Rod Kedward, France and the French: A Modern History (New York: The Overlook Press, 2006).

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1 G , G Prof. Herrick Chapman Spring Semester 2007 Wed. 9:45-12:15 Office hours Tues. 3-5 TWENTIETH-CENTURY FRANCE This course will explore central issues in the history of France from the late nineteenth century to the early years of the Fifth Republic. We begin with an examination of the Dreyfus Affair, an extraordinary national convulsion over anti- Semitism and a miscarriage of justice that left a powerful legacy for the rest of the twentieth century. We then turn to the First World War, giving special attention to its effects on the economy, government, social classes, and the relationship between men and women, and between colonial peoples and the French empire. Our focus then shifts to the 1930s, when the country was shaken by the Great Depression, the rise of political extremism, and the struggle to forge a popular front against fascism. We then spend several weeks exploring the Second World War, its anticipation, the French defeat of 1940, the Occupation, Resistance, Liberation, and postwar reconstruction. A novel by Simone de Beauvoir provides us with an opportunity to consider how intellectuals in Paris navigated through the turbulent political passage from the Liberation to the early years of the Cold War. The final weeks of the course investigate decolonization and the Algerian War, Gaullism, and the events of May Although the course is organized around a chronological examination of the political history of France, we will stress social, cultural and economic history as well. After all, the century of total wars also brought France its period of most rapid social and economic change. We will investigate issues that call for crossing the usual boundaries between these several kinds of history. We will also repeatedly consider French developments within three wider international contexts: Europe, the French empire, and trans-atlantic relations. Because this is mainly a discussion course, its quality depends on everyone preparing the material and participating in class. Two papers are also required. The first will address the reading for one week during the course. This short analytical paper should be five to six pages long. The final paper (due May 4) should be twelve to fifteen pages on a topic of your own choosing. Grading in the course will be as follows: Class discussion 30% Short paper 20% Final paper 50% Articles and documents for required reading are available on Blackboard. Books for required reading are available for purchase at the NYU Bookstore and are on reserve at Bobst Library and in the salle de lecture at the Institute of French Studies. These books include: Rod Kedward, France and the French: A Modern History (New York: The Overlook Press, 2006). Simone de Beauvoir, The Mandarins (New York: Norton, 1999). Michael Burns, ed., France and the Dreyfus Affair (New York: St. Martin s, 2000). Philippe Burrin, France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise (New York: The New Press, 96). Andrew Feenberg and Jim Freedman, eds., When Poetry Ruled the Streets: The French May Events of 1968 (Albany: SUNY Press, 2001).

2 Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy ( ) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Brian Jenkins, ed., France in the Era of Fascism: Essays on the French Authoritarian Right (New York: Berghahn Books, 2005). Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews (New York: Basic Books, 1981). James D. Le Sueur, Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics during the Decolonization of Algeria (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001). Todd Shepard, The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006). Leonard V. Smith, Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, and Annette Becker, France and the Great War, (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Class Schedule Week 1 (Jan. 17) Introduction Jeremy D. Popkin, A History of Modern France, 2nd Edition, chs J. E. S. Hayward, The Official Social Philosophy of the French Third Republic: Léon Bourgeois and Solidarism, International Review of Social History 6 (1961): Debora L. Silverman. Art Nouveau in Fin-De-Siècle France: Politics, Psychology, and Style, esp. ch. 2 ( Aristocratic Ralliement and Social Solidarité ). Judith Stone, The Search for Social Peace: Reform Legislation in France, Christophe Charle, Les Elites de la République. Herman Lebovics, The Alliance of Iron and Wheat in the Third French Republic, : Origins of the New Conservatism Sanford Elwitt, The Making of the Third Republic. Sanford Elwitt, The Third Republic Defended: Bourgeois Reform in France, William Irvine, The Boulanger Affair Reconsidered. Week 2 (Jan. 24) The Dreyfus Affair Michael Burns, ed., France and the Dreyfus Affair. Nancy Fitch, Mass Culture, Mass Parliamentary Politics, and Modern Anti-Semitism: The Dreyfus Affair in Rural France, American Historical Review 97, 1 (February 1992). Herrick Chapman and Laura L. Frader, Race in France, in Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference, pp Rod Kedward, France and the French: A Modern History, xvii-61. Jean-Denis Bredin, The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus. Michael Burns, Dreyfus: A Family Affair, Vincent Duclert, Alfred Dreyfus: l honneur d un patriote.

