HENRY L TISCHLER FRAMINGI1AM STATE COLLEGE

Transcription

1 HENRY L TISCHLER FRAMINGI1AM STATE COLLEGE Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc Fort Worth Chicago San Francisco Philadelphia Montreal Toronto London Sydney rokya

2 CONTENTS P\RT ì THE STUDY OF SOCIETY 3 Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 5 Sociology as a Point of View 7 The Sociological Imagination 8 Is Sociology Common Sense? 10 Sociology and Science 12 Sociology as a Social Science 12 The Development of Sociology 15 Comte and Saint-Simon 15 Oassical Theorists 16 The Development of Sociology in the United States 23 Theoretical Perspectives 24 Functionalism 24 Conflict Theory 25 The Interaction!St Perspective 25 Contemporary Sociology 30 Theory and Practice 32 Summary 33 What Do You Do With a B A. in Sociology? J ỉ If You Are Thinking About Sociology as a Career, Read This 28 Should Sociology Aim to Improve Society? 32 Chapter 2 Doing Sociology: Research Methods 37 "Hie Research Process 38 Define the Problem 39 Review Previous Research 41 Develop One or More Hypotheses 41 Determine the Research Design 42 Define the Sample and Collect Data 46 Analyze the Data and Draw Conclusions 50 Prepare the Research Report 54 Objectivity and Ethics in Sociological Research 54 Objectivity 54 Ethical Issues 54 Research Fraud 56 Summary 57 Public Opinion Polls Reflect Who We Are 44 How People Meters Determine Whai You Watch on TV 47 How to Read a Table 52 Do Early Calls of Election Results Influence Voter Behavior PART 2 THE INDIVIDUAL IN SOCIETY 61 Chapter 3 Culture 63 The Concept of Culture 64 Culture and Biology 65 Culture Shock and Ethnocentnsm 68 Components of Culture 69 Material Culture 69 Nonmaterial Culture 70 The Relationship Between Material and Nonmaterial Culture 74 Culture and Adaptation 75 Human Evolution: Biological and Cultural 75 Mechanisms of Cultural Change 76 Culture as an Adaptive Mechanism 77 Cultural Lag 78 The Symbolic Nature of Culture 79 Signs, Symbols, and Culture 79 Language and Culture 81 Do Animals Have Culture? 83 Subcultures 85 Types of Subcultures 85

3 I Iniversals of Culture 87 The Division of Labor 87 The Incest Taboo, Marriage, and the Family 88 Rites of Passage 88 Ideology 89 Culture and Individual Choice 90 Summary 92 Sociology ơi Work: A Case of Culture Shock 66 A Contrast Between American and Arab Values 72 H hat This Means to You: What Language Should You Study in College? 82 Japanese Culture: To Be Emulated or Rejected? 90 Chapter 4 Socialization and Development 95 Becoming a Person: Biology and Culture 96 Nature versus Nurture: A False Debate 97 Deprivation and Development 99 The Concept of Self 102 Dimensions of Human Development 103 Theories of Development 105 Charles Horton Cooley ( ) 106 George Herbert Mead ( ) 106 Sigmund Freud ( ) 107 Enk H. Erikson (1902-) 108 Daniel Levinson (1920-) 110 Early Socialization in American Society 112 The Family 112 The School 113 Peer Groups 116 The Mass Media 117 Adult Socialization 118 Marriage and Responsibility 120 Parenthood 121 Career Development: Vocation and Identity 121 Aging and Society 124 Summary 125 M hat This Means to You: What Kids Do When They Come Home From School loi Are Geniuses Born or Created? ỉ 14 Socialization and Ticlevis ion ì 19 ĨS Day Care Harmful to Children? 122 Chapter 5 Social Interaction and Social Structure 127 What Social Interaction Is 128 What Influences Social Interaction? 129 Types of Social Interaction! 32 Nonverbal Behavior 132 Unfocused and Focused Interaction 134 Types of Focused Interaction 135 Components of Social Interaction 139 Statuses 139 Roles 141 Institutions and Social Organization 146 Social Institutions 146 Social Organization 147 Sodeties 148 Types of Societies 148 Summary 152 The Social Life of the Street ì 33 A Reunion of Campus Radicals 136 Sociology at \\ ork: The A rí of Negi ni at ĩ on ì 44 Does Birth Order Influence How You Interact with Others? 154 Chapter 6 Group Structures 157 The Nature of Groups 158 Primary and Secondary Groups 160 In-Groups and Out-Groups ỉ63 Characteristics of Groups 163 Reference Groups 167 Small Groups 168 The Study of Small Groups 169 Cohesiveness in Small Groups 170 Network A nalysis 171 Large Groups: Associations 172 The Formal Structure 173 The Informal Structure 173 Bureaucracy 174 Weber's Model of Bureaucracy: An Ideal Type 174

4 xix Bureaucracy Today: The Reality 175 Bureaucracy and Work in Japan 179 Individuals versus the Bureaucracy: A Modern Dilemma 180 The Iron Law of Oligarchy 181 Bureaucracy and the Future 182 Summary 184 Fraternities: The Ultimate In-Groups 162 The Most Important Institutions in American Life 172 Can a Case Be Made for Bureaucracy? 182 Chapter 7 Deviant Behavior 187 Deviant Behavior and Cultural Norms 188 Defining Normal and Deviant Behavior 188 Making Moral Judgements 189 The Functions of Deviance 190 The Dysfunctions of Deviance 191 Mechanisms of Social Control 191 Internal Means of Control 193 External Means of Control: Sanctions 194 Theories of Deviance 196 Biological Theories of Deviance 197 Psychological Theories of Deviance 197 Sociological Theories of Deviance 201 Summary 210 Is Drunk Driving Deviant Behavior? 189 Prisons for Profit 206 Should Health Insurers Pay for Sex- Change Operations? 208 PA RT 3 SOCIAL INEQUALITY 213 Chapter 8 Social Stratification 215 The Nature of Social Stratification 216 Social Differentiation and Social Evaluation wi- Social Inequality 217 Social Mobility 218 Stratification Systems 219 The Caste System 219 The Estate System 220 The Class System 221 The Dimensions of Social Stratification 222 Economics 222 Power 222 Prestige 225 Occupational Stratification 225 Theories of Stratification 228 The Functionalist Theory 228 Conflict Theory 232 Modern Conflict Theory 235 The Need for Synthesis 238 Summary 239 The Gap Between the Rich and Poor Continues to Widen 223 Stratification by Zip Code 230 Nearly One-Fifth of All Americans Receive Welfare Benefits 235 What is the Origin of the Black Underclass? 236 Chapter 9 Social Class in the United States 241 Studying Social Stratification 242 Objective Approach 242 Reputationaỉ Approach 243 Subjective Approach 243 Social Class in the United States 243 The Upper Class 244 The Upper Middle Class 245 The Lower Middle Class 246 The Working Class 247 The Lower Class 248 Income Distribution 248 Poverty 249 The Feminization of Poverty 250 How Do We Count the Poor? 252 Myths about the Poor 255 Government Assistance Programs 257 Worldwide Comparisons 2S> Consequences of Social Stratification 260 Sum man 264

5 The Black Middle Class 246 The Poor Pay More 25 ì When Children Want Children 254 Welfare versus Work/are 262 Chapter 10 Racial and Ethnic Minorities 267 The Concept of Race 269 Genetic Definitions 269 Legal Definitions 270 Social Definitions 270 The Concept of Ethnic Groups 27 i The Concept of Minority Groups 272 Problems in Race and Ethnic Relations 272 Prejudice 273 Discrimination 273 Institutionalized Prejudice and Discrimination 276 Patterns in Racial and Ethnic Relations 277 Assimilation 278 Pluralism 279 Subjugation 281 Segregation 282 Expulsion 282 Annihilation 283 Racial and Ethnic Immigration to the United States 285 Illegal Immigration 288 White Anglo-Saxon Protestants 288 Other "White Ethnic" Groups 290 Blacks 291 Hispanics 296 Jews 300 Asian Americans 300 Native Americans (Indians) 303 Prospects for the Future 304 Summary 306 Are We Growing More or Less Tolerant? 274 International Adoption and Interracial Families 280 African Dreams, American Reality 294 The Battle over English 304 ( liapter Ì í Gender Roles 309 Are the Sexes Separate and Unequal? 310 Historical Views 311 Religious Views 312 Biological Views 314 Sociological Views: Cross-Cultural Evidence 317 What Produces Gender Inequality? 319 The Functionalist Viewpoint 319 The Conflict Theory Viewpoint 320 Gender-Role Socialization 320 Childhood Socialization 320 Socialization through Children's Books 322 Adolescent Socialization 324 Adult Socialization 326 Gender Differences in Social Interaction 327 Gender Inequality and Work 331 Job Discrimination 331 Future Trends 333 Changes in Attitudes 333 Summary 336 Adultery as a Gender Issue 312 Is Cognitive Ability Sex Linked? 325 Sexual Harassment on Campus 328 Should Women Receive Childbirth Benefits? 334 PART 4 INSTITUTIONS 339 Chapter 12 Marriage and Alternative Family Life-Styles 341 The Nature of Family Life 344 Functions of the Family 345 Family Structures 347 Marriage 349 Romantic Love 349 Marriage Rules 349 Marital Residence 350 Mate Selection 352 The Transformation of the Family 356 Changes in the Marriage Rate 358

6 XXI Childless Couples 359 Changes in Household Size 359 Premarital Sex 361 Working Women 361 Family Violence 363 Divorce 364 Alternative Life-Styles 370 The Growing Single Population 370 Single-Parent Families 372 Stepfamilies 372 Cohabitation 373 Homosexual and Lesbian Couples 374 The Future: Bright or Dismal? 376 Summary 377 Get Married and Live Longer 351 u hai This Means to You: Family Priorities 357 Sociology ai Work: Judith s. lĩ 'aìỉerstein on the Lasting Wounds of Divorce 368 Should the Courts Block Surrogacy Agreements? 375 Chapter 13 Religion 379 The Nature of Religion 380 The Elements of Religion 381 Major Types of Religion 384 Supernaturalism 384 Animism 385 Theism 386 Abstract Ideals 386 A Sociological Approach to Religion 386 The Functions of Religion 386 The Conflict Theory View 394 Organization of Religious Life 395 The Universal Church 395 The Ecclesia 395 The Denomination 395 The Sect 396 Millenarian Movements 396 The Cult 397 Aspects of American Religion 398 Widespread Belief 398 Secularism 398 Ecumenism 400 Television Evangelism 400 Major Religions in the United States 401 Protestantism 402 Catholicism 403 Judaism 404 Social Correlates of Religious Affiliation 406 Summary 408 Sociology ai Work: Woman of the Cloth 388 Destructive Religious Cults 397 H hat This Means to You: Who Attends Religious Services? 402 Should Christian Scientists Be Allowed to Refuse Medical Care for Their Children? 407 Chapter 14 Education 411 Education: A Functionalist View 412 Socialization 413 Cultural Transmission 414 Academic Skills 416 Innovation 417 Child Care 418 Postponing Job Hunting 419 The Conflict Theory View 420 Social Control 420 Screening and Allocation: Tracking 421 The Credentialized Society 422 Issues in American Education 423 Unequal Access to Education 423 School Integration 425 High School Dropouts 426 Violence in the Schools 428 Standardized Testing 429 The Gifted 431 Summary 434 Japanese Mothers and Schooling 415 H 'hai This Means to You: Have Schooỉs Lost Their Innocence? 428 Does Television Make Kids Stupid? 432 Chapter 15 Law and Social Control 437 The Importance of Law 438 The Emergence of Laws 439 Crime in the United States 440 Uniform Crime Reports 440

7 National Crime Survey 440 Kinds of Crimes in the United States 442 Victims of Crime 452 Victim Injury 452 Criminal Justice in the United States 454 The Police 454 The Courts 455 Prisons 455 The "Funnel" Effect 459 Summary 462 Motor \ chicle Theft 444 Sociology at \\ ork: Bring Back the Mafia 450 What Are Your Chances of Being a Victim of Crime? 453 The Continuing Debate over Capital Punishment: Docs it Deter Murder? 460 Chapter 16 The Economy 465 Economic Systems 466 Capitalism 467 The Marxist Response to Capitalism 469 Command Economics 469 Socialism 470 The Capitalist View of Socialism 471 Democratic Socialism 471 The United States Economy 472 Private Corporations 472 Oligopoly 473 Conglomerates 473 Multinationals 474 Corporate Bureaucracy 476 The Role of Government in the Economy 477 Regulation and Control of Industry and Trade 477 Control of Money Flow 478 Special-Interest Groups 479 The United States Labor Force 479 The White-Collar Society 480 Women in the Labor Force 482 Comparable Worth 482 Youth in the Labor Force 484 Labor Unions 486 Summary 487 Working for a Japanese Boss 4 74 Stresses on the Job 483 Should We Have a Higher Wage? 484 Minimum Chapter 17 The Political System 489 Politics, Power, and Authority 490 Power 490 Political Authority 491 Government and the State 492 Functions of the State 493 Types of States 494 Functionalist and Conflict Theory Views of the State 499 Political Change 500 Institutionalized Political Change 500 Rebellions 500 Revolutions 501 The American Political System 502 The Two-Party System 502 The Distribution of Power 503 Voting Behavior 506 Blacks as a Political Force 509 Hispanics as a Political Force 510 A Growing Conservatism 512 The Role of the Media to Elections 514 Mass Political Movements 516 Special-Interest Groups 517 Summary 520 A Gender (Jap ai the p<)lls 505 Conservatives on Campus 51 ỉ Sociology di Work: Television News and Election Campaigns 515 Should Political Action Committees be Limited? 5Ỉ8 PART 5 SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL ISSUES 523 Chapter 18 Population and Demography 525

8 xxiii Population Dynamics 526 Fertility 528 Mortality 528 Migration 531 Theories of Population 532 Malthus's Theory of Population Growth 532 Marx's Theory of Population Growth 533 Demographic Transition Theory 533 A Second Demographic Transition 535 Current Population Trends: A Ticking Bomb? 537 Determinants of Fertility 539 Education of Women 542 Problems of Overpopulation 543 Predictions of Ecological Disaster 544 Sources of optimism 545 Health Care in the United States 546 Poverty and Health 547 Age and Health 548 AIDS 548 Failings in the U.S. Health-Care Delivery System 552 Summary 553 Sociology ai Work: A Birth Dearth? 536 Money and Children 543 We AU Bear the Burden of A IDS 549 Dealing with the Problem of Illegal Immigrants 550 Chapter 19 Urban Society 555 The Development of Cities 556 The Earliest Cities 557 Preindustrial Cities 558 Industrial Cities 558 Urbanization 559 Classification of Urban Environments 562 The Structure of Cities 563 The Nature of Urban Life 568 Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft 568 Mechanical to Organic Solidarity 569 Social Interaction in Urban Areas 570 Urban Neighborhoods 571 Urban Decline 572 Homelessness 573 Future Urban Growth in the United States 575 Suburban Living 577 The Exurbs 581 Summary 583 William M. Whyte on the impact of the City on the Individual 56 í Not in My Backyard, You Don't 574 Where the Jobs Will Be in How Many Homeless are There? 584 Chapter 20 Collective Behavior and Social Movements 587 Theories of Collective Behavior 588 Contagion ("Mentalist") Theory 589 Emergent Norm Theory 590 Convergence Theory 590 Value-Added Theory 591 Crowds: Concentrated Collectivities 593 Attributes of Crowds 593 Types of Crowds 594 The Changeable Nature of Crowds 595 Dispersed Collective Behavior 596 Fads and Fashions 596 Rumors 597 Public Opinion 598 Mass Hysterias and Panics 599 Social Movements 601 Relative Deprivation Theory' 60 i Resource Mobilization Theory 602 Types of Social Movements 603 The Life Cycle of Social Movements 605 Summary' 608 Taking the SiKiologicai Perspective Sa ving Baby Jessica 5 92 Do Advertising Scare Tactics Work? 598 Are We Encouraging Americans to Gambie? 606 ( hapter 21 Social Change 611 Society and Social Change 612 Sources or SociaJ Change 613

9 criì Contents Internal Sources of Social Change 614 External Sources of Sodal Change 616 Theories of Social Change 617 Evolutionary Theory 617 Conflict Theory 618 Functionalist Theory 619 Cyclical ("Rise and Fall") Theory 621 Modernization: Global Social Change 622 Modernization: An Overview 622 Modernization in the Third World 623 Modernization and the Individual 624 Social Change in the United States 624 Technological Change 624 The Work Force of the Future 626 An Aging Society 628 Sum man 631 Taking the Sociological Perspeơive: What is it Like to Work at Home'* H hat This Means to You Who w 77/ Fund Social Security* Should Sex Selection Abortion Be Permitted? 630 References Photo Credits Name Index Subject Index