Study Description. - Study Citation. Title Statement POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, Identification No.

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1 Study Description Citation Title Statement Title: Identification No.: POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, Responsibility Statement Authoring Entity: Authoring Entity: Other: JAGGERS, KEITH, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER GURR, TED ROBERT, CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AT COLLEGE PARK Michael D. Ward Kristian S. Gleditsch Production Statement Producer: Producer: Date of Production: Place of Production: Place of Production: KEITH JAGGERS, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER TED ROBERT GURR, CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AT COLLEGE PARK 1995 BOULDER, CO.: DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER COLLEGE PARK, MD.: CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND Distribution Statement Distributor: Date of Distribution: INTERUNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH (ICPSR), INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SEPTEMBER 1996 Version Statement Version: Version Responsibility: INTERUNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH Bibliographic Citation Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. POLITY III: REGIME CHANGE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, [Computer file]. nd ICPSR version. Boulder, CO: Keith Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr [producers], Ann Arbor, MI: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor],

2 Study Scope Subject Information Topic Classification(s): XVI. SOCIAL INDICATORS, B. NATIONS OTHER THAN THE UNITED STATES Abstract This dataset, a modified and updated version of POLITY II: POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND REGIME CHANGE, (ICPSR 963), focuses on indicators of political authority and regime type for 177 members of the international system. Variables include two indicators of regime type (autocracy and democracy) and eight indicators of political authority (regulation of executive recruitment, competitiveness of executive recruitment, openness of executive recruitment, monocratism, constraints on the chief executive, regulation of political participation, competitiveness of political participation, and centralization of state authority). Polity III updates and, in some instances, alters the Polity II data (on the modifications see Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr, "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 3, 4 (1995), 46948). Not included in this version of the Polity data are the Scope, State Power, Coherence, and Institutional Persistence variables. Information on "polity" change, formation and termination are also not included. The Polity II dataset includes these variables through Summary Data Description Time Period: Date(s) of Collection: Country: Geographic Coverage: Geographic Unit: Unit of Analysis: Universe: Kind of Data: SEE NATIONS LIST IN V3, "COUNTRY NAME" 0 historical countries and 157 contemporary countries encompassing all independent members of the international system with populations greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s. NATION nation Annual observations from 1800 to 1994 of 0 historical countries and 157 contemporary countries encompassing all independent members of the international system with populations of greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s. aggregate data Notes SPATIALTEMPORAL DOMAIN: The Polity III dataset includes all independent members of the international system with populations greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s. Authority characteristics and regime type data are coded annually beginning in 1800, for states that were then independent, or from the year in which the state first gained effective autonomy. Data for all variables is reported through 1994, or the year in which the state ceased to be part of the international state system. The Polity III dataset includes 157 contemporary states. Methodology and Processing Data Collection Methodology Time Method: Cleaning Operations: time series This is a cleaned version of the Polity III data. The May 1996 Version: Using the criteria procedures as laid out in the POLITY II codebook (Gurr et al. 1989) for computing the institutionalized democracy and autocracy scores from the authority characteristics, it was found that several entries in the Dec.

3 1995 version of the POLITY III data appeared to have been miscoded. The new recoded data were generated by an S program implementing the coding procedures. The program and the corrections were reviewed with the principal POLITY III coder, Keith Jaggers, who verified the procedures implemented and the accuracy of the corrections. Here is a list of the major differences. 1) The most dramatic difference in terms of magnitude is that the democracy and autocracy scores were transposed for Russia in The democracy score should be 1 and the autocracy score should be 5 for this year, but were reversed in the old version of the data. These scores have been reorganized in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. ) 1484 cases out of the total of entries in the POLITY III data had been assigned a democracy score that differed by 1 from what the correct values should be according to the coding rules. Of these, 1170 were in the nineteenth century. All the entries in the twentieth century were prior to The countries that had been coded with incorrect democracy scores include Afghanistan ( ), Austria ( ), Baden (184147), Belgium (19351), Brazil (18488), Bulgaria (188385), China ( ), Denmark ( ), Egypt (19345), France (181447), Germany/Prussia ( ), Hungary ( ), Iran (194145), Iraq (19445), Italy (18611), Japan ( ), Korea ( ), Luxembourg (186789), Morocco ( ), Nepal (180045), Norway (187397), Netherlands ( ), Portugal ( ), Rumania (191039), Russia (190616), Spain (1807), Sweden ( ), Turkey (1876, ), United Kingdom (180036), Wurttemburg (181971), Yugoslavia (1918, ). These are corrected in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. 3) 35 cases were coded incorrectly for the autocracy scores. Mexico had been assigned an incorrect autocracy of 4 instead of for 1833; Guatemala had been misclassified between with 4 instead of 5 in ; Panama was assigned 7 and should have had 8 for ; Argentina, which should have had 6 instead of ; and Lesotho, which should have had 7 rather than eight These are corrected in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. June 1996 Version: Additionally, a duplicate entry and two ommissions were discovered in June The year 1876 was entered twice for South Korea (case ), and 1858 for the Orange Free State (case ) and 19 for Egypt (case 65119) were missing. The extra South Korea case has been deleted and the missing observations filled in with the appropriate observations. Previous versions of Polity III cited 13,907 as the total number of cases; this is now 13,908 observations. Data Access Dataset Availability Location: Extent of Collection: Number of Files: Ann Arbor, MI: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research 1 data file + machinereadable documentation + SPSS export file 3 files Data Use Statement: Citation Requirement: Deposit Requirement: Disclaimer: Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. POLITY III: REGIME CHANGE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, [Computer file]. nd ICPSR version. Boulder, CO: Keith Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr [producers], Ann Arbor, MI: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], To provide funding agencies with essential information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data were used. The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. 3

4 Other Study Description Materials Related Study Related Publication(s) Related Publication(s) Related Publication(s) ICPSR 963: Gurr, Ted R.; Keith Jaggers and Will H. Moore, The POLITY II Codebook. University of Colorado at Boulder, Center for Comparative Politics. Available from the InterUniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), Ann Arbor, Mich. Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr, "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 3, 4 (1995), Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), Gurr, Ted Robert, "Persistence and Change in Political Systems, " AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW 68 (4),

5 Data Files Description FilebyFile Description File Name: POLITY III File Structure (rectangular) File Dimensions: No. of Cases: 13,908 No. of Variables: 14 Record Length: 60 Records per Case: 1 Overall No. of Records: 13,908 Type of File: Data Format: Extent of Processing Checks: Missing Data: RAW DATA (ASCII) LOGICAL RECORD LENGTH (BLANK DELIMITED) CHECKS FOR UNDOCUMENTED CODES PERFORMED BY ICPSR MISSING DATA CODES STANDARDIZED BY DATA PRODUCER / PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR 5

6 ICPSR 6695 POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, Variable Description and Frequencies Note: Frequencies displayed for the variables are not weighted. They are purely descriptive and may not be representative of the study population. Please review any sampling or weighting information available with the study. Summary statistics (minimum, maximum, mean, median, and standard deviation) may not be available for every variable in the codebook. Conversely, a listing of frequencies in table format may not be present for every variable in the codebook either. However, all variables in the dataset are present and display sufficient information about each variable. These decisions are made intentionally and are at the discretion of the archive producing this codebook. 6

7 POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, POLITY III Variable List Variable Name V1 V V3 V4 AUTOC DEMOC XRREG XRCOMP XROPEN MONO XCONST PARREG PARCOMP CENT Variable COUNTRY CODE YEAR COUNTRY CODE NUMBER COUNTRY NAME YEAR AUTOCRACY SCORE DEMOCRACY SCORE EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT REGULATION EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT COMPETITION EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT OPENNESS MONOCRATISM EXECUTIVE CONSTRAINTS REGULATION OF PARTICIPATION COMPETITIVENESS OF PARTICIPATION CENTRALIZATION OF STATE AUTHORITY Page V1 Text: V COUNTRY CODE YEAR [CATEGORY VALUES COMBINE NUMERIC COUNTRY CODES FROM V WITH YEAR (V4)] COUNTRY CODE NUMBER UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CANADA CUBA HAITI DOMINICAN REPUBLIC JAMAICA TRINIDAD MEXICO UNITED PROVINCE OF CENTRAL AMERICA GUATEMALA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA COSTA RICA PANAMA GRAN COLOMBIA COLUMBIA 7

8 VENEZUELA GUYANA ECUADOR PERU BRAZIL BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY UNITED KINGDOM IRELAND NETHERLANDS BELGIUM LUXEMBOURG FRANCE SWITZERLAND SPAIN PORTUGAL BAVARIA GERMANY / PRUSSIA (WEST) GERMANY GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC BADEN SAXONY WUERTTEMBRUG POLAND AUSTRIA HUNGARY CZECHOSLOVAKIA CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA SARDINIA ITALY / SARDINIA PAPAL STATES TWO SICILIES MODENA PARMA TUSCANY ALBANIA MACEDONIA 8

9 CROATIA YUGOSLAVIA / SERBIA BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA SLOVENIA GREECE CYPRUS BULGARIA MOLDOVA RUMANIA RUSSIA (USSR) ESTONIA LATVIA LITHUANIA UKRAINE BELARUS (BYELORUSSIA) ARMENIA GEORGIA AZERBAIJAN FINLAND SWEDEN NORWAY DENMARK ICELAND GUINEABISSAU GAMBIA MALI SENEGAL BENIN / DAHOMEY MAURITANIA NIGER IVORY COAST GUINEA BURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA) LIBERIA SIERRA LEONE GHANA TOGO CAMEROUN NIGERIA GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 9

10 CHAD CONGO ZAIRE UGANDA KENYA TANZANIA / TANGANYIKA BURUNDI RWANDA SOMALIA ETHIOPIA ANGOLA MOZAMBIQUE ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE (RHODESIA) MALAWI SOUTH AFRICA ORANGE FREE STATE NAMIBIA LESOTHO BOTSWANA SWAZILAND MADAGASCAR (MALAGASY) COMOROS MAURITIUS MOROCCO ALGERIA TUNISIA LIBYA SUDAN IRAN TURKEY (AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE) IRAQ EGYPT SYRIA LEBANON JORDAN ISRAEL SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC YEMEN YEMEN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC 10

11 KUWAIT BAHRAIN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OMAN AFGHANISTAN TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN UZBEKISTAN KAZAKHSTAN CHINA MONGOLIA TAIWAN KOREA DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA REPUBLIC OF KOREA JAPAN INDIA BHUTAN PAKISTAN BANGLADESH MYANMAR (BURMA) SRI LANKA (CEYLON) NEPAL THAILAND CAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA) LAOS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM MALAYSIA SINGAPORE PHILIPPINES INDONESIA AUSTRALIA PAPUA NEW GUINEA NEW ZEALAND FIJI V3 COUNTRY NAME 11

12 USA CAN CUB HAI DOM JAM TRI MEX UPC GUA HON SAL NIC COS PAN GCL COL VEN GUY ECU PER BRA BOL PAR CHL ARG URU UK IRE NTH BEL LCU FRN SWZ SPN [PR BAV GMY GFR GDR BAD UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CANADA CUBA HAITI DOMINICAN REPUBLIC JAMAICA TRINIDAD MEXICO UNITED PROVINCE OF CENTRAL AMERICA GUATEMALA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA COSTA RICA PANAMA GRAN COLOMBIA COLUMBIA VENEZUELA GUYANA ECUADOR PERU BRAZIL BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY UNITED KINGDOM IRELAND NETHERLANDS BELGIUM LUXEMBOURG FRANCE SWITZERLAND SPAIN PORTUGAL BAVARIA GERMANY / PRUSSIA (WEST) GERMANY GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC BADEN 1

13 SAX WRT POL AUS HUN CZE CZR SLO SAR ITA PAP SIC MOD PMA TUS ALB MAC CRO YUG BOS SLV GRC CYP BUL MLD RUM RUS EST LAT LIT UKR BLR ARM GRG AZE FIN SWD NOR DEN ICE GNB SAXONY WUERTTEMBRUG POLAND AUSTRIA HUNGARY CZECHOSLOVAKIA CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA SARDINIA ITALY / SARDINIA PAPAL STATES TWO SICILIES MODENA PARMA TUSCANY ALBANIA MACEDONIA CROATIA YUGOSLAVIA / SERBIA BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA SLOVENIA GREECE CYPRUS BULGARIA MOLDOVA RUMANIA RUSSIA (USSR) ESTONIA LATVIA LITHUANIA UKRAINE BELARUS (BYELORUSSIA) ARMENIA GEORGIA AZERBAIJAN FINLAND SWEDEN NORWAY DENMARK ICELAND GUINEABISSAU 13

14 GAM MLI SEN BEN MAA NIR IVO GUI BFO LBR SIE GHA TOG CAO NIG GAB CEN CHA CON ZAI UGA KEN TAZ BUI RWA SOM ETH ANG MZM ZAM ZIM MAW SAF OFS NAM LES BOT SWA MAG COM MAS GAMBIA MALI SENEGAL BENIN / DAHOMEY MAURITANIA NIGER IVORY COAST GUINEA BURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA) LIBERIA SIERRA LEONE GHANA TOGO CAMEROUN NIGERIA GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CHAD CONGO ZAIRE UGANDA KENYA TANZANIA / TANGANYIKA BURUNDI RWANDA SOMALIA ETHIOPIA ANGOLA MOZAMBIQUE ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE (RHODESIA) MALAWI SOUTH AFRICA ORANGE FREE STATE NAMIBIA LESOTHO BOTSWANA SWAZILAND MADAGASCAR (MALAGASY) COMOROS MAURITIUS 14

15 MOR ALG TUN LIB SUD IRN TUR IRQ EGY SYR LEB JOR ISR SAU YAR YEM YPR KUW BAH UAE OMA AFG TKM TAJ KYR UZB KZK CHN MON TAW KOR PRK ROK JPN IND BHU PAK BNG MYA SRI NEP MOROCCO ALGERIA TUNISIA LIBYA SUDAN IRAN TURKEY (AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE) IRAQ EGYPT SYRIA LEBANON JORDAN ISRAEL SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC YEMEN YEMEN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC KUWAIT BAHRAIN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OMAN AFGHANISTAN TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN UZBEKISTAN KAZAKHSTAN CHINA MONGOLIA TAIWAN KOREA DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA REPUBLIC OF KOREA JAPAN INDIA BHUTAN PAKISTAN BANGLADESH MYANMAR (BURMA) SRI LANKA (CEYLON) NEPAL 15

16 THI CAM LAO DRV RVN MAL SIN PHI INS AUL PNG NEW FJI THAILAND CAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA) LAOS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM MALAYSIA SINGAPORE PHILIPPINES INDONESIA AUSTRALIA PAPUA NEW GUINEA NEW ZEALAND FIJI V4 AUTOC Notes: YEAR AUTOCRACY SCORE For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), (pp.8485) and Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr, "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 3, 4 (1995), (pp.47147) (M) LOW AUTOCRACY HIGH AUTOCRACY INTERRUPTION INTERREGNUM TRANSITION INFORMATION UNKNOWN DEMOC DEMOCRACY SCORE 16

17 Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), (pp.8384) and Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr, "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 3, 4 (1995), (pp.47147) (M) LOW DEMOCRACY HIGH DEMOCRACY INTERRUPTION INTERREGNUM TRANSITION INFORMATION UNKNOWN XRREG Text: Notes: EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT REGULATION Institutionalized procedures regarding the transfer of executive power For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), (p.81) (M) UNREGULATED DESIGNATION / TRANSITIONAL REGULATED INTERRUPTION INTERREGNUM TRANSITION INFORMATION UNKNOWN XRCOMP Text: Notes: EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT COMPETITION Extent to which executives are chosen through competitive elections For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), (pp.818) 17

18 (M) UNREGULATED SELECTION DUAL / TRANSITIONAL ELECTION INTERRUPTION INTERREGNUM TRANSITION INFORMATION UNKNOWN XROPEN Text: Notes: EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT OPENNESS Opportunity for nonelites to attain executive office For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), (p.8) (M) UNREGULATED CLOSED DUAL / DESIGNATION DUAL / ELECTION OPEN INTERRUPTION INTERREGNUM TRANSITION INFORMATION UNKNOWN MONO Text: Notes: MONOCRATISM Institutional (de jure) independence of chief executive For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), (pp.883) PURE INDIVIDUAL INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY QUALIFIED INDIVIDUAL INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY COLLECTIVE EXECUTIVE INTERRUPTION INTERREGNUM 18

19 88 99 (M) TRANSITION INFORMATION UNKNOWN XCONST Text: Notes: EXECUTIVE CONSTRAINTS Operational (de facto) independence of chief executive For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), (p.80) (M) UNLIMITED AUTHORITY INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY SLIGHT TO MODERATE LIMITATIONS INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY SUBSTANTIAL LIMITATIONS INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY EXECUTIVE PARITY OR SUBORDINATION INTERRUPTION INTERREGNUM TRANSITION INFORMATION UNKNOWN PARREG Text: Notes: REGULATION OF PARTICIPATION Development of institutional structures for political expression For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), (pp.7879) (M) UNREGULATED FACTIONAL / TRANSITIONAL FACTIONAL / RESTRICTED RESTRICTED INSTITUTIONALIZED INTERRUPTION INTERREGNUM TRANSITION INFORMATION UNKNOWN PARCOMP COMPETITIVENESS OF PARTICIPATION 19

20 Text: Notes: Extent to which nonelites are able to access institutional structures of political expression For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), (pp.7980) (M) UNREGULATED SUPPRESSED RESTRICTED / TRANSITIONAL FACTIONAL TRANSITIONAL COMPETITIVE INTERRUPTION INTERREGNUM TRANSITION INFORMATION UNKNOWN CENT Text: Notes: CENTRALIZATION OF STATE AUTHORITY Geographic concentration of decisionmaking authority For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (1), (pp.883) (M) UNITARY INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY FEDERAL INTERRUPTION INTERREGNUM TRANSITION INFORMATION UNKNOWN 0