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1 Index absolute primacy 9, 22, 90, , 161, 196 see also primacy of EU law Acts of Union (1707) 120 Akrich 118 appellate theory 236 Arcelor 74 5 Attorney General v Afamis 72 Attorney General v Kostas Konstantinou 72 Austria 20, 22 5, 57 8, 134, 168, 196, 203, 249 Fisher v Austria case 167 Kapferer case 234 Köbler case 198, 199, 237 Sayn Wittgenstein case 4, 195, 196, 229 Verfassungsgerichtshof (Constitutional court) 24, 25, 57 8 Auto 86/2011 see under Spain Baltic States 21 2, 25 6, 59 62, 246, 249 see also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Barber Protocol 153 Belgium 20, 27, 62 4, 134, 155, 156, 245 Borgers case 74, 134 Chartry case 64, 65 Conseil d Etat (Council of State) 62 Cour Constitutionnelle 27, 62 3, 170 Cour d Arbitrage 27, 63, 65, 113, 214, 223, 245 Cour de Cassation 62, 63 Orfinger case 62 Berlusconi 91 Besselink, L. 7, 8, 9, 191, 195, 197 Bill of Rights (1689) 120 bloc de constitutionnalité see under France Bogdandy, A von 196 Borgers 74, 134 Bosphorus (ECJ) 16 Bosphorus (ECtHR) 14, 17 Brasserie 198 Brzezi nski 103, 104 Bulgaria 27 8, 65 7, 131, 132, 246 Constitutional Court 66, 67 OMO-Ilinden case 67 Bundesverfassungsgericht see under Germany Carlsen 12, 101 Cartesio 75, 235, 236 Charter of Fundamental Rights see EUCFR Charter of Nice see EUCFR Chartry 64, 65 Cilfit doctrine 198 Claes, M. 7, 9, 21, 22, 33, 42, 43, 62, 64, 127, 156, 222 common constitutional traditions 9, 13, 14, 81, 128, 228, 240 common judges 57 8, 66, 70, 83, 86, 90, 92, 95 6, 104, 107, , 131 2, 204, 232, comparative constitutional law 9 10, 179, 220, comparison, meaning and role of 4, 7, 9 15 Conseil Constitutionnel see under France Consiglio di Stato see under Italy consistent interpretation 57, 62 3, 68, 72 3, 86, , 105 6, , , , 244, 246, 250 constitution conflict 63, 67, 72, 74 5, 82 4, 101 2, 105 6, 108, constitutionalization 7, 70, 80 failure 44 5, 171 2, 175, Giuseppe Martinico and Oreste Pollicino
2 252 The interaction between Europe s legal systems identity 74, 88, 134, 190, 192, 195, 196, 228, 231, 240 openness 61, 66, 184 5, 201, 214, 243 pluralism 7 8, supremacy 28, 29, 50, 61, , 119, 126, 129, 132 3, 185 6, , 210, 218 tolerance 133, 153, 159, 188, 201, 229, 240 see also European Constitution constitutional courts comparison, meaning and role of 4, 7, 9 15 dualism classification 13, 20 hidden dialogue 90 incidenter proceedings 47, 90, 91 2 interpretative competition 80 81, 90, judicial activism 101, 153, 184, 226 judicial interaction 6 9, 122 3, 221, 241 multilevel constitutionalism 7 8, 16, 80, 96 and preliminary reference 63, 82, 115, 121, 128, 145, 147, 159, 248 preliminary ruling mechanism 61 5, 74 5, 82 3, 89 91, 97, , , 121 8, 147, 197 8, res iudicata 96, 234 5, 238, 243 souveranism 22 see also ECJ; ECtHR; individual countries Constitutional Treaty see Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe controlimiti see counter-limits doctrine conventionnalité, control of 33, 131 convergence 4, 13 14, 16, 20, 112, 131 2, 134, , Cordero Alonso 15, 80 81, Corte Costituzionale see Italy, Corte Costituzionale Corte di Cassazione see under Italy Costa v Enel 145, 152, 154, 170 Council of Europe 140, 141 enlargements 15, , , 186 counter-limits doctrine 11 12, 14, 16, 45 6, 80, 88 9, 121, 126, 132 4, 194 Cour Constitutionnelle see under Belgium Cour d Arbitrage see under Belgium Crotty 123, 125 Cyprus 28 30, 72 3, 203 Supreme Court 72 3 Czech Republic 30 32, 67 72, Constitutional Court 67 8, 72, 215, 216, , 244 Euro amendment 30 31, 69 70, European Arrest Warrant (EAW) case 210, , 216, Lisbon I case 68 Lisbon II case 69 Sugar Quota case 67, 68, 69 De Búrca, G. 138, 168, 187 democratic deficit 12 Denmark Carlsen case 12, 101 Second Home Protocol 153 Supreme Court 101 direct effect 18 56, 87, 95, 110, 119, 122 3, of ECtHR judgments direct proceedings disapplication of national law ECHR 94, 95, 99, 112 EU law 104 5, 116, 122, dual preliminarity 75, 91 dualism classification 13, 20 Dynamic Medien 13, 81, 190, 191, 192, 229, 231 EAW see European Arrest Warrant Framework Decision EC, general principles of 151, 226 ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights) disapplication of national law 94, 95, 99, 112 effet utile 238, 244 and enlargement of Europe EU accession to 5, 24 6, 37, 42, 44 5, 59 62, 95, 97, 103 4, 110 Giuseppe Martinico and Oreste Pollicino
3 Index 253 interim measures, binding nature of 56, internal convergence 4, 13 14, 16, 20, 112, 131 2, 134, Protocol , 165, 166 9, 178 ECJ (European Court of Justice) comparison, meaning and role of 4, 7, 9 15 direct effect see direct effect hidden dialogue 90 interpretative competition 80 81, 90, judicial activism 101, 153, 184, 226 judicial interaction 6 9, 122 3, 221, 241 majoritarian activism 154, 188 monism 13, 20, 43 Opinion C-2/ res iudicata 96, 234 5, 238, 243 see also constitutional courts; ECtHR; EU law; individual cases ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) 140, 146 ECtHR (European Court of Human Rights) direct effect judgments direct effect of judgments effet utile 238, 244 and enlargement of Europe interim measures, binding nature of 56, judicial activism 101, 153, 184, 226 judicial interaction 6 9, 122 3, 221, 241 margin of appreciation doctrine 4, 158, 166 7, , 193, 203, , 249 res iudicata 96, 234 5, 238, 243 EEC legal order 76, 77, 83 4, 105 6, , 144, Treaty 119, 141, 156 effet utile 238, 244 Einaudi, L. 138 Elchinov 15, 195, Estonia 25 6, 59 62, 134, 201, 203 EU accession to ECHR 5, 24 6, 37, 42, 44 5, 59 62, 95, 97, 103 4, 110 enlargement Race Directive EU constitutional law 6 9, 10, 14, 80, 241 see also EU law EU law absolute primacy 9, 22, 90, , 161, 196 appellate theory 236 common constitutional traditions 9, 13, 14, 81, 128, 228, 240 common judges 57 8, 66, 70, 83, 86, 90, 92, 95 6, 104, 107, , 131 2, 204, 232, comparative constitutional law 9 10, 179, 220, comparison, meaning and role of 4, 7, 9 15 consistent interpretation 57, 62 3, 68, 72 3, 86, , 105 6, , , , 244, 246, 250 constitutional law 6 9, 10, 14, 80, 241 convergence 4, 13 14, 16, 20, 112, 131 2, 134, , counter-limits doctrine 11 12, 14, 16, 45 6, 80, 88 9, 121, 126, 132 4, 194 democratic deficit 12 direct effect see direct effect disapplication of national law 104 5, 116, 122, dual preliminarity 75, 91 EEC legal order 76, 77, 83 4, 105 6, , 144, external comparison general principles of 75 internal comparison 118, 120, 132 internal convergence 4, 13 14, 16, 20, 112, 131 2, 134, preliminary ruling mechanism 61 5, 74 5, 82 3, 89 91, 97, , , 121 8, 147, 197 8, primacy of 12 13, 16, 18 56, 74 8, 88, 102 4, 108, 113, , 129, 132 4, 150, 193 7, 239 right to a fair trial 205, 249 Giuseppe Martinico and Oreste Pollicino
4 254 The interaction between Europe s legal systems supranational law see supranational law EUCFR (Charter of Fundamental Rights) 7, 14, 59, 65, 71, 109, 186, 192, 197, 226 Euratom 144 European Arrest Warrant Framework Decision (EAW) 72, 80, 103 4, 105 6, 115, , , European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 140, 146 European Communities Act (1972) 53, 54, 118, 119, 120, 124 European Constitution 9, 153, 194, 221 see also constitution European Convention on Human Rights see ECHR European Court of Human Rights see ECtHR European Court of Justice see ECJ European Economic Community see EEC European Political Community 139, 149 European Union see EU headings external comparison external convergence see also internal convergence Factortame , 121 Filipiak 106 Fisher v Austria 167 Foto-Frost 76, 149, 196 France 32 4, 73 6, 131, 155, 157, 245 Arcelor case 74 5 bloc de constitutionnalité 33, 34, 73 Conseil Constitutionnel 12, 33 4, 73 4, 75, 152, 177 Conseil d Etat 12, 34, 73, 74 5 Cour de Cassation 12, 34, 73, 74, 75 incidenter control of constitutionality 34 Melki case 34, 75, 76 Poitrimol case 74, 134 Francovich 149, 152, 198 Frontini 88 general principles of EC 151, 226 general principles of EU law 75 Germany 21, 35 6, 76 83, 140, 156, 189, 190, 206, 207 8, 227 Brasserie case 198 Bundesverfassungsgericht (Constitutional Court) 21, 76, 77, 80, 82 Dynamic Medien case 13, 81, 190, 191, 192, 229, 231 Görgülü v Germany case 58, 77, 78 9, Honeywell case 81 Kreil case 83 Mangold case 14, 80, 81, 127, 128, 232 Omega case 4, 13, 81, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 229, 231, 241 Rheinmühlen case 195, 236, 237 Solange case 11, 12, 16, 17, 21, 76 7, 80, 82, 133, 151, 194, , 217 Winner Wetten case 82 3 Görgülü v Germany 58, 77, 78 9, Government of Wales Act (1998) 120 Granital 88 Grant 154 Greece 36 7, 83 5 Michaniki case 84, 231 Greens and MT v The United Kingdom 117 Grewe, C. 43 Grogan 124 5, 153, 154 Grondwet 42 3, 131 Haltern, U. 144 Handyside v Regno Unito 158 Hermes 129 hidden dialogue 90 Hirst v The United Kingdom 117 Hoffman, Lord 4, 142, 247 Honeywell 81 Human Rights Act (1998) 55 6 Human Rights Act (2003) 52 3, 126 Hungary 21 2, 37 9, 86 7 Constitutional Court 37 8, 86 7, 201 incidenter control of constitutionality 34, 106 indirect proceedings 47, 89 90, 91 2 Giuseppe Martinico and Oreste Pollicino
5 Index 255 interim measures, binding nature of 56, internal comparison 118, 120, 132 internal convergence 4, 13 14, 16, 20, 112, 131 2, 134, see also external convergence Internationale Handelsgesellschaft 76, 149, 151, 176, 178 interpretative competition 80 81, 90, Ireland 52 6, , 155, 183 Bosphorus case 14, 16, 17 Crotty case 123, 125 Grogan case 124 5, 153, 154 Human Rights Act (2003) X case 125 Italy 6 7, 19, 39 41, 87 96, 156, 178, , 182 3, 203 Berlusconi case 91 Consiglio di Stato 94, 95, 132 Corte di Cassazione 94, 132, 199 Costa v Enel case 145, 152, 154, 170 doppia pregiudizialitè (dual preliminarity) 91 Francovich case 149, 152, 198 Frontini case 88 Granital case 88 Handyside v Regno Unito case 158 incidenter proceedings 90, 91 2 Lautsi I case Lautsi II case 15, 184, Pupino case 202, 204, 210, , 214 Traghetti del Mediterraneo case 199, 237 Italy, Corte Costituzionale 19, 88 9, 92 3, 95, 104, 212, 222 Decision 102/ Decision 103/ Decisions 348 and 349/ , 94 5, 132, 133 judicial activism 101, 153, 184, 226 judicial interaction 6 9, 122 3, 221, 241 Kalanke 154 Kapferer 234 K.B. 118 Keck 154 Keller, H. 15, 19, 20, 22, 33, 98, 127, 134, 238 Köbler 198, 199, 237 Kreil 83 Kücükdeveci 232 Kühne & Heitz 234 Kumm, M. 196, 217, 218, 220 Latvia 25 6, 59 62, 203 Constitutional Court 59 60, 61, Lautsi I Lautsi II 15, 184, Lisbon judgment (Lissabon Urteil) 69, 79, 80 Lisbon Treaty 60, 61, 68, 95, 107, 194, 195, 196, 204 see also Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe Lithuania 25 6, 59 62, 186, 201, 203 Lobo Machado 108 Lucchini 234 5, 238 Luxembourg 20, 41 2, 96 7, 134, 245 Conseil d Etat 96, 97 Cour supérieure de justice 96, 97 Luxembourg court see ECJ Maastricht Treaty 73, 124 5, 153, 154, 221, 231 McWhirter and Gouriet 12, 120, 121 Maduro, M. 7, 8, 49, 132 3, 168, 188, 231 Magna Carta 120 majoritarian activism 154, 188 Malta 42, 97 judges 97 Mangold 14, 80, 81, 127, 128, 232 margin of appreciation doctrine 4, 158, 166 7, , 193, 203, 229, 230, 249 Marleasing 129 Mayer, F. 7, 82 Melki 34, 75, 76 Meng 154 Michaniki 84, 231 monism 13, 20, 43 Montanari, L. 19, 20, 23, 24, 33, 43, 49, 58, 131 Mox Plant 5 Giuseppe Martinico and Oreste Pollicino
6 256 The interaction between Europe s legal systems multilevel constitutionalism 7 8, 16, 80, 96 national law conventionnalité, control of 33, 131 and supranational law, clash between 68, 99, 100, 248, 250 Netherlands 20, 42 3, 98 9, 131, 134, 243, 246 Grondwet case 42 3, 131 Van Gend en Loos case 148, 152, 154, 168, 169 Nordic (Scandinavian) countries 44 6, Omega 4, 13, 81, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 229, 231, 241 OMO-Ilinden 67 Opinion C-2/ Opuz v Turkey 243 Orfinger 62 P. v S. 118 Palermo, F. 21, 77, 207, 209 Pernice, I. 7 Poitrimol 74, 134 Poland 21 2, 46 7, 103 7, 122, 123, 131, 175, 201, 203, , 244 Brzezi nski case 103, 104 Constitutional Tribunal 22, 47, 103 7, , , 244 Filipiak case 106 incidenter control of constitutionality 34 Portugal 19, 20, 48 9, 81, 107 9, 130, 132, 204 5, Supreme Administrative Court 107, 108, 109 preliminary reference, and constitutional courts 63, 82, 115, 121, 128, 145, 147, 159, 248 preliminary ruling mechanism 61 5, 74 5, 82 3, 89 91, 97, , , 121 8, 147, 197 8, primacy of EU law 12 13, 16, 18 56, 74 8, 88, 102 4, 108, 113, , 129, 132 4, 150, 193 7, 239 see also absolute primacy Protocol , 165, 166 9, 178 Protocol on EU accession to ECHR 5, 24 6, 37, 42, 44 5, 59 62, 95, 97, 103 4, 110 Pupino 202, 204, 210, , 214 Race Directive Reform Acts 120 Reform Treaty 5, 122 res iudicata 96, 234 5, 238, 243 Rheinmühlen 195, 236, 237 Richards 118 right to a fair trial 205, 249 Rodriguez Caballero 116 Romania 50, , 129, 130, 164, 170, courts Rottman 233 Ruggeri, A. 14, 41, 219 Sadurski, W. 5, 184, 185, 186, 187, 192, 200, 201, 247, 248 Sayn Wittgenstein 4, 195, 196, 229 Scandinavian (Nordic) countries 44 6, Schill, S. 196 Schindler 189 Scotland Act (1998) 120 Singh 118 Slovakia 30 32, 67 72, 203, Slovenia 50 51, , , 204 5, 243 courts 111 Solange 11, 12, 16, 17, 21, 76 7, 80, 82, 133, 151, 194, , 217 souveranism 22 sovereignty 6 7, 11 12, 21, 28 9, 138 9, 146, 152, see also individual countries Spain 19, 20, 21, 51 2, , 129, 130, 132, 245 6, 250 Auto 86/ Cordero Alonso case 15, 80 81, European Arrest Warrant (EAW) 115 Spain, Constitutional Court 111, , , 130 Declaración 1/ Declaración 1/ , 112, 113, 114 Spinelli, A. 138, 140 Giuseppe Martinico and Oreste Pollicino
7 Index 257 Stone Sweet, A. 15, 19, 20, 22, 33, 98, 127, 134, 238 Strasbourg court see ECtHR Sugar Quota 67, 68, 69 supranational law 18 19, 35, 64, 87, 229, 230, 241, 244 and national law, clash between 68, 99, 100, 248, 250 Sweden 21, 44, , 155, 171 TEU (Treaty on European Union) 95, 194, 195, 196 article article 6 (post-lisbon) 95 article 6 (pre-lisbon) 152, 226, 229, 231 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) 75, 82, 90, 91, 114, 123, 145, 149, 204, 232 Thoburn 117, 120, 121 Traghetti del Mediterraneo 199, 237 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe 9, 60, 71, 194 see also Lisbon Treaty Treaty on European Union see TEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union see TFEU United Kingdom 20, 52 6, , 129, 246 Akrich case 118 Factortame case , 121 Grant case 154 Greens and MT v The United Kingdom case 117 Hirst v The United Kingdom case 117 K.B. case 118 McWhirter and Gouriet case 12, 120, 121 P. v S. case 118 Richards case 118 Singh case 118 Thoburn case 117, 120, 121 Zambrano case 15, 195, 233 Zhu and Chen case 118 Van Gend en Loos 148, 152, 154, 168, 169 Verfassungsgerichtshof see under Austria Von Colson 129 Walker, N. 7, 27, 152, 185 Weiler, J. 5 6, 10, 27, 89, 90, 137, 144, 145, 147, 152, 153, 182, 187, 192, 194, 200, 222, 228 Winner Wetten 82 3 X case 125 Zambrano 15, 195, 233 Zhu and Chen 118 Giuseppe Martinico and Oreste Pollicino
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