member, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Criado, J. Ignacio, Associate professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Dawes, Sharon S., Professor Emerita, Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy, Department Public Administration and Policy, Founding Director and Senior Fellow, Center for Technology in Government, University at Albany, State University of New York, US; Estevez, Elsa, United Nations University, Operating Unit on Policy-driven Electronic Governance, Portugal; Fountain, Jane, Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Public Policy Director, National Center for Digital Government, Director, Science, Technology and Society Initiative, Vice Chair, World Economic Forum, Global Agenda Council on the Future of Government, (Chair, ), US; Greenberg, Sherri, Clinical Professor, Fellow, Max Sherman Chair in State & Local Government, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin, US; Helbig, Natalie, Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy, Department Public Administration and Policy, Center for Technology in Government, University at Albany, State University of New York, US; Jaeger, Paul, College of Information Studies, University of Maryland, US; Janssen, Marijn, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management, Section of Information & Communication Technology, The Netherlands; Klischewski, Ralf, Faculty of Management Technology, German University in Cairo, Egypt; Luna Reyes, Luis F., Professor, Universidad de las America Puebla, Escuela de Negocios, Mexico; Macadar, Marie Anne, PONTIFÍCIA UNI- VERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL (PUCRS), Brazil; Moon, M. Jae, Underwood Distinguished Professor of Public Administration, Yonsei University, Korea; Perez Useche, Marco Antonio, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Colombia; Puron Cid, Gabriel, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE), Mexico; Wimmer, Maria A., University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for IS Research, Germany; Yang, Tung- Mou, Department of Library and Information Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Zheng, Lei, Associate Professor and Assistant Dean at the School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University, China. More information about this series at

4 J. Ramon Gil-Garcia Theresa A. Pardo Taewoo Nam Editors Smarter as the New Urban Agenda A Comprehensive View of the 21st Century City 1 3

5 Editors J. Ramon Gil-Garcia University at Albany State University of New York Albany New York USA Centro de Investigacion y Docencia Economicas (CIDE) Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico Theresa A. Pardo Center for Technology in Government University at Albany State University of New York Albany New York USA Taewoo Nam Myongji University Seoul Korea, Republic of (South Korea) Public Administration and Information Technology ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (