Mati Raal. Mõisate. kadunud hiilgus

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1 Mati Raal Mõisate kadunud hiilgus E E S T I M A A M Õ I S A I N T E R J Ö Ö R I D E L U G U TALLINN 2016

2 s aateks Idee koostada raamat mõisate interjööridest on peas idanenud juba pikka aega. Esimeseks katseks mõtteid korrastada oli EKA (tol ajal ERKI) diplomitöö Kolga mõisa peasaali ja kõrvalruumide sisustamisest stiilse mööbliga. Kui aastate lõpul algas uus nn mõisate renessanss, oli Leila Pärtelpoeg see õppejõud, kes julgustas mõisate teemasse süvenema ja andis loengutes ka esimesed teadmised mööbli ajaloost. Omapoolne huvi oli olemas, sest samal ajal tegelesin iga päev vanamööbli restaureerimisega esmalt kunstimuuseumi juures, hiljem Kanuti ennistuskojas. Seal lisandus praktilisele tööle ja kogemustele veel üks vajalik oskus töö arhiivimaterjalidega. Kanuti direktor Endel Valk-Falk nõudis restauraatoritelt teemakohaseid artikleid kogumikku Renovatum ja nii ei jäänudki muud üle, kui tuli aeg-ajalt töötada arhiivides ja õppida kirjutama. Aitäh neile mõlemale, muidu ei oleks seda raamatut sündinud! Mida kauem sai vana mööbliga tegeldud, seda rohkem hakkas kummitama üks küsimus. Juba diplomitööd tehes oli üllatav, et ühte ruumi võib mahtuda sedavõrd palju mööblit. Aga kui mõisas on tuba? Kui palju mööblit oli ühes mõisas? Igapäevatöös restauraatorina selgus üsna varsti, et mõisamööblit on väga vähe alles jäänud, kuigi töös oli kogu aeg mõni tool, laud, kapp. Just nimelt üksik ese, mitte istemööbli komplekt, nagu seda mõisainterjööride fotodelt tihti näha võib. Levinuim legend oli, et mööbel on soetatud mõisa oksjonilt või on vanatädi selle saanud kingituseks laitmatu teenistuse eest härraste juures. Kuhu on kadunud enamik sellest, mida võime näha mõisate sisevaadetel mööbel, maalid, küünlajalad, muud nipsasjad, mis iseloomustasid ruume ajal, kui juba oli leiutatud fotograafia, mille abil kiretult fikseerida kõike objektiivi ette jäävat? Umbes seitse aastat tagasi algas tõsine ja haarav töö arhiivides, kus otsisin dokumentaalseid tõendeid kuulujuttudele röövitud, põletatud, maha müüdud ja ära viidud mõisavaradest. Mõndagi sai selgemaks ja see kõik on kirja pandud, iga kord mitte küll detailidesse laskudes. Pikad nimekirjad lõhutud, varastatud või maalt väljaviidud kunstiesemete kohta oleksid lugejale koormavad, aga uurija saab need rohkete viidete kaudu kätte arhiividest. Kõigest toimunust saame siiski vaid üldise pildi, sest säilinud dokumendid on sedavõrd lünklikud ja pealiskaudsed. See osa raamatust osutus aega- ja vaevanõudvamaks, kui esialgu arvata oli. Ent pooleli jätta ka enam ei saanud, sest iga päevaga ilmnes aina uusi ja huvitavaid fakte. Algul oli raamat mõeldud ainult mõisate interjööride albumina, aga koostamise käigus lisandus see, millest eespool juttu. Lõpuks muutus ka raamatu pealkiri mõisate kadunud hiilgus on just see, millele otsisin kõik need aastad seletust. Suur loominguline nauding oli ka koostada samanimelist näitust, mis oli avatud juulis ja augustis aastal Eesti Arhitektuurimuuseumis. Raamat ei ole selle väljapaneku kataloog, pigem illustreeritud teejuht mõisate sisemaailma. Loodan, et pikaajaline töö on kandnud vilja ja lugejale saab nii mõndagi selgemaks. Ja kui tööst on abi ka kunstiajaloo uurijaile, on eesmärk täidetud. Mati Raal Viimsis, sügis 2015

