PROCEEDINGS OF 2015 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION(11 th )

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2 PROCEEDINGS OF 2015 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION(11 th ) ( VolumeⅠ) December 9-11, 2015 Bandung, Indonesia Editor in Chief ZHU Xiaoning Executive Editor in Chief ZHAO Shurong Hosted by Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of Padjadjaran University School of Political Science and Public Administration of UESTC Sponsored by Padjadjaran University of Indonesia University of Electronic Science and Technology of China American Society for Public Administration Chinese Public Administration Journal Co-sponsored by Faculty of Business, Cape Peninsula University of Technology PA Information Research Center of UESTC UESTC Press

3 PROCEEDINGS OF 2015 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION(11 th ) ( VolumeⅠ) December 9-11, 2015 Bandung, Indonesia Editor in Chief ZHU Xiaoning Executive Editor in Chief ZHAO Shurong Hosted by Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of Padjadjaran University School of Political Science and Public Administration of UESTC Sponsored by Padjadjaran University of Indonesia University of Electronic Science and Technology of China American Society for Public Administration Chinese Public Administration Journal Co-sponsored by Faculty of Business, Cape Peninsula University of Technology PA Information Research Center of UESTC UESTC Press

4 PROCEEDINGS OF 2015 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION(11 th ) ( VolumeⅠ) Editor in Chief ZHU Xiaoning Executive Editor in Chief ZHAO Shurong UESTC Press ISBN A Set Price : RMB

5 Designing Editor: ZHANG Qin TANG Yun-hui Executive Editor: TANG Yun-hui Published by University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Press (UESTC Press) Add: No. 159 Electronic Information Building, Eastern Section One, Ring Road One, Chengdu Postcode: Copyright 2015 by University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Press (UESTC Press) All rights reserved Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Public Administration (11 th ) ( VolumeⅠ) Editor in Chief: ZHU Xiaoning Executive Editor in Chief: ZHAO Shurong uestcp@uestcp.com.cn Publisher: Xin Hua Book Store Printed by The Printing House of Chengdu Jinlong Co., Ltd. Format 185mm 260mm Printed Sheet Words Quantity First Edition: December 2015 First Printing: December 2015 ISBN A Set Price: RMB980.00

6 图书在版编目 (CIP) 数据 2015 公共管理国际会议论文集 : 第十一届 : 全 2 册 : 英文 / 祝小宁主编. 成都 : 电子科技大学出版社, ISBN Ⅰ. 12 Ⅱ. 1 祝 Ⅲ. 1 公共管理 - 国际学术会议 - 文集 - 英文 Ⅳ. 1D 中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字 (2015) 第 号 2015 公共管理国际会议论文集 ( 第十一届 ) ( 上 ) 主 编祝小宁 执行主编赵蜀蓉 出 版 : 电子科技大学出版社 ( 成都市一环路东一段 159 号电子信息产业大厦 邮编 :610051) 策划编辑 : 张 琴 汤云辉 责任编辑 : 汤云辉 主 页 : 电子邮箱 : uestcp@uestcp.com.cn 发 行 : 新华书店经销 印 刷 : 成都金龙印务有限责任公司 成品尺寸 : 185mm 260mm 印张 字数 2009 千字 版 次 : 2015 年 11 月第一版 印 次 : 2015 年 11 月第一次印刷 书 号 : ISBN 定 价 : 元 ( 全套 )

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8 Conference Committee Honorary General Chairmen Professor XIA Shuzhang, SUN YAT-SEN University, P.R. China Dr. Med. Setiawan, Vice Rector for Cooperation and International Affairs, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia Conference Chairmen Dr. Arry Bainus, Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia Ms. BAO Jing, Deputy Secretary-General of Chinese Public Administration Society, P.R. China Professor ZHU Xiaoning, Dean of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), P.R. China Professor Maria Aristigueta, President, American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) and Charles P. Messick Professor of Public Administration and Associate Director, School of Public Policy and Administration, University of Delaware, USA Executive Chairmen Mr. William Shields, Executive Director, American Society for Public Administration (ASPA), USA Professor ZHAO Shurong, School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), P.R. China I

9 Dr. Mudiyati Rahmatunnisa, Vice Dean for Academic and Student Affairs, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia The Academic Committee Chairman Thomas H. Stanton, President, Association of Federal Enterprise Risk Management (AFERM) and Fellow, Johns Hopkins University, USA The Organizing Committee Chairman Professor ZHU Xiaoning, Dean of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Vice Chairman Professor LIU Zhiyong, Vice-Dean of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Executive Chairman Professor ZHAO Shurong, Dean Assistant of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Organizing Committee Assistant Miss ZHANG Mengmeng, School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Executive Chairman Assistants Miss YU Lin, Postgraduate Student of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China II

10 Miss XU Weiye, Postgraduate Student of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Mr. LIU Junjie, Postgraduate Student of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Information Collecting Directors Miss LIU Yao, Undergraduate Student of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Miss ZHU Chuxue, Undergraduate Student of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Members Miss YANG Liwei, Postgraduate Student of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Miss HAN Qiuyue, Postgraduate Student of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Miss LI Yuning, Postgraduate Student of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Miss LI Qin, Postgraduate Student of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China III

11 Miss QIN Lei, Undergraduate Student of School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Technical Support Miss ZHANG Mengmeng, School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China Financial Director Miss ZHANG Mengmeng, School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.R. China IV

12 Foreword Sustainable Development for Public Administration Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of nations and their people to meet their needs over the long term. The financial crisis of had multiple effects on countries across the globe and, by extension, on governmental organizations. Many governments found that their expenditures rose dramatically in faltering economies as revenues dropped. Exporting countries found that exports declined, sometimes drastically. The boom and bust cycle can be incredibly wasteful. The consequences for public administration are severe as well. While countries could afford expanding government services in boom times prior to troubled economies have led to serious pressure to cut back in many countries. Officials of national, state and local governments all have felt the pressure of budget uncertainty and serious budget constraints. This comes in the context of growing realization that resources are finite; we cannot simply consume scarce resources, and especially in ways that generate costly such unsustainable byproducts as pollution and climate change. The 2015 conference seeks to address the problem of managing governmental organizations with an eye both to the short and longer term. For the short term, what can public administration teach policymakers and government managers about sustaining public services in the face of sometimes severe economic and policy cycles? For the longer term, how should policymakers and government managers address the need to avoid less expensive short-term approaches to providing public services in favor of long-term more sustainable approaches? The Proceedings 2015 International Conference on Public Administration (11 th ) encompasses a wide-ranging analysis and examination of excellence and innovation in public administration research and practice. The Proceedings contain a rich and broad collection of ideas and research findings directed at sustainable development for public administration. Authored by academics and practitioners worldwide, the collection promises to advance public administration research and practice. There are six sub-themes Public Administration for Sustainable development, Good Governance, Performance and Smart Government, Networking and Partnerships and E-government, Public Management, and Future in Public Administration. The submissions of 2015 International Conference on Public Administration (11 th ) have amounted to Six Hundred and Three pieces from both China and abroad, including more than one hundred pieces submitted by foreign experts, scholars and V

13 practitioners to both School of Political Science and Public Administration of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and American Society for Public Administration. After peer reviews by 2015 ICPA Academic Committee, the papers collected in Proceedings of 2015International Conference on Public Administration(11 th ) (Volume I and Volume II) are Three Hundred and Eight, which offer a wide array of new knowledge and information on subjects that public administrators and scholars should find of some valuable and practical uses. The 2015International Conference on Public Administration(11 th ) brings together an array of authors and topics drawn from many countries and regions and attracted international interests and inquiries from scholars and public administration practitioners in Australia, Belgium, Brunei, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Macao SAR of P.R.China, Mauritius, Nigeria, Netherlands, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Vietnam, United Kingdom, United States. The Eleventh International Conference on Public Administration was truly international. VI

14 Sincere Thanks to ACKNOWLEGEMENT All Those Who have Always Supported and Will Go on Supporting ICPA. Sincere Thanks to All Co-sponsoring Institutions That have Always Made Great Contributions for the Successful Holding of ICPA. Editor in Chief December, 2015 Executive Editor in Chief December, 2015 VII

15 2015 International Conference on Public Administration (ICPA 11 th ) ICPA Populism and Effective Government: Case of Bandung City Caroline Paskarina Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Padjadjaran, Indonesia Abstract The implementation of direct democracy to elect local leaders (governor, mayor, or regent) in Indonesia have brought significant changes in the dynamics of politics and government at the local level. One of the main changes is the emergence of an innovative figure who was elected as head of the region and successfully conducted a number of breakthrough programs in the region. In Bandung City, Mayor Ridwan Kamil made a number of changes in the city planning that successfully made the city of Bandung as a tourist icon. He also manage to engage public and civil society organizations to participate in developing Bandung City through voluntary acts. By utilizing information technology and social media, Ridwan Kamil initiates a more public-friendly communication model. However, these changes are also not free from criticism that these are merely a political imaging and populism practices. In a direct election system, figure-based politics becomes inevitable phenomenon, meanwhile at a same time, political parties are weakened and suffered public delegitimation. The increasing of figure-based politics and declining political representative then raised populism in governance, both in national and local level. In this context, there is criticism that questioned whether populism would support or otherwise constraint the establishment of effective government. Despite that populism creates pro-public provision of public services, but it is also susceptible to systemic sustainability and fragile in terms of public control toward the decision-making process. This paper uses the case of Bandung City to analyse how populist leadership impact on effective government, particularly in ensuring sustainable innovation and public access to exercise popular control over public policy formulation. Key words populism, effective government, sustainability, popular control 1 Introduction Bandung is one of the largest city in Indonesia, populated with more than 2 million people from various ethnics and religions background. Bandung is also popular as city of education, due to the existence of several established universities, such as Institut Teknologi Bandung, Universitas Padjadjaran, Universitas Parahyangan, and others popular universities. As an urban region, the growth of economy in Bandung City is supported by creative industries, based on fashion, cullinary, and tourism. As a service city-based creative economy, the business sector issues are strategic issues that are interrelated with other issues. This creative economy is generated by multi-stakeholder actors, not just involving companies with large capital but also various independent businesses mostly run by young independent entrepreneurs. The presence of these two businesses actors, large capital companies and independent entrepreneurs, with different capacities makes economic dynamics in Bandung is unique because on one hand there is the business sector that is managed through a network of large investors, such as the hotel industry, venue and modern markets, but on the other hand there are also sectors of community-based business, such as those developed by the Small and Medium Enterprises, independent entrepreneurs (independent stores, or more popularly abbreviation distro ), and so on. Along with the pace of modernity, Bandung also faces typical problems of urban areas in terms of quality of public services and the declining capacity of the environment. Although people have a wider choice to fulfill the needs of the service, but the availability of this access is not always matched with the financial ability, so not all layer of society can enjoy an equal quality of service. Therefore, the issue of welfare is always closely linked to the accessibility of public services in daily life. The issue of accessibility of public services is part of the governance capacity. Based on that assumption, the provisioning of service could reflect how government fulfill the rights of its citizens, as well as showing whether the government is present in the life of their peoples. The implementation of direct democracy to elect local leaders (governor, mayor, or regent) in Indonesia have brought significant changes in the dynamics of politics and government at the local Edited by ZHU Xiaoning and ZHAO Shurong 1

16 ICPA 2015 International Conference on Public Administration (ICPA 11 th ) level. One of the main changes is the emergence of an innovative figure who was elected as head of the region and successfully conducted a number of breakthrough programs in the region. In Bandung City, Mayor Ridwan Kamil made a number of changes in the city planning that successfully made the city of Bandung as a tourist icon. He also manage to engage public and civil society organizations to participate in developing Bandung City through voluntary acts and network. By utilizing information technology and social media, Ridwan Kamil initiates a more public-friendly communication model. However, these changes are also not free from criticism that these are merely a political imaging and populism practices. In a direct election system, figure-based politics becomes inevitable phenomenon, meanwhile at a same time, political parties are weakened and suffered public delegitimation. The increasing of figure-based politics and declining political representative then raised populism in governance, both in national and local level. Politics of populism is a new phenomena in Indonesia, eventhough there are similar cases in South America, USAy, and the Middle East. In Europe, politics of populism is marked by the emerging of anti-european Union s political parties, such as the National Front Party (Marine Le Pen, in France), United Kingdom Independence Party (in Britain), also in Spain, Finland, and Netherland. In South East Asia, populism also occurred in Thailand and Phillipine. The emergence of populism in global politics is a reaction to the decline of public trust to the formal social and political institutions in their own country. Inequality in justice and prosperity access to public has spawned political leaders who use populist s issues. This politics also occure due to the disappointment on the promises of liberal politics, especially in the West, and the promise of modernism in developing countries. Therefore, it can be said that populist politics is closely related to the effects of neoliberal globalization and often coincided with the dominance of oligarchs who gave birth to distrust in political power and organization. In connection with democracy, populist politics can bear tendency of exclusive politics in democratic societies as in the West. However, populist politics can also suppress democratic institutions forcing wider political space to accommodate the marginal social groups, if necessary, at the expense of political representation. In this context, there is criticism that questioned whether populism would support or otherwise constraint the establishment of effective government. Despite that populism creates pro-public provision of public services, but it is also susceptible to systemic sustainability and fragile in terms of public control toward the decision-making process. This paper uses the case of Bandung City to analyse how populist leadership impact on effective government, particularly in ensuring sustainable innovation and public access to exercise popular control over public policy formulation. In order to do that, this paper first will explain the concept of populism, then describe the emerging of populism in Bandung City. Later, this paper will analyze the impact of populism in Bandung City to establish effective government. 2 Theoretical framework A term populism originates from Latin populus, meaning the people, what implies strong connection to democracy itself (Bryder, 2009). We can assume that where is democracy, there is populism (Decker, 2003). Ambiguity and ambivalence of populism make it impossible to create one single definition of this phenomenon. According to Akkerman (2003), one can distinguish three possible approaches in defining populism. First, one can identify populism only as a radical right wing parties, but it is too narrow understanding of this term. Second, one can also see populism in a respectable way, parties which use populism s tactics to their advantage, but do not pose a threat to constitutionalism democracy. Finally, populism can be perceived as an ideology. Cas Mudde see populism as an ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogenous and antagonistic groups, the pure people versus the corrupt elite, and which argues that politics should be an expression of the volonte general of the people (Mudde, 2004). That definition is strengthen by de Raadt, et.al. (2004), who understands populism as ideology is embraced by political parties to define who the people is and how the people is represented in the parties programme. In this context, populism is more than mere political tactics or style of political communication. Populism is operationalised into three core dimensions: populists combine an appeal to 2 Edited by ZHU Xiaoning and ZHAO Shurong

17 2015 International Conference on Public Administration (ICPA 11 th ) ICPA ʻthe peopleʼ with anti-establishment critique and a call for a more direct link between political leaders and citizens (de Raadt, et.al., 2004). However, the label ʻpopulist partiesʼ is used indiscriminately, often in a dichotomous manner (parties are populist or not) and without too much consideration for inter-party differences.this populist view of the establishment as the political ʻother is not merely an opportunistic electoral strategy, but part of a wider ideologically founded critique. Contemporary populists perceive a profound crisis of representative democracy caused by an elite that is neither representative of, nor responsive to the people. Populists campaign for institutional changes that will break down or at least weaken the political intermediaries, in particular the traditional parties, which stand in the way of the free expression of the will of the sovereign people through their real leader. Another perspective of populism is offered by Canovan (1999), who defines populism as an appeal to the people against both the established structure of power and the dominant ideas and values of the society. This structural feature in turn dictates populism s characteristic legitimating framework, political style, and mood. Populism challenges not only established power-holders but also elite values (Taggart, 1996 in Meny and Surel, 2002). This perspective understood populism in the structural sense against hegemonic structure or regime. As the role of political parties declines, and globalization creates socioeconomic uncertainties that unsettle anxious electorates, populism gains new variant in practice. Populism raised in the form of anti-establishment figures or movements to attract popular support. Populists have been able to mobilize voters by attacking a supposedly collective enemy (mostly, domestic or foreign forces accused of exploiting the country s economic resources) and by appealing to the poor as their main constituency (Mietzner, 2015). In some cases, populists have been so successful at the ballot box that established new government. These phenomenon create new variant of populism, not as ideology against established structure of power, but a figure of politician with popular support. Mietzner (2015) explained furthermore that this new populism characterized by more pragmatic rather ideologically principles, such as inclusiveness, nonconfrontational, and supportive of the democratic practice. Lack of ideologically critics to the established structure of power made this new populism seem rather moderate instead of what defined before in idealogically and structural perspective. Populist appeals to the people are characteristically more as a style that is democratic in the sense of being aimed at ordinary people. Popular distrust of politicians evasiveness and bureaucratization, populist figures pride themselves on simplicity and directness. These become main strategy to mobilize the electorate against established power-holders. Appealing to the grass roots in this way looks like democratic, but simplicity and directness tend to bring populism vise versa with bureaucracy and government as a system, and later to the effectiveness of government s performance. An effective government is one that is capable of protecting the population from violence, ensuring security of property rights, and providing the infrastructure that makes possible the exchange of goods and delivery of services (Sacks and Levi, 2007). The quantity and the quality of infrastructure development, administrative capacity, and law and order, affect citizens social welfare. This means that effective government is wider than just service provision but include the capability of government to perform their functions systematically to develop social welfare. World Bank publication Increasing Government Effectiveness (2007) linked effective government to four core public administration reforms, that include reducing public expenditure, improving policy responsiveness and implementation, improving government as employer, improving service delivery and building public and private sector confidence. Key attributes of government effectiveness include sound policy, financial and human resources management, and improving policy performance and service quality. Aassessment of those attributes will be based both on public perception and concrete results. This means that governments are publicly judged by capacity to respond effectively to crises. People nowadays are not interested in politics and thus want a charismatic leader who knows them and voice their will. Current heartland of populists does support democracy, but does not want to be bothered by political machinations (Mudde, 2004). In the same fashion, one need to understand that populism does not oppose to democratic system per se, on the contrary it needs its support and tools (elections, voting) to achieve its goals. It is a representative democracy and even more into detail, idea Edited by ZHU Xiaoning and ZHAO Shurong 3

18 ICPA 2015 International Conference on Public Administration (ICPA 11 th ) and institutions of liberal democracy that populism criticizes. This is the challenge that set populism in antagonistic position with effective government because effective government needs systematically reform based on regulation, not just by direct decision made by popular leader. Popular support gained by populist leader should be transformed to regulatory capacity to establish new rule of conduct to ensure effectiveness of government. 3 The emerging of populism in Bandung Conceptually, the emergence of populism is often associated with a radical division between the elite and the masses. But, in the case of Bandung, Ridwan Kamil, the populist figure, did not come from the oppposition side of rulling elites. Ridwan Kamil formerly was the founder of Bandung Creative City Forum (BCCF), a non government organization formed by several community organizations from various background activities. Through this organization, Ridwan Kamil successfully organizes voluntary movement to support creative economy based on community. His activities in BCCF become a partner to Government City of Bandung in developing identity of Bandung as the city of creative. Therefore, his emergence as alternative actor did not change power relation s structure in Bandung City, nevertheless, the transformational issues that he articulated could combine many actors in civil society organizations formerly polarized, even create voluntary spirit from people of Bandung City to support him. Populism in this case is a political strategy to challenge formerly structure of power based on patronage. As a political strategy, populism in Bandung City is translate into alternative discourse to challenge the dominance of patronage networks established by previous mayor, Dada Rosada. The alternative alliance was formed in the struggle against piracy formal democratic institutions are coopted by a patronage machine. Although patronage allows the public to have benefit in the distribution of wealth, but the public never had real access to control the distribution of wealth. The public only knows partially institution that controls and manages public issues. Populism that emerged later became an alternative discourse to free the democratic practice of the cooptation patronage (Canovan, 1999). Patronage hinder the realization of economic and political conditions that give the public meaningful political participation sphere to determine the economic and political order that is fair in the democratic political space. Demands for better public services, which emerged as an issue that is considered the most strategic in Bandung, a reflection of the public's desire for change against setting of economic political order that had been in effect. Populism then emerged as an alternative discourse that offer different ways of public service delivery mode. Populism wants to transforms the distribution of public services which deny the existence of purely bureaucratic institution so that the public can more quickly be served, and also change in the budgetary politics which has been dominated by patronage networks. Criticism of patronage networks also means criticism to formal democratic institutions that are considered not function optimally in channeling public aspirations. The emergence of 4 (four) pairs of independent candidates in the 2013 Local Election in Bandung further proving delegitimation of political parties as institutions of formal democracy. Similarly, the election of Ridwan Kamil, although he was nominated by Gerindra paired with Oded M. Danial from the Justice and Welfare Party (in Bahasa: Partai Keadilan Sejahtera), but the popularity of Ridwan Kamil campaigned by volunteers across stakeholders seems to far exceed the popularity of both the parties supporters. The phenomenon of volunteers not only to criticize the existence of the formal structure of the party, but also bring a new character in the movement of populism. Populism is often criticized because of its dependence on the mass of followers of charismatic leaders, but the emergence of the phenomenon of volunteers showed that there are synergies between figures based leadership and social movements at the grassroots level. A strong political figure not only raised by Ridwan Kamil, but also by other mayor candidates, but the strong volunteer support from various circles was focused more on alternative figures that are not directly related to the dominant figure of the incumbent. This alternative figure emerge to encourage the political participation of the public against the political forces oligarkhis. In the political dynamics of Bandung, populism which emerged at the end of the leadership of incumbent mayor manifests as a response to the weakening of the hegemonic power of the dominant 4 Edited by ZHU Xiaoning and ZHAO Shurong

19 2015 International Conference on Public Administration (ICPA 11 th ) ICPA actors that provide opportunities for the emergence of a political movement based on voluntarism led by an alternative figure to articulate a discourse of change. This kind of populism is different from the commonly understood concept, neither as a political strategy to bridge closer relationship between elite and the masses, or as a creation of pro-public political elite. Citing the opinion of Laclau (2005), populism is basically to be understood in two contexts, first, as structurally related to the moments structural crisis of the economy and the crisis of political institutions that encourage the emergence of political populism and second, populism as a discourse that connects all the elements of movement socially and politically involved. As an open discourse, populism can be articulated in a variety of expressions, depending on the balance of social forces in the formation of the political arena in a place, in the specific conditions that bring it. Populism as a political strategy that can arise in a variety of different political phenomena. Nevertheless, later became principal of this strategy is a model of political mobilization of massive, using traditional populist embedded in grassroots and driven by the leadership of the actor who has the ability of political communication is reliable, and the movement is often present when the hegemonic power of the dominant class is being weakened. 4 Critics of The Effectiveness of Government in Bandung City Referring to the background of the emergence of populism in Bandung, we can say that populism in the city of Bandung is the presence of a populist figure as mayor. This figure does not come from the opposition, but able to articulate the issues that are popular in the public as it pertains to the needs of daily life of citizens. By forming the self-image as a reformer, Ridwan Kamil managed to mobilize public support to be elected as mayor and also to support the development programs being operated. His programs loaded with populist characteristics, especially in the form of scheme that channeled distribution of resources directly to the community, for example, the program to eradicate poverty through lending fund without interest to counter loan sharks. This program adapted method of mobile marketing, usually used by moneylenders, to distribute lending fund so that the citizens of Bandung are protected with formal economy activities. In addition, there is also a free education program for the poor, by showing the legal certificate for the poor (in Bahasa: Surat Keterangan Tidak Mampu). Another service for the poor is free medical expenses paid by the City Government through the health insurance fund for the poor. Beside those programs, there are also a program to distribute comestibles with cheap price for the poor, namely the Raskin Program (in Bahasa: Program Beras Miskin or rice for the poor), distributed for 14 months and sent directly to poor families. For education programs, there are scholarships for the poor to access undergraduate education. At the community level, there is a program one Community Association one product. Community Association (in Bahasa: Rukun Warga) is an association of community or local figures that function as deliberative forum and institution to advocate public service in local area. This program (1 RW 1 product) implemented to create opportunity for community women to earn additional income for their household. This is one of the innovative program to overcome unemployment in Bandung City, based on community development approach. For more than a year of his administration, Ridwan Kamil has made a number of changes through the pro-public development programs. Results of a survey conducted by the Center for Research and Dynamics Development in University of Padjadjaran (June, 2015) found that 43% of the population in Bandung responded well to the programs run by the Government of Bandung. As many as 71.8% stated they were quite satisfied with the government's performance in Bandung. Nevertheless, the criticism appears to sustainability programs that began to be questioned in the three aspects: first, directly scheme to distribute grant or programme to the public are considered vulnerable in terms of accountability; second, involvement of community groups as volunteers is criticized as neglecting the existence of the bureaucracy; and third, the use of funds from the private sector raises questions related to the accountability of the fund and the capacity of government to absorpt the public budget. These criticisms come down to the capacity of the populist leader to achieve effective government. One of the precondition to support effective government is bureaucracy reform. This is rather contradictory with populism that build its legitimacy through direct connection with the public. Bureaucratization is seem as an enemy to populism, nevertheless to ensure the sustainability of change and innovation brought by populist leader, bureaucracy is the strategic actor that need to be reformed. Edited by ZHU Xiaoning and ZHAO Shurong 5

20 ICPA 2015 International Conference on Public Administration (ICPA 11 th ) Direct scheme to distribute resources should be systematized as new regulation to reform mechanism of bureaucracy. To reform bureaucracy, Ridwan Kamil uses information technology to create more effective and efficient procedure of public service, such as developing Smart City, an online application to open more access for public to monitor and report bureaucrats performance in provising public service. However, bureaucratic reform needs to be complemented with rebuilding of public trust toward government. Technocratic populism as mentioned by Mietzner (2015) is one of the alternative approach to combine bureaucracy and populism. This means that Ridwan Kamil leadership should transform direct scheme of public provision to more comprehensive policy and systematic administration. Various challenges may arise, however, in transforming populism into more institutionalised governing capacity. The most criticalnchallenge, as outlined earlier, is to what extent that the dynamics of public support which is still concentrated around Ridwan Kamil s populism can be transformed into certain formula that facilitates institutionalisation of diverse political interests without being channelled through a personal figure. Without transforming such forces into democratic institutionalisation, Bandung s populism will fall into new forms of bossism or local strongman, that hard to be controlled by public. It must be noted, however, that while populism is highly vulnerable by undermining democratic polity, it is also crucial in improving democracy. Therefore, the challenge of effective government is to transform this this personal based embodiment of people articulation, into a more institutionalised framework of governing regulatory capacity. 5 Conclusion Populists, more than anything, try to challenge the status quo. By introducing new issues of political agenda or by breaking the political consensus on old ones, populism repoliticizes and brings revival to dull and stagnant political discourse. The challenge post by populism can promote and stabilize democracy. This potentially good effect can be perceived as functional for health democracy because it forces elites to open for competition and broadens their political agenda (Akkerman, 2003:154). Canovan argues even that populism s function is to redeem representative democracy. According to Decker, populism challenges forces elites to deal with matters that obviously have been neglected, and by resolving them within thesystem, prevents to channel this discontent into violence and sectarianism measures. One cansuppose that after fulfilling their task, populism will disappear, but practice appeared to bedifferent. They started to become present in political systems on the regular basis, attractingeven more voter in some matters than mainstream parties (Decker, 2003:49). Populism post a challenge not only to democratic system as a whole, but for party system within democracyas well. Populism emergence and success is usually connected with crisis of democratic system and most of all its representative nature. People do not ensured that they can voice they dissatisfaction effectively, or that their interest is the important factor for elites in power. Harris, et.al. (2004) and Törnquist, et.al. (2010) concluded that the prominent problem of new local politics is that the development of democracy has been depoliticised. The core problem of this democratic deficit, according to Törnquist (2010), is not that there are imperfections with regard to the new and positive civil and political freedoms, but rather that the defunct instruments and popular capacities to exercise control over public matters have made it difficult to use the freedoms and new institutions to alter the relations of power and thus improve law, policies and governance (Törnquist, et.al., 2010). In order to deal with current problems of democracy, this argument suggests that the influence of popularity to alter the structure of power and to open up for political transformation is most essential. It inevitably calls for the analysis on politics of representation. It is in this new conceptual framework that the actual relations between populism and effective government can be problematised in a more fruitful way. Reorganization will only be successful if it also reform the system which is involved the bureaucracy and the political oligarchy. Oligarchy in this case refers to the alliance of political-bureaucratic and business that combines the interests of the top state bureaucracy, political parties, and business people and their families (Robison and Hadiz, 2004). Yet, new populism does not post a threat in and of itself. Maybe then a threat emerges only when populism demands become radicalized by a leader, who uses his position and support to infringe gradually uponthe rights of all 6 Edited by ZHU Xiaoning and ZHAO Shurong

21 2015 International Conference on Public Administration (ICPA 11 th ) ICPA citizens. Ridwan Kamil should be able to transform political institutions by developing the government s organizational capacity, in order to overcome the political oligarchy. On the contrary, if this capacity could not be developed, the government in Bandung will be colored by populist political rivalry than the battle between authoritarian and democratic politics or between good governance against corruption. In this case, society and its self-awareness plays important role to control populist leader and public policies formulated from this approach. Reference [1] Akkerman, Tjitske. (2003). Populism and democracy: challenge or pathology?. Acta Politica, [2] Bryder, Tom. (2009). Populism a threat or a challenge forthe democratic system?. Retrieved from _papers/populism a_threat_or_a_challenge_for_the_democratic_system.pdf/ [3] Canovan, Margaret. (1999). Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy.Political Studies, 41(1), [4] Decker, Frank. (2003). The Populist Challenge to Liberal Democracy. Berliner Republik, 3.Retrieved from [5] Sacks, Audrey and Margaret Levi. (2007). Measuring government effectiveness and its consequences for social welfare. Retrieved fromhttp://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/miscellaneous_ files/wgape/12_sacks.doc [6] Meny, Yves and Yves Surel (Ed.). (2002). Democracies and Populist Challenge. New York:Palgrave Macmillan. [7] Mietzner, Marcus. (2015). Reinventing Asian populism: Jokowi s rise, democracy, and political contestation in Indonesia. Honolulu, Hawai: East-West Center. [8] Mudde, Cas. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Governance and Opposition, p [9] Robison, RichardandVedi R. Hadiz. (2004) Reorganising power in Indonesia:The politics of oligarchy in an age of markets. London: Routledge. [10] Harris, John, Kristian Stokke, and Olle Törnquist. (2004) Politicising democracy:the new local politics of democratization. London: Palgrave. [11] Törnquist, Olle, Neil Webster, and Kristian Stokke. (2010) Rethinking popularrepresentation. London: Palgrave. Edited by ZHU Xiaoning and ZHAO Shurong 7