The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process?

Transcription

1 The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process?

2 Also by Guy Ben-Porat GLOBAL LIBERALISM, LOCAL POPULISM: Globalization, Peace and Resistance in Israel/Palestine and Northern Ireland ISRAEL SINCE 1980 (Co-authored with Shlomo Mizrachi, Arye Naor, and Erez Tzfadia)

3 The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process? A Comparative Analysis of Peace Implementation in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa Edited by Guy Ben-Porat Department of Public Policy and Administration Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

4 The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute 2008 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

5 Contents Notes on the Contributors vii Introduction: Implementing Peace Agreements 1 Guy Ben-Porat 1 Israeli Flags Flying Alongside Belfast s Apartheid Walls: A New Era of Comparisons and Connections 19 Adrian Guelke Part I Structural Explanations 2 The State-to-Nation Balance: A Key to Explaining Difficulties in Implementing Peace The Israeli Palestinian Case 39 Benjamin Miller 3 Consociational Theory and Peace Agreements in Pluri-National Places: Northern Ireland and Other Cases 70 John McGarry and Brendan O Leary 4 Ending Apartheid: The Relevance of Consociationalism 97 Rupert Taylor 5 Realism, Liberalism, and the Collapse of the Oslo Process: Inherently Flawed or Flawed Implementation? 111 Jonathan Rynhold Part II The Dynamics of Peace 6 Sponsors or Spoilers: Diasporas and Peace Processes in the Homeland 135 Raviv Schwartz 7 People s Diplomacy and People s Vigilantism: Israeli Grassroots Activism Tamar Hermann v

6 vi Contents 8 Passive Reconciliation in the Context of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict 178 Rafi Nets-Zehngut 9 Identity Shift in Settlement Processes: The Northern Ireland Case 195 Jennifer Todd Part III Success and Failure 10 Who Was Afraid of Decolonization? 219 Yoav Peled 11 Mandela in Palestine: Peacemaking in Divided Societies 236 Heribert Adam Conclusion: Implementing Peace Agreements 259 Guy Ben-Porat Author Index 266 Subject Index 271

7 Notes on the Contributors Heribert Adam is a political sociologist at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver and annually affiliated with the University of Cape Town. His most recent book, co-authored with Kogila Moodley, is Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking between Israelis and Palestinians (Temple University Press). Adam was awarded the 1998 Konrad Adenauer Prize of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Guy Ben-Porat is a lecturer at the department of public policy and administration, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. He is the author of Global Liberalism, Local Populism; Peace and Conflict in Israel/Palestine and Northern Ireland (Syracuse University Press, 2006) and a co-author of Israel Since 1980 (Cambridge University Press, 2008). Adrian Guelke is Professor of Comparative Politics in the School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy at Queen s University, Belfast. He is the director of the School s Centre for the Study of Ethnic Conflict. Recent publications include Terrorism and Global Disorder (IBTauris, 2006) and Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). He is the chair of the International Political Science Association s research committee on politics and ethnicity. Tamar S. Hermann is a political scientist. Presently, she is the Dean of Academic Studies at the Open University of Israel and a Senior Fellow at the Israel Democracy Institute. Between 1994 and 2006 she was the Director of the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research at Tel Aviv University. Professor Herman s main academic fields of interest are grassroots politics, political protest, peace activism, public opinion and foreign policymaking, Israeli politics. Her latest book on the Israeli peace movement and the Oslo Process will be published by Cambridge University Press in John McGarry is Professor and Canada Research Chair in Nationalism and Democracy in the Department of Political Studies at Queen s University (Kingston, Ontario). He has edited, co-edited, and co-authored 12 books on ethnic conflict, nationalism, and the politics of Northern Ireland, vii

8 viii Notes on the Contributors the latest of which are European Integration and the Nationalities Question (Routledge, 2006); The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005); and The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consociational Engagements (Oxford University Press, 2004). He is a member of the editorial board of Ethnopolitics, the Journal of Conflict Studies, Irish Political Studies, the Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (JEMIE), and Peace and Conflict Studies, and a member of the advisory board of The European Centre for Minority Issues. Benjamin Miller is a member of the Department of International Relations, School of Political Sciences at the University of Haifa. He was the President of the Israeli Association for International Studies, Among his publications: When Opponents Cooperate: Great Power Conflict and Collaboration in World Politics (Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2nd edn, 2002) and States, Nations and Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace (Cambridge University Press, 2007). Rafi Nets-Zehngut is a Ph.D. candidate (final year) in the Political Science Department at Tel Aviv University, last year a fellow at Yale University and currently a fellow at Columbia University. His research interests focus on conflicts: mostly collective memory of conflicts and also reconciliation and healing. He has been and is involved in various local and international activities and research projects that deal with peace and co-existence. He has authored or edited about 15 publications. Brendan O Leary was born in Cork, Ireland. He was brought up in Nigeria, Sudan, and Northern Ireland and educated at Oxford and the LSE, where he was a professor and chaired its Government Department. He is now Lauder Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, where he directs the Penn Program in Ethnic Conflict ( He is the author, co-author, editor, and co-editor of 16 books and collections, and over 100 articles and chapters in books mostly devoted to national and ethnic conflict and its regulation. His current research is on Kurdistan in Iraq and on Nepal, as well as on a long term project with John McGarry. Yoav Peled is Professor of Political Science at Tel Aviv University. He received his PhD in political science from UCLA in His work has dealt with citizenship and ethnic politics in Israel and with the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. His book, Being Israeli: The Dynamics

9 Notes on the Contributors ix of Multiple Citizenship, co-authored with Gershon Shafir (Cambridge University Press, 2002), won the Albert Hourani Prize of the Middle East Studies Association of North America for the best book in Middle East studies in The book was published in Hebrew by Tel Aviv University Press in 2005 under the title Mihu Yisraeli. Jonathan Rynhold is a senior lecturer in the Department of Political Studies at Bar-Ilan University and a Research Associate at the BESA Center for Strategic Studies. His recent publications include Cultural Shift & Foreign Policy Change: Israel & the Making of the Oslo Accords Cooperation & Conflict 42(4) 2007; Ideological Change & Israel s Disengagement from Gaza Political Science Quarterly 2008, with Dov Waxman; and Israel s Fence: Can Separation Make Better Neighbours? Survival 46(1) He is also co-editor of Israel at the Polls 2006 (Routledge, 2007). Raviv Schwartz completed his doctoral degree at Ben Gurion University, where he was a recipient of the prestigious Kreitman Fellowship. His doctoral dissertation examined the influence of identity on the ideology and organizational behavior of peace/conflict resolution organizations in Israel, Northern Ireland, and South Africa. Until recently, he was a Research Fellow at Tel Aviv University s Hartog School of Government and Policy where he conducted research on the policy implications for Israel of the philanthropic efforts emanating from both the Jewish diaspora and the Israeli business community. Raviv has also conducted a series of independent research efforts (commissioned by governmental and non-governmental sources) on NGOs engaged in peace-building between Israelis and Palestinians. His research has also included the work of philanthropic foundations, institutional Israel-Diaspora relations, and the link between Moldova and its migrant communities abroad. Rupert Taylor is an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. His many publications include articles in Telos, Race and Class, Ethnic and Racial Studies, African Affairs, and The Political Quarterly. He is currently editor of Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. Jennifer Todd, MRIA, School of Politics and International Relations, UCD, has written extensively on the Northern Ireland conflict, including Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Cambridge University Press, with J. Ruane) and more recently on issues of ethno-national identity and identity change in conflict situations. She was Government of Ireland, IRCHSS Senior Research Fellow,