3 BFM sissejuhatus Eestimaa rüütel konna hoone (Kiriku plats 1, Tallinn) peasaali kaunistasid aadliperekondade vapid aastal asus rüütelkonna hoonesse Eesti Vabariigi välisministeerium, kes andis vapid Eestimaa Kirjanduse Ühingu muuseumi. Sealt sattus 280 vappi Eesti Ajaloomuuseumi. Raamatu põhiosa moodustavad interjöörifotod mõisate härrastemajadest. Esialgu oli plaanis esitada vaated ruumide funktsiooni kaupa: saal, söögituba, töökabinet, salong jne. Materjali süstematiseerimisel sai üsna varsti selgeks, et sellisel moel ülevaadet koostada ei saa. Enamik fotosid on saalide ja salongide kohta, kasinamalt on esindatud töökabinetid ja täiesti puuduvad magamistoad, köökidest rääkimata. Ilmselt püüti säilitada privaatsust ja teatud ruumid ei olnud võõrastele pilkudele avatud. Mõisate sisevaateid on vähem, võrreldes eri ajastute välisvaadetega. Pildistamine polnud tollal veel igapäevane tegevus, ülesvõtteid tegid peamiselt elukutselised fotograafid. Kui eksterjööri sai teinekord jäädvustada ka luba küsimata, siis sisevaadete puhul pole põhjust kahelda, et pildistati ainult tellimise peale ja fotod jäid perekonna albumisse. Väga vähesed neist leidsid koha arhiivis või muuseumis, enamik võeti lahkudes kaasa kui perekonnakroonika osa. See ongi peamine põhjus, miks interjöörifotosid leidub napilt 150 mõisa kohta rohkem kui tuhandest mõisast (20. saj algul oli Eestis üle 1250 mõisa) ja paljud neist on esindatud vaid üksikute näidetega. Tööversiooniks tundus kõige sobivam olevat järjestada mõisad tähestiku alusel ja sama jäi kasutusele ka raamatus. Sellisel moel on hõlpsam soovitud mõisat leida. Iga hoone sisevaadete juurde on lisatud ka välisvaade, sest paljude mõisate peahooned on maamärgina vaatajale-lugejale tuttavad. Muidugi leidub hooneid, mida praegusajal enam alles ei ole või mille välimus on tundmatuseni muutunud. Kaugelt üle saja härrastemaja eri ruumide interjööre on liiga palju, et kõiki neid ükshaaval kirjeldada või analüüsida. Seda raamatut peaks võtma pigem kataloogina, mida võiks sirvida nii mõisahuviline, sisekujundaja kui ka kunstiteadlane. On ootuspärane, et autor restauraatori ja mööbliasjatundjana teeb üldistusi interjööride koosluse kohta, juhib tähelepanu erilistele objektidele, paigutusele ja materjalidele, nii palju kui mustvalge fototehnika seda võimaldab. 8 9

4 on igale ajastule iseloomulikud oma ornamendid ja värvid, nagu kirjutab Kadri Kallaste oma doktoritöös sajandi teise poole kordusstiilide periood mõjutas ka tapeedimustreid, tapeedid muutusid ornamendilt väga kirjudeks ja suuremustrilisteks. Kadri Kallaste väitel olid tapeedid kasutusel intiimsemates ruumides, nagu salongid ja elutoad. Sellega püüti luua õdusamat ja soojemat keskkonda. Suurte ruumide seinad olid tavaliselt kaetud värviga. Töös kirjutatakse, et kahjuks ei ole veel suudetud eriti palju kohaliku tapeedi näidiseid kokku koguda ja uurimus keskendub rohkem säilitamise ja konserveerimise probleemidele. Siiski selgub, et juba aastal anti Arthur Girard de Soucatonile luba avada Tallinnas Pärnu maanteel tapeedivabrik, mis hiljem kandis nimetust Tallinna tapeedivabrik (Revaler Tapeten-Fabrik). 12 Kadri Kallaste. Preservation of Wallpapers as Parts of Interiors. Tallinn: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, Hakkab silma, et tapeeti kasutati väga palju. Ei häbenetud ka intensiivset mustrit (Hellenurme, Kavastu, Kose-Uuemõisa, Kõima, Maardu, Müüsleri, Pagari, Pala, Pidula, Piirsalu, Päinurme, Roodi, Sagadi, Seidla, Suuremõisa, Velise, Vodja, Väinjärve) ja see ei seganud kirju tapeedi taustale paigutada kireva kangaga mööblit, vaipa ega laudlina. Eesti mõisate 19. sajandi lõpu 20. sajandi alguse interjööre peetakse ülekuhjatuteks nii mööbli kui ka nipsasjade poolest, seda perioodi on kutsutud ka ülemööbeldamise ajajärguks. Niisugust muljet aitab süvendada maalide ja pisipiltide rohkus seintel. Mõnes mõisas katavad need kogu seinapinna (Kaali, Kohala, Muuga, Raadi, Roela, Seli, Valkla, Vääna). Sama muljet avaldavad ka arvukad jahitrofeed Kavastu, Lustivere, Paunküla, Tilsi ja Sangaste mõisas. Viimast, 400 sarvepaarist koosnevat trofeekogu peeti omal ajal Baltimaade suurimaks. Viljandi Muuseum EFA Sellisena, nagu neid piltide peal näha võib, ei ole tänase päevani säilinud kahjuks ainsatki mõisainterjööri. Enamasti puudub ka teadmine, mis ühest või teisest mööblitükist, maalist, lühtrist, vaibast, ahjust saanud on. Peale sisustuse on igaveseks kadunud mitmed mõisamajad, seda mitte ainult sõja tõttu, vaid inimeste sihikindla tegevuse tagajärjel aastaks oli muinsuskaitse alla võetud ainult s aatus 55 mõisahoonet 1, seega ligi 1000 ülejäänut kuulutatud peaaegu lindpriiks. Alati ei päästnud mõisahoonet ka kooli majutamine. Näiteks on 31. jaanuaril aastal Pihtla vallavalitsus pöördunud muinsuskaitseametnike poole abipalvega Kaali mõisahoones asuva kohaliku algkooli remondi küsimuses. Kaali mõisahoone kuulus mõnda aega tuntud maalikunstnikust 1 ERA Lõve mõisa härrastemaja lammutamine umbes a. Vabadussõja ajal purustatud Holohhalnja mõisa varemed Setumaal

5 SM f picture? But perhaps the items still exist somewhere? My serious quest through the archives began about seven years ago. At first, it seemed so few documents had been preserved that there was nothing significant to be ascertained, and so I would have to make do with legends and rumours. Nevertheless, the greater picture came more into focus when I had pored over thousands of pages of archived documents, and information began to accumulate wordby-word and sentence-by-sentence. It took more time than I had first estimated: one fact eventually led to another and in the end, my broader understanding was more complete, shedding greater light on what happened during the manor-torchings of 1905; on the extent of destruction in World War I; on how during the Estonian War of Independence, Estonians began to protect Baltic-Germans personal assets of appreciation for their cultural value; as well as on who exported or sold items of cultural worth during the 1920s 1930s, and how much of it. The final act ultimately opened with the manor-owning Baltic-Germans departure in All of this comprises the second part of the book, i.e. the history of the grand interiors disappearance. The book begins with photographs of Estonian manors bygone interiors. Photography is a marvelestonian ManoRs Bygone glory the history of estonian ManoRs interiors Tundmatu interjöör. Unidentified interior. The idea to collect photographs of Estonian manors interiors in the early 20th century and to compile them into book-format had been budding in my mind for many a year. The motivation behind the project was the gathering of materials for my dissertation at the Estonian Academy of Arts, which concerned a proposal to furnish the main hall and a few rooms of the Kolga Manor House with suitable and stylish furniture; however, it didn t stop there. The restoration of antique furniture had also concurrently become a daily activity for me. This was soon followed by initial research into the topics of particular craftsmen, furniture history, and old interiors. As a result came archive experience and an increasing interest in historical furniture and manors. While studying old pictures of manors interiors, I noticed that the rooms contained a wealth of furniture, mostly even forming sets a sofa, armchairs, chairs, and a table. Yet in my everyday furniture-restoration work, I have unfortunately come to realise that primarily individual pieces are brought for repair, and the large sets seen in the pictures are encountered rarely. When and to where did the rest of the furniture disappear? Was everything truly destroyed in two great wars, or was it discarded later out of human stupidity when new, modern furniture came into the 46 47

6 Taheva mõis. EK Baltisaksa aadel oli juurdunud siinsesse mulda, nende identiteet oli seotud kohaga maa ja mõisaga. Aadliperekondade nimedki, ühendatud tiitliga von, viitavad päritolule põlistest rüütlimõisatest. Siiski rebis elu need sidemed katki. Interjöör on aga ajas veelgi hapram alles pole ainsatki ajaloolist ruumi. Järgnevalt on tähestikuliselt reastatud mõisad, mille interjööri kohta leidus mõni foto. Enamasti kannavad needki ajahamba jälgi, kuid ometi seob vaid see habras hõbeniit meid sajanditaguse mõisaeluga. Mõisainterjöörid inter ior s of the ManoR houses 54 55

7 EK aa (Haakhof) lüganuse kihelkond, Virumaa BFM 8865 aakre (Ayakar) Rõngu kihelkond, tartumaa Alates aastast töötab varaklassitsistlikus peahoones sotsiaalasutus, interjöörid suuremas osas hävinud, uhke ahi veeti Kadrioru lossi. ERM aastast töötab Aakre mõisa peahoones kool. Oma varasema klassitsistliku väljanägemise kaotas hoone ümber ehituse käigus aastatel. HIB BFM HIB Uks nn Hiina tuppa

8 EK essu (Jess) Haljala kihelkond, Harjumaa Algselt klassitsistlik mõisa peahoone on tänaseks ümber ehitatud, interjöörid hävinud. Hoones asub külastuskeskus. EAA EAA EAA

9 EK keila-joa (Schloß Fall) keila kihelkond, Harjumaa Eesti esinduslikemaid neogooti komplekse rajati juba 1830ndatel. Võõrandamise järel kuulus mõis välisministeeriumile ja osaliselt vürst Volkonskile. Nõukogude võim paigutas lossi sõjaväe, kes laastas seda 1990ndateni. Nüüd eraoman du ses, restaureeritud ja külastajatele avatud. ERM Jaspisvaas, keiser Nikolai I kingitus oma salapolitsei ülemale Alexander von Benckendorffile, Keila-Joa lossi rajajale a valmistatud inimkõrgune vaas (hinnati 1,5 miljonile tsaarirublale) kingiti a Benckendorffile pärast tulekahju Talve palees. Pärast aastat tahtis G. Volkonski müüa vaasi Ameerikasse, aga see osutus transpordiks liiga raskeks. Hiljem viidi vaas Tallinna Jahtklubisse ja selle edasine saatus on teadmata. Relvakollektsioon. AM f24003 ERM ERM Kodukabel. Triiphoones talvitusid loorberipuud, mis soojal ajal lossi uste ja akende juures seisid

10 EK koluvere (Schloß Lode) kullamaa kihelkond, läänemaa Endisest piiskopilinnusest lossiks kohandatud hoone uhked inter jöörid hävisid aasta mõisapõletamise käigus. Loss taastati, kuid sisekujundus jäi tagasihoidlikumaks. Võõrandamise järel toimis pikalt sotsiaalasutusena. Hoone müüdi a erakätesse ja on tänaseks taastatud. ERM ERM EAA ERM

11 BFM 2454 kukulinna (Kuckulin) Äksi kihelkond, tartumaa Dekoratiivset uusgooti stiilis mõisahoonet kasutas kunstikool Pallas, nõukogude ajal oli seal pioneerilaager. Hoone eraomanduses, säilinud on vaid mõned interjööridetailid. AM n AM n

12 BFM 2495 luke (Lugden) Nõo kihelkond, tartumaa Peahoone põles II maailmasõjas ja on siiani varemeis. EAA lustivere (Lustifer) Põltsamaa kihelkond, Viljandimaa Barokse 18. saj alguse puithoone lasi omanik lam mutada, ehitades a selle asemele esindusliku torniga neogooti lossi. Vanast majast toodi rokokoo uksi ja uhkemad ahjud. Võõrandatuna sai hoonest sanatoorium, praegu on selles hooldekodu. EAA f EAA f EAA f EAA PÕ

13 Maidla (Tockumbeck) AM f AM AM AM AM AM

14 EK Muraste (Morras) keila kihelkond, Harjumaa Pärast võõrandamist asus mõisahoonesse lastekodu, mis tegutses seal nõukogude aja lõpuni. Müüdi erakätesse, pärast aasta tulekahju varemeis. EKMuuga (Münkenhof) Simuna kihelkond, Virumaa Esindusliku, a valminud neorenessansliku hoone projekteeris mõisa omanik kunstnik Carl Timoleon von Neff. Mõisasüda oli perekonna käes aastani. Tänapäeval on hoones kool. Säilinud on palju algset sisekujundust, skulptuur Maarja lapsega kamina kohal ja ülilai tsaari kingitud marmortrepp. BFM ERM ERM ERM

15 EK Oru (Jelissejevi) loss EK ERM ERM ERM ERM Paasvere (Pastfer) Simuna kihelkond, Virumaa Loss enne ümberehitust riigipea residentsiks. Mahukas ühekordne puithoone on tänaseks hävinud. EK AM f Vaated aiale ja triiphoonele lossitornist

16 EK EK Pala (Palla) EK

17 EK Piirsalu (Piersal) kullamaa kihelkond, läänemaa ERA fk ERA fk Pärast võõrandamist anti peahoone Kaitseliidu käsutusse. Nüüdseks on romantilisest ehitisest alles vaid müürid. ERA fk ERA fk

18 EAA f EK a võeti loss muinsus kaitse alla ja a sai Põltsamaa linna oman diks. Põles 14. juulil 1941 sõjatules maha. Allesjäänud stukkdetailid jm koguti kokku ja viidi varjule, kuid sõja lõppedes olid needki kaduma läinud. Kui 1970ndatel restaureerimist alustati, olid alles vaid lagunenud müürid. Põltsamaa (Schloß Oberpahlen) Ruume kaunistas Johann Michael Graffi loodud lopsakas stukk dekoor, ümbritsedes ka Christian Gottlieb Welté maalitud medaljone. BFM BFM Aknaorvas olid lossi kunagiste omanike von Lauw de stukkportreed

