Rethinking Political Violence. Series Editor Roger Mac Ginty Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Manchester Manchester, UK

Transcription

1 Rethinking Political Violence Series Editor Roger Mac Ginty Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Manchester Manchester, UK

2 This series provides a new space in which to interrogate and challenge much of the conventional wisdom of political violence. International and multidisciplinary in scope, this series explores the causes, types and effects of contemporary violence connecting key debates on terrorism, insurgency, civil war and peace-making. The timely Rethinking Political Violence offers a sustained and refreshing analysis reappraising some of the fundamental questions facing societies in conflict today and understanding attempts to ameliorate the effects of political violence. More information about this series at

3 David Maher Civil War and Uncivil Development Economic Globalisation and Political Violence in Colombia and Beyond

4 David Maher Lecturer in International Relations University of Salford Salford, UK Rethinking Political Violence ISBN ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: ZUMA Press, Inc. / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 Acknowledgements There are a number of people who have been integral to the completion of this book. First and foremost, I would like to thank Claudia Cruz Alvarez for her unwavering support and inspiration over the years. I would also like to thank Kevin Maher, Julie Mirtorabi and Afshin Mirtorabi. I owe a debt of gratitude to Doug Stokes and Ruth Blakeley for their superb academic guidance throughout my time at the University of Kent, where I completed my PhD and where the core ideas of this book were developed. I would like to thank the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of Kent for providing me with a scholarship to complete the PhD, for giving me such a wonderful opportunity and for providing me with a vibrant research community that directly benefited the research that formed key parts of this book. I also owe a debt of gratitude to Christopher Cramer and Hugh Miall, who gave me invaluable and constructive comments regarding earlier versions of this book. I am also grateful to the University of Salford for providing me with funding and the required time to attend the European Consortium for Political Research s course on Advanced Process Training Methods, which has further refined my use of process tracing. I would also like to thank the following people who, directly and indirectly, have had a significant and positive impact on the completion of this book (in alphabetical order by surname): Isabel Alvarez Pellón, Raul Calero Garcia, Miriam Caraballo, Rodolfo Cruz Suarez, Philip Cunliffe, Oliver Bazbazat Handal and family, Sudakshini Marini Perera, Andrew Thomson and Stephen Ward. v

6 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS An earlier version of sections of Chapter 4 was published as: The Fatal Attraction of Civil War Economies: Foreign Direct Investment and Political Violence, A Case Study of Colombia, International Studies Review, 17 (2): , 2015 (permission to reproduce these sections was granted by Oxford University Press). An earlier version of sections of Chapter 5 was published as: Rooted in Violence: Civil War, International Trade and the Expansion of Palm Oil in Colombia, New Political Economy, 20 (2), , 2015 (permission to reproduce these sections was granted by Taylor & Francis).

7 Contents 1 Civil War, Development and Economic Globalisation 1 2 Civil War as Development in Reverse or a Case of Historical Amnesia? 39 3 Colombia: Globalisation, Economic Growth and Civil War 71 4 The Fatal Attraction of Civil War: Violence and the Oil Sector in Arauca Rooted in Violence: The Expansion of Palm Oil in Meta Conflict, Development and the Fluidity of Violence: Colombia and Beyond Conclusion 245 Appendix: Sources of Evidence 259 vii

8 viii Contents References 265 Index 303

9 List of Abbreviations ACC AUC CINEP CODHES CTAs DANE DOS DPT Ecopetrol ELN FARC FDI Fedepalma Fiscalía FTA GAO GDP Peasant Self-Defence Forces of Casanare and Boyaca (Autodefensas Campesinas del Casanare y Boyaca) United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia) Centre for Research and Popular Education (Centro de Investigación y Educación Popular) Consultancy for Human Rights and Displacement (Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento) Associated Labour Cooperatives (Cooperativas de Trabjo Asociados) Colombia s National Department of Statistics (Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística) (US) Department of State Democratic Peace Theory Colombia s incumbent state oil company (formerly: Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos) National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional) Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) Foreign Direct Investment Colombia s National Federation of Palm Oil Cultivators (La Federación Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite) Colombia s Office of the Attorney General (Fiscalía General de la Nación) Free Trade Agreement (US) Government Accountability Office Gross Domestic Product ix

10 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GOC HRPV IDMC IDP IFI IMF INCODER INCORA ITPs ITUC NGO OAS OECD OXY RCZ TNC UNCTAD UNHCR UNODC WTO Government of Colombia Human Rights and Political Violence Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Internally Displaced Person International Financial Institution International Monetary Fund Colombian Institute for Rural Development (Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo Rural) Colombian Institute for Agrarian Reform (Instituto Colombiano para la Reforma Agraria) Industrial Tree Plantations International Trade Union Confederation Non-governmental Organisation Organisation of American States Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Occidental Petroleum Rehabilitation and Consolidation Zone Transnational Corporation United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Trade Organisation

11 List of Figures Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3 Fig. 3.4 Fig. 3.5 Number of public forces casualties (deaths and injuries), (Source: Data adapted from Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris (2010: 22)) 85 Battle-deaths ( ) and FARC military actions ( ) (Source: Data adapted from Lacina and Gleditsch (2005); Bases de datos del Observatorio del Conflicto Armado, Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris (see Ávila 2011: 241)) 86 Annual IDPs in Colombia, (Source: Data adapted from Acción Social (n.d.), CODHES (2011)) 88 Cumulative IDPs in Colombia, (Acción Social and CODHES) (Source: Data adapted from Acción Social (n.d.), CODHES (2011)) 88 GDP per capita, % annual growth rates in Colombia, (constant 2010 US$) (Source: Data adapted from the World Bank (n.d.)) 91 Fig. 3.6 Total Colombian imports and exports, (US$ million) (Source: Data adapted from Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (2012a)) 93 Fig. 3.7 Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 Inward FDI stock in Colombia, (US$ million) (Source: UNCTAD (n.d.)) 94 Attacks on the Caño Limón-Coveñas Pipeline (1996 July 2005) (Source: Data taken from GAO 2005) 131 HRPV in Arauca by municipality, (Source: Data adapted from Banco de Datos de Derechos Humanos y Violencia Política del CINEP (n.d.)) 145 xi

12 xii List of Figures Fig. 4.3 Forced displacement in Arauca by municipality, (Source: Data adapted from Acción Social (n.d.)) 149 Fig. 4.4 Cumulative number of IDPs in Arauca and Arauquita, (Source: Data adapted from Acción Social (n.d.)) 150 Fig. 4.5 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) from Indigenous Groups in Arauca, (annual IDPs) (Source: Data adapted from Acción Social (n.d.)) 152 Fig. 4.6 IDPs in Meta and Arauca; Investment in Colombia s Petroleum Sector (Source: Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (n.d.); Acción Social (n.d.)) 154 Fig. 4.7 Forced displacement in Acacías, Puerto Gaitán and Castilla la Nueva (Source: Acción Social (n.d.)) 155 Fig. 4.8 Forced displacement in Agauzul, Tauramena and Yopal (Source: Acción Social (n.d.)) 157 Fig. 5.1 Total planted area of African palm cultivation in Colombia in hectares (Source: Data adapted from Fedepalma 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010) 178 Fig. 5.2 Palm oil cultivation in hectares by department, (Source: Fedepalma 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010) 180 Fig. 5.3 Annual number of IDPs and victims of HRPV in Meta, (Source: Data adapted from Banco de Datos de Derechos Humanos y Violencia Política del CINEP (n.d.); Acción Social (n.d.); Acción Social (n.d.)) 192 Fig. 5.4 Ten highest ranking municipalities by number of IDPs in Meta, (from a total of 29 municipalities) (Source: Acción Social (n.d.)) 194 Fig. 5.5 Forced displacement in Meta s four fastest expanding African palm growing municipalities, (Source: Data adapted from Acción Social (n.d.)) 195 Fig. 5.6 HRPV victims in Colombia s four fastest expanding African palm regions, (Source: Data adapted from Banco de Datos de Derechos Humanos y Violencia Política del CINEP (n.d.)) 195 Fig. 6.1 Simplified diagram of causal mechanisms 215 Fig. 6.2 Causal mechanisms (complex) 215 Fig. 6.3 Average GDP per capita growth during conflict periods (retracting economies) (Source: Data adapted from World Bank (n.d.), Themnér and Wallensteen (2012a, b)) 225 Fig. 6.4 Average GDP per capita growth during conflict periods (expanding economies) (Source: Data adapted from World Bank (n.d.), Themnér and Wallensteen (2012a, b)) 226

13 List of Figures xiii Fig. 6.5 Fig. 6.6 Fig. 6.7 Fig. 6.8 Uganda: GDP per capita growth ( ), inward FDI stock ( ) and exports ( ) (Source: World Bank (n.d.), UNCTAD (n.d.)) 228 Sri Lanka: GDP per capita growth, inward FDI stock and exports, (Source: World Bank (n.d.), UNCTAD (n.d.)) 230 Peru: GDP per capita growth, inward FDI stock and exports, (Source: World Bank (n.d.), UNCTAD (n.d.)) 233 Sudan: GDP per capita growth, inward FDI stock and exports, (Source: World Bank (n.d.), UNCTAD (n.d.)) 235

14 List of Tables Table 3.1 Total number of IDPs in Colombia according to Acción Social and CODHES 87 Table 3.2 Average GDP per capita growth, South American economies, and (constant 2010 US$) 92 Table 4.1 HRPV victims in Arauca by responsible group, Table 4.2 Forced displacement in Fortul, Saravena and Tame 153 Table 5.1 Victims of human rights violations by responsible group in Meta, Table 5.2 Victims of HRPV by responsible group in Meta s fastest growing African palm regions, Table 6.1 Selection of conflicts by country and conflict years 224 xv