3 Norman Kleeblatt, ed., The Dreyfus Affair. Vicki Caron, Between France and Germany: The Jews of Alsace-Lorraine, Edward Berenson, The Trial of Madame Caillaux. Philip Nord, Paris Shopkeepers and the Politics of Resentment. Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years. Christophe Prochasson, Les Années électrique, Week 3 (Jan. 31) The First World War Kedward, France and the French, Leonard V. Smith, Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, and Annette Becker, France and the Great War, Tyler Stovall, Colour-Blind France? Colonial Workers during the First World War, in Race and Class 35, 2 (1993). Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory: Verdun, Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People. Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, Men at War, : National Sentiment and Trench Journalism in France during the First World War. Leonard V. Smith, Between Mutiny and Obedience: The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division during World War One. John F. Godfrey, Capitalism at War: Industrial Policy and Bureaucracy in France, Laura Lee Downs, Manufacturing Inequality: Gender Division in the French and British Metalworking Industries, Robert Wohl, French Communism in the Making, Kenneth E. Silver, Esprit de Corps: The Art of the Parisian Avant-Garde and the First World War, Mary Louise Roberts, Civilization Without Sexes: Reconstructing Gender in Postwar France, Antoine Prost, In the Wake of War: Les Anciens Combattants and French Society, Karen Offen, Body Politics: Women, Work and the Politics of Motherhood in France, , in Maternity and Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States, 1880s-1950s, ed. By Gisela Bock and Pat Thane. Essays by Michelle Perrot and Steven C. Hause in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, ed. by Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al. Marie-Monique Huss, Pronatalism in the Inter-War Period in France, Journal of Contemporary History 25 (1990). Françoise Thébaud, La Femme au temps de la guerre de 14. Daniel J. Sherman, The Construction of Memory in Interwar France. Week 4 (Feb. 7) Fascism and the Right Kedward, France and the French, Brian Jenkins, ed., France in the Era of Fascism: Essays on the French Authoritarian Right. René Rémond, The Right Wing in France from 1815 to de Gaulle, Robert O. Paxton, French Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgères s Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture, Philippe Burrin, La Dérive fasciste: Doriot, Déat, Bergery, Ralph Schor, L Opinion française et les étrangers, Kevin Passmore, From Liberalism to Fascism: The Right in a French Province,

4 Elisa Camiscioli, Intermarriage, Independent Nationality, and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August 1927, in Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference, ed. Herrick Chapman and Laura L. Frader. Zeev Sternhell, Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), pp William D. Irvine, Fascism in France and the Strange Case of the Croix de Feu, Journal of Modern History 63, 2 (June 1991). Week 5 (Feb. 14) The Popular Front Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy Siân Reynolds, Women, Men and the 1936 Strikes in France, in The French and Spanish Popular Fronts: Comparative Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, The Popular Front and the Colonial Question. French West Africa: An Example of Reformist Colonialism, in French Colonial Empire and the Popular Front: Hope and Disillusion, ed. Tony Chafer and Amanda Sackur (New York: St. Martin s Press, 1999), Siân Reynolds, France Between the Wars: Gender and Politics. Jean Lacouture, Léon Blum. Tony Judt, Marxism and the French Left. Tony Judt, The Burden of Responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French Twentieth Century. Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s. Ingo Kolbloom, La Revanche des patrons: Le Patronat français face au front populaire. Susan B. Whitney, Embracing the Status Quo: French Communists, Young Women and the Popular Front, Journal of Social History 30, 1 (Fall 1996). Herrick Chapman, State Capitalism and Working-Class Radicalism in the French Aircraft Industry. Mary Dewhurst Lewis, The Strangeness of Foreigners: Policing Migration and Nation in Interwar Marseille, in Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference, ed. Herrick Chapman and Laura L. Frader. Alice Conklin, Redefining Frenchness : Citizenship, Race Regeneration and Imperial Motherhood in France and West Africa, , in Domesticating the Empire: Race, Gender, and Family Life in French and Dutch Colonialism, ed. Julia Clancy-Smith and Francis Gouda (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1998). Panivong Norindr The Popular Front s Colonial Policies in Indochina: Reassesing the Popular Front s Colonisation Altruiste, in French Colonial Empire and the Popular Front, Week 6 (Feb. 21) Vichy s National Revolution and Life in Occupied France Kedward, France and the French, Philippe Burrin, France under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise. Philippe Pétain s speeches of 17 June Marshall Pétain and the New Order, Foreign Affairs 19, 3 (April 1941). E-text: Philippe Pétain s speech of 12 August Eric T. Jennings, Conservative Confluences, Nativist Synergy: Reinscribing Vichy s National Revolution in Indochina, , French Historical Studies 27, 2 Summer 2004): On the defeat of 1940:

5 Marc Bloch, Strange Defeat. Arthur Koestler, Scum of the Earth. Vicki Caron, The Missed Opportunity: French Refugee Policy, , in The French Defeat of 1940: A Reassessment, ed. Joel Blatt (New York: Berghahn Books, 1998). Ernest May, Strange Victory: Hitler s Conquest of France. Robert Frankenstein, Le Prix du réarmement français ( ). Stephen A. Schuker, France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1939, French Historical Studies 14, 3 (Spring 1986): Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, La Décadence, Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, L Abîme, L. Mysyrowicz, Autopsie d une défaite: Origines de l effondrement militaire français de Andrew Shennan, The Fall of France, Carole Fink, Marc Bloch: A Life in History. Julian Jackson, The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of Peter Jackson, Returning to the Fall of France: Recent Work on the Causes and Consequences of the Strange Defeat of 1940, Modern and Contemporary France 12, 4 (2004): On the Vichy regime and the Occupation: Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order. Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, Richard Vinen, The Unfree Free France: Life Under the Occupation. Robert Gildea, Marianne in Chains: Daily Life in the Heart of France During the German Occupation. Miranda Pollard, Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France. Marc Olivier Baruch, Servir l Etat français: L Administration en France de 1940 à Roger Bourderon, Was the Vichy Regime Fascist? A Tentative Approach to the Question, in Contemporary France, ed. by John Cairns. Alan S. Milward, The New Order and the French Economy. Francine Muel-Dreyfus, Vichy et l éternel féminin. Pierre Laborie, L Opinion française sous Vichy. John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation. Henry Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since Jean-Pierre Azéma and François Bédarida, eds., Vichy et les français. Brett Bowles, Newsreels, Ideology, and Public Opinion under Vichy: The Case of La France en Marche, French Historical Studies 27, 2 (Spring 2004): Eric Jennings, Vichy in the Tropics: Pétain s National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe, and Indochina, Optional screening: Claude Chabrol, L Oeil de Vichy ( The Eye of Vichy ). Week 7 (Feb. 28) France and the Holocaust Michael Marrus and Robert Paxton, Vichy and the Jews. Texts of Vichy laws regarding the status of Jews. Vicki Caron, French Public Opinion and the Jewish Question, : The Role of Middle-Class Professional Associations, in Nazi Europe and the Final Solution, ed. David Bankier and Israel Gutman (Jerusalem: The International Institute for Holocaust Research, 2003),

6 Renée Poznanski, Jews in France during World War II. Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews. Sarah Kofman, Rue Ordener, rue Labat. Irène Némirovsky, Suite Française. Donna Ryan, The Holocaust and the Jews of Marseille: The Enforcement of Anti-Semitic Policies in Vichy France. Week 8 (March 7) Resistance Kedward, France and the French, Charles De Gaulle s speeches of 18 June 1940, 6 June 1944, and 25 August Marc Bloch, Strange Defeat, ( A Frenchman Examines His Conscience ) France s Uncensored Press (excerpts from Resistance newspapers). H. R. Kedward, In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp Paula Schwartz, Defining Resistance: Women s Activism in Wartime France, in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, ed. Margaret Randolph Higonnet, Jane Jenson, Sonya Michel, and Margaret Collins Weitz (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), Claire Andrieu, Les Résistantes, perspectives des recherches, Le Mouvement social 180 (July-September 1997): Optional screening: Marcel Ophul s film The Sorrow and the Pity. H. R. Kedward, Resistance in Vichy France: A Study of Ideas and Motivation in the Southern Zone Donald Reid, Resistance and Its Discontents: Affairs, Archives, Avowals, and the Aubracs, Journal of Modern History 77 (March 2005): Margaret Collins Weitz, Sisters in the Resistance: How Women Fought to Free France, Lucie Aubrac, Outwitting the Gestapo. Daniel Cordier, Jean Moulin: La République des catacombs. Johns Sweets, The Politics of Resistance in France, Week 9 (March 21) - Liberation Program of the Conseil National de la Resistance, reprinted in Peter Novick, The Resistance versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France. Fabrice Virgili, Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France, sselected pages. Herrick Chapman, The Liberation as a Moment in State-Making, in Crisis and Renewal in France, , eds. Kenneth Mouré and Martin S. Alexander (New York: Berghahn Books, 2002), pp Charles De Gaulle s speech of 2 February Hilary Footitt, War and Liberation in France: Living with the Liberators (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 66-94, Jane Jenson, The Liberation and New Rights for French Women, in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, ed. Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), pp K. H. Adler, Jews and Gender in Liberation France, ( Limiting Liberation: The French for France ).

7 Michael Kelly, The Reconstruction of Masculinity at the Liberation, in The Liberation of France: Image and Event, ed. H. R. Kedward and Nancy Wood (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1995), pp Corran Laurens, La Femme au Turban : les Femmes tondues, in The Liberation of France: Image and Event, ed. H. R. Kedward and Nancy Wood (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1995), Claire Duchen, Opening Pandora s Box: The Case of Femmes tondues, in Problems in French History, ed. Martyn Cornick and Ceri Crossley (New York: Palgrave, 2000), pp J. Robert Lilly and François Le Roy, L Armée américaine et le viols en France, juin 1944-mai 1945, Vingtième siècle 75 (July-September 2002): Patrick Weil, Racisme et discrimination dans la politique française de l immigration: / , Vingtième siècle 47 (July-September 1995): Priscilla E. Prestwich, Modernizing Politics in the Fourth Republic: Women in the Mouvement républicain populaire, , in Crisis and Renewal in France, , ed. Mouré and Alexander, pp Tony Judt, The Past is Another Country: Myth and Memory in Postwar Europe, in The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath, eds. Istvan Deak, Jan T. Gross, and Tony Judt (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp Alice Kaplan, The Collaborator: The Trial and Execution of Robert Brasillach. Marguerite Duras, The War. Dominique Veillon, Vivre et survivre en France, Week 10 (Mar. 28) From Liberation to Cold War Simone de Beauvoir, The Mandarins. Kedward, France and the French, Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp Sylvie Chaperon, Les Années Beauvoir. Deirdre Bair, Simone de Beauvoir: A Biography. Claire Duchen, Women s Rights and Women s Lives in France Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, James D. Wilkinson, The Intellectual Resistance in Europe. Gisèle Sapiro, La Guerre des écrivains William I. Hitchcock, France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe, Richard Vinen, Bourgeois Politics in France, Michael M. Harrison, French Anti-Americanism under the Fourth Republic and the Gaullist Solution, in The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: A Century of French Perceptions, eds. Denis Lacorne, Jacques Rupnik, and Marie- France Toinet (New York: St. Martin s Press, 1990), pp George C. Herring, Franco-American Conflict in Indochina, , in Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco- American Relations, , eds. Lawrence S. Kaplan, Denise Artaud, Mark R. Rubin (Wilmington, Delaware: SR Books, 1990), pp Irwin Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, Simone de Beauvoir, America Day by Day. Kristin Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995), pp Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II. Philippe Roger, L Ennemi américain: généalogie de l antiaméricanisme français.

8 Week 11 (April 4) The Algerian War and Decolonization Kedward, France and the French, Martin Evans, Algeria and the Liberation: Hope and Betrayal, in The Liberation of France: Image and Event, eds. H.R. Kedward and Nancy Wood. Frantz Fanon, Unveiling Algeria, in A Dying Colonialism (New York: Grove Press, 1965). James D. Le Sueur, Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics during the Decolonization of Algeria. Screening: The Battle of Algiers, a film directed by Gillo Pontecorvo John Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992). Mouloud Feraoun, Journal : Reflections on the French-Algerian War Michel Winock, De Gaulle and the Algerian Crisis, , in De Gaulle and Twentieth-Century France, ed. Hugh Gough and John Horne (London: Edward Arnold, 1994), pp E-text: Speech by Charles de Gaulle in Constantine, Algeria, October 3, John Talbott, The War Without a Name: France in Algeria, Irwin M. Wall, France, the United States, and the Algerian War. Martin Evans, The Memory of Resistance: French Opposition to the Algerian War, Daniel Lefeuvre, Chère Algérie: La France et sa colonie, Albert Camus, Resistance, Rebellion and Death. Benjamin Stora, Histoire de l Algérie coloniale ( ). Miles Kahler, Decolonization in Britain and France: The Domestic Consequences of International Relations. Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria Tony Smith, A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonization, Comparative Studies of Society and History 20 (January 1978): Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria s Fight for Independence and the Crisis of the Cold War Era. Martin S. Alexander, Martin Evans, and J.F.V. Keiger, eds., The Algerian War and the French Army, : Experiences, Images, Testimonies. Week 12 (April 11) Legacies of the Algerian War Todd Shepard, The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France. Jane Kramer, Les pieds noirs, in Unsettling Europe (New York: Vintage Books, 1981), pp Benjamin Stora, La Gangrène et l oubli: La mémoire de la guerre d Algérie. Antoine Prost, The Algerian War in French Collective Memory, in War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century, ed. Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). William B. Cohen, The Algerian War and French Memory, Contemporary European History (November 2000). Jim House and Neil MacMaster, Une journée portée disparue. The Paris Massacre of 1961 and Memory, in Crisis and Renewal in France, , ed. Mouré and Alexander. Joshua Cole, Remembering the Battle of Paris: 17 October 1961 in French and Algerian Memory, French Politics, Culture & Society 21, 3 (Fall 2003). Alexis Spire, Étrangers à la carte: L administration de l immigration en France ).

9 Week 13 (April 18) The De Gaulle Republic and May 68 Kedward, France and the French, Gabrielle Hecht, Peasants, Engineers, and Atomic Cathedrals: Narrating Modernization in Postwar France, French Historical Studies 20, 3 (1997): Andrew Feenberg and Jim Freedman, eds., When Poetry Ruled the Streets: The French May Events of David Goldey, A Precarious Regime: The Events of May 1968, in Philip M. Williams, French Politicians and Elections, (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp Julian Jackson, De Gaulle and May 1968, in De Gaulle and Twentieth-Century France, eds. Hugh Gough and John Horne (London: Edward Arnold, 1994), pp Gabrielle Hecht, The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II. Philip G. Cerny, The Politics of Grandeur: Ideological Aspects of de Gaulle s Foreign Policy. Arthur Marwick, The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy and the U.S. Hervé Hamon and Patrick Rotman, Génération, 2 volumes. Raymond Aron, The Elusive Revolution. Alain Touraine, The May Movement. Khurshed Wadia, Women and the Events of May 68, in The May 1968 Events in France, ed. Keith Reader. Kristin Ross, May 68 and Its Afterlives. Michael Seidman, The Imaginary Revolution: Parisian Students and Workers in Alain Schnapp and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The French Student Uprising, November 1967 June 1968: An Analytical Record. Week 14 (April 25) - Finale Kedward, France and the French,

Course Description. Course Objectives. The aim of the course is to enable students to:

Course Description. Course Objectives. The aim of the course is to enable students to: War and Memory in Twentieth Century France History 43.338 Fall 2012 University of Massachusetts-Lowell Professor Patrick Young patrick_young@uml.edu Coburn 108 x4276 Office Hours: Tuesdays 1:45-2:45, Thursdays