19 Põltsamaa (Schloß Oberpahlen) EAA f BFM

20 ERM Raadi (Rathshof) Kuppelsaal. Kuppelsaalist kujundati galeriiga raamatukogu, mis mahutas peale kunsti ka köidet. Barokktoolidel istub parun koos pojaga. Ümberehitusel asendati suur inglispärane kamin väiksema marmorkaminaga, kuhu paigutati radiaator. Kamina kohal on Veneetsia peegel, vitriinides paistab portselanikogu. ERM

21 MA Ravila (Meks) ERM Riidaja (Morsel Podrigel) Helme kihelkond, Viljandimaa Üks paremini säilinud barokseid puidust mõisahooneid Eestis. Säilinud on mitu rokokoolõikelist siseust ja saalisambad. Võõrandamise järel on seal olnud nii kool kui ka majandikeskus, praegu asub hoone ühes osas raamatukogu. BFM ERM

22 Sagadi (Saggad) SAG SAG SAG SAG

23 Sagadi (Saggad) SAG SAG SAG SAG

24 EK Salajõe (Sallajöggi) lääne-nigula kihelkond, läänemaa PAD Salutaguse (Sallentack) Hageri kihelkond, Harjumaa Kaunis barokne kahekorruseline peahoone ehitati 1770ndatel. Pärast võõrandamist asus hoones metskonna kontor, II maailmasõja järel jäi hoone lagunema ja nüüdseks on sellest alles vaid müürid. Ühekorruseline pikk historitsistlik kivihoone püstitati 19. sajandi teisel poolel. Põletati aastal ning taastati veidi muudetud kujul. Korteriteks kohandatud härrastemaja põles uuesti 1980ndatel, pärast seda jäi varemeisse. Nüüdseks on varemedki lammutatud. EFA A ERM Fk PAD

25 Salutaguse (Sallentack) PAD PAD PAD PAD

26 BFM 5190 Sangaste (Schloß Sagnitz) Sangaste kihelkond, tartumaa Mõisasüda jäi aastani von Bergidele. Pärast II maailmasõda oli lossis nii puhke kodu kui ka pioneerilaager. Paljud interjöörid on säilinud ja loss toimib seltskondliku hoonena. Ballisaal. VAM F Fuajee. VAM F BFM

27 Härgla (Harjel) 1906 AM f14405 Ojasoo......ehk Vana-Harmi (Alt-Harm) mõis AM f14404 AM f14401 AM f14406 AM f14384 Kose-Uuemõisa (Neuenhof) Lohu (Loal) mõis

28 the 1905 ManoR BuRnings In December 1905, labourers in the Tallinn factories of Volta, Dvigatel, Krull, and others began forming strike teams with the purpose of venturing into the countryside and burning down manors. Farmers in Velise didn t wait for the city-dwellers, and broke into the local manor belonging to Gottlieb von Maydell on 14 December. The Estonians initially demanded weapons, but then began destroying the manor s furnishings. Men from Tallinn also arrived before long, having just looted Alu Manor. The marauders moved on together to Kasti Manor, where they smashed windows and furniture. Yet another band of men joined them some time later, and set the manor ablaze. The manor family s servants were threatened with execution if they were to attempt to extinguish the flames. The same procedure was carried out at Mõisamaa Manor; while being interrogated later, a stable boy identified a number of local farmers as the ransackers. At Haimre Manor, which belonged to Baron Axel von Buhoeveden, the entirety of the furnishings was destroyed and the manor torched. When manor servants put out the fire, the marauders returned to set it ablaze again, and remained there on guard until everything had been burned to the ground. The following day, the manors of Jädivere, Vana-Vigala, and Kaelase were looted and burned. At Vaida Manor, men ordered all of the building s furnishings to be taken outside, since they planned to set the mansion on fire. The manor lord s coach driver wanted to remove the buggy from the garage, but was not allowed to do so, and the structure was burned together with the stables. Things did not go as badly at Triigi (Kõue) Manor. When a band of marauders broke into the manor at night and demanded money, promising to then leave the building intact, their wish was granted and the intruders moved on. Otto von Budberg the 21-year-old baron of Võhma-Vanamõisa Manor was taken hostage and forced to watch farmers mostly from Velise as they destroyed the manor s furniture, piled it all in the main hall, and set it on fire. The chief organisers of the pillaging of Järva County manors were Türi Paper Factory workers, who firstly took on Särevere Manor on the morning of 15 December. From there, they rode by horseback to Mäeküla Manor. The men destroyed early telephone devices in the mansion and seized all the weapons they found. The manor s wine cellar was also looted. From there, they moved on to Tori Manor, once again demanding weapons, smashing the telephone apparatus, and destroying furniture. At Lokuta Manor, the marauders broke into the wine cellar and drank home-distilled spirits. Stealing horses from the stables, they rode on to Türi-Alliku Manor. The labourers first tried breaking into Kirna Manor on the evening of 15 December, but a nearby cavalry unit drove them off. Nevertheless, the farmers returned a few days later and burned down the manor house. Bands of labourers arrived from Tallinn at the same time, wreaking havoc on Lokuta, Kolu, and Laupa manors. Before Mäeküla Manor s own peasants set it on fire, they shattered windows and scattered paper throughout the rooms to get the flames going. Ingliste Manor held a trove of paintings and other art at that time there, marauders smashed and irreparably destroyed a large number of historical items, such as a document penned by former Master of the Livonian Order Walther von Plettenberg. Extensive destruction was wreaked upon Koluvere Castle, where only two balcony rooms out of 40 were left untouched by the blaze. The structure was looted, and furnishings were smashed in all of the rooms. Written accounts describe books being pulled from the shelves and doused with petrol, then ignited. In some cases, the manor families and their servants resisted the bands of pillagers. Sangaste Castle was fortified with sandbags, while Pala Manor Lord Von Styk is said to have convened peasants to stand guard overnight. The attackers were forced to flee in Kabala, and left behind a list of 80 manors that they had intended to set ablaze. Efforts to defend the manors were also successful in Kabala, Mäo, Kõima, and Viimsi. Altogether 161 of Estonia s 982 manors suffered some degree of destruction, with 65 of them being burned to the ground. For the most part, the manors attacked were located in Harju, Järva, and Lääne counties, since the city-dwellers traveling only by horseback luckily got no further. In Livonia, an entire 2/5 of manors (412) were damaged. Analysing these numbers, one can conclude that the interiors of almost 1/5 of manors in Estonia were destroyed, looted, or burned in the period December Everything that was inside of the 65 manors reduced to their foundations was most certainly lost. Later, when disciplinary units started arresting peasants, the marauders destroyed all they had looted from the manors, in fear of the repercussions. Some of the damaged manors were rebuilt and restored with the help of low-interest loans, the Estonian Knighthood Loan Fund, and money provided by insurance groups and the manor families themselves. Alas, many of the mansions were left in ruins. The acts of violence committed against the manor families in 1905 gave rise to a situation, where many Baltic-Germans evacuated the region amid the general atmosphere of fear and uncertainty, emigrating to Sweden, Germany, and elsewhere. The objects of cultural importance destroyed in the manor fires belonged, in the eyes of the Estonian peasants, foremost to the German cultural space. Thus, it didn t even dawn upon the freshly-budding Estonian intellectuals that the objects should have been protected by word or deed in that tumultuous time; a task, to which art-protection groups later committed themselves during the Estonian War of Independence

29 Riigikogus võeti 26. märtsil aastal vastu Vene Nõukogude vägede poolt tehtud sõjakahjude ja rekvisitsioonide seadus, mille mõte oli selles, et kõik need, kes enne aasta 1. veebruari on esitanud komisjonile kahjutasu nõude ja pole raha saanud, võivad uuesti pöörduda komisjoni poole ja juhtum vaadatakse veel kord läbi. Järgmisel aastal tuli seaduse täiendus, kus väljamakstava summa piirmääraks on 1 miljon marka. See võimalus tekitas ka probleeme. Nii on Tartu Karlova mõisa omanikku Vjatšeslav Bulgarinit esindav advokaat August Mölder esitanud kahjunõudeks marka, aga komisjon on kahjusid hinnanud ainult marga vääriliseks. Asi läks kohtusse ja sellega seoses kuulati üle mitu mõisa teenijat. Punased olid Karlova mõisas viibinud aasta detsembrist kuni järgmise aasta jaanuarini. Pärast nende lahkumist oli mõisast ära viidud mööblit, pilte ja neli lõunaserviisi. Lõhutud oli üheksa toa sisustus ja puhvetkapp toidunõudega. Siiski arvas komisjon, et esitatud kahjud on kirjutatud suuremaks, kui need tegelikult olid, ja pole ka tõendusmaterjali kadunud ja lõhutud esemete kohta. Punaste lahkumise järel kohal käinud Jaan Koort väitis, et nägi purustatud Boulle i stiilis kummutit, mille hind peaks veelgi kõrgem olema. Sellele vastas aga komisjoni esindaja, et sõja ajal oli antiikesemete hind tunduvalt madalam kui hiljem. Kohus tegigi otsuse, et riigi pakutud hind on õiglane. 27 Sõjategevuse käigus põlesid või said tõsiselt kannatada paljud mõisahooned ja sellega seoses hävis sageli ka kogu sisustus. Lahtiste uste ja purunenud akendega peremeheta mõisahooned olid kaitseta varaste ja marodööride eest. 27 ERA Vabadussõjas maha põletatud Valmiera (Wolmari) mõis Tänapäeval on alles ainult torniosa (paremal) EFA

30 EFA a fk Malla ja k alv i M õisa kunstikogude R ööv i M ine Soome laev Väinämöinen Tallinnas Üks skandaalsemaid kunstivara röövimise episoode Vabadussõjas on seotud Soome vabatahtlikega, kes Malla ja Kalvi mõisast kunstiväärtusi röövisid ja need Soome kaasa viisid. Sellel teemal on varem Pekka Erelti sulest ilmunud artikkel Eesti Ekspressis 1. Major Martin Ekströmi kompanii 1. rühm jõudis kapten Antto Eskola juhtimisel Inglise laevade kaitse all Eestisse 30. detsembril aastal, ülejäänud neli kompaniid jaanuari esimestel päevadel. Soomlaste röövretkele heidavad valgust säilinud mahukad arhiivimaterjalid. Et tegemist oli diplomaatiliselt hella teemaga (olid ju soomlased meie riigile kõige raskemal hetkel vabatahtlikult appi tulnud), siis leidub dokumentides mitmeid vastuolulisi fakte. Üks põhjus, miks erinevaid tõlgendusi tekkis, võis olla selles, et sündmusi hakati uurima alles kaks aastat hiljem aasta aprillis asusid Tallinna 1 Pekka Erelt. Hõimuvendade soomusretk. Eesti Ekspress 2004, 5. august, lk A26 A27. tähtsate asjade kohtu-uurijad koostama süüdistust Eesti kunsti- ja kultuuriväärtuste riisumise kohta Vabadussõjast osa võtnud Soome sõjaväelaste vastu. 2 Ülekuulamisprotokollides on selgelt märgata, et ülekuulatavad mäletasid ja esitasid ainult neid fakte, mis neid milleski süüdistada ei võimaldanud. Näiteks Soome sõjameeste ülekuulamisel oli tavaline, et kogu süü veeretati nendele meestele, kes olid lahingutes langenud. Kuivõrd kuriteopaigalt kedagi ei tabatud, väitsid ka kõrgemad ülemused, et nemad ei ole asjaga kuidagi seotud. Röövimist püüti punaste kaela veeretada, sest enamlased hõivasid Kunda sadama 15. detsembril aastal. Ülekuulamisprotokollidest ilmneb, et punaväed asusid Kalvi mõisa juba 12. detsembril ja Malla mõisa 14. detsembril ning jäid sinna kuni 10. jaanuarini. Mõisavalitseja E. Cöllin ja kohalik militsionäär J. Kuusberg olid koostanud punaste röövitud esemetest nimekirja. Ühel hilisemal ülekuulamisel väitis aga mõisavalitseja, et asus tööle ERA

31 ERM k u n s t i - j a kultuuriväärtuste kaitsmine VaBadussõjas Raadi lossi (Rathshof) interjöörifotolt on näha, et sõjapurustuste eest oli palju päästa. Vaade sinisest toast läbi rokokoosalongi kuppelsaali poole. Narva langemisega punaste kätte oli alanud eestlaste Vabadussõda, mis puudutas otseselt ka baltisaksa mõisnikke. Lahingutegevuse strateegilisteks sõlmpunktideks kujunesid soomusrongide tõttu raudteed ja heade teedevõrgustike ning asukoha tõttu ka mõisakompleksid. Suured mõisahooned olid sobivad sõjaväe majutamiseks, seal leidus ka heina, vilja ja toiduvarusid. Paraku käisid mõisad rinde liikudes vaenuvägede vahel käest kätte. Niisuguses olukorras olid purustused, tulekahjud ja marodööritsemine vältimatud. Raamatus Eesti Vabadussõda kirjutatakse: Nii organiseeris 1. ratsapolgu ülem ööl vastu 8. märtsi 1919 suurema kallaletungi üksikult asetseva Temnitsa mõisa peale... Lahkudes põletati mõis ühes lähedal asetsevate taludega maha, et takistada seal edaspidi vaenlase kogunemist. 1 Sõjas valitsevad omad seadused ja kujunevad välja käitumisnormid. Lahinguedu ja elavjõu 1 Eesti Vabadussõda I osa. Tallinn: Vabadussõja Ajaloo Komitee, lk 457. säilitamise nimel ei saanud alati hoolida materiaalsetest väärtustest. Paljud mõisnikud olid sõja jalust pagenud linnakorteritesse või sõitnud mujale Euroopasse ja nii olid mõisatesse maha jäänud kunstiväärtused peaaegu igasuguse kaitseta. Valvama jäetud mõisavalitseja või teenijad ei saanud relvastatud sissetungijate vastu midagi ette võtta. Sõja olukorras ei olnud alati eesmärgiks esemete röövimine lähtuvalt nende kultuuriväärtusest, vaid nagu katkend Albert Kivikase romaanist 2 kirjeldab, põhjuseks võis olla hoopis muu. /.../ Roodud säeti paari kaupa ritta ja viidi üle konarlise künni vaenlasest mahajäetud mõisa... Lamasime suures saalis õlgedel ja lõrpisime suppi. Suured peeglid olid püssipäradega killustet, toolid ja lauad muidugi viimseni ahjukütteks tarvitet, ainult klaver oli imekombel terve, võib-olla aga ainult seetõttu, et keegi nendest mängida oskas ja riist seeläbi kasulikuks osutus. Kuid see ei keelanud siiski ta kaasil külast rekvereeritud siga tapmast, sest praegugi oli näha sääl 2 Albert Kivikas. Ristimine tulega. Odamees 1922, nr 1, lk

32 the protection of art and objects of artistic importance during the WaR of estonian independence With the fall of Narva to the Red Army, Estonians War of Independence had begun a struggle that also had a direct impact on the Baltic-German manor owners. The manors became strategic hubs, which also put them right in the middle of the fighting. Shelling, fires, and looting were inevitable in such a situation. Many manor lords had fled to their apartments in the cities or abroad as war approached, and so their paintings and objects of artistic importance were left unprotected in the mansions. It became clear to Estonian intellectuals and artists that if nothing was undertaken on a government level to protect these items of cultural importance, then their annihilation would lie ahead. Protectionists needed to act quickly, as the dire situation left no other choice. The Red Army was making rapid advances into Estonian territory, and one manor after another was falling to them. Soon, rumours also started to spread that communist regiments were robbing and looting everyone and anything in their path. Items that didn t fit into their trucks were smahsed to pieces or set on fire. Sculptor Jaan Koort stepped up in defence of the cultural assets, demanding that the Bolsheviks issue a document authorising him to arrange the protection and gathering together of such items of cultural worth. The reason he gave was that Red Army soldiers were heating the stoves of Karlova Manor with books, and doing the same with engravings at Raadi Manor. 25 January 1919 shaped up to be an important date for the protection of objects of cultural importance. The Ministry of Education of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Estonia issued to the press an appeal, which declared the need to protect items of historical and artistic value. That same day, letters were also sent to school boards, mandating that officials be active in the protection of objects of cultural importance and requiring them to inform the government of ownerless property. Another letter was sent to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, requesting that it organise the sealing of ownerless assets. On 1 February 1919, the Estonian art community issued an appeal to the government urgently Säilinud esemed portselanist teeserviisist von Ungern-Sternbergi paleest Toompeal. Viimane majaproua Ada jättis esemed vastutavale hoiule maja komandandi perekonna kätte, kes on seda kohustust põlvest põlve edasi pärandanud. Preserved pieces of the porcelain tea service from the Von Ungern-Sternberg Palace on Toompea in Tallinn. The last lady of the palace, Ada, left the service for safekeeping with the housekeeper, whose family has handed it down with respect for generations since. recommending the registration and rescue of property, as well as a ban on removing artwork from the country. Artist Kristjan Raud was appointed Director of the Department of Culture of the Museum of Education on 5 February. He immediately got to work on art-protection, and issued a decree on 15 April that established two separate art-protection teams in Northern and Southern Estonia. The removal of artistic property from the country without permission was concurrently forbidden. How did the given teams work, then? Objects of artistic importance that were determined ownerless or were located in an area of battle activity were collected and transported to be stored either in Tartu or Tallinn. Legal documents and lists were drawn up to record the items that were gathered, as the government s longer-term goal was to return the property to its original owners as soon as the threat of war had passed. The task turned out to be one of substantial proportions, since the Northern Estonian zone included, for example, items at Peter the Great s residence, St. John s Church, and the collection of art collector Sergey Lavretsov all in Narva alone. The valuables were brought to Tallinn and kept at Gustav Adolf Grammar School. Narva s artistic treasures were rescued just in time, as one of the Red Army s most intense artillery attacks on the city took place barely a week later, destroying over one hundred buildings (most of the old city, called Baroque pearl of the Baltic Sea) in fires. Art and objects of cultural importance were also gathered up from manors and barons city residences. For instance, the Pahlen family s large EK

33 TÜ B Antiigikaubandus Antikvariaat Baltika Tartus. Viies ellu aasta maaseadust, riigistati mõisamaad ning maareformi jätkudes aastal ka tootmisvahendid. Eesti riik lubas küll maade eest mõisnikele kompensatsiooni maksta, aga seda ei pidanud tehtama kohe. Mõisnike tuluallikad olid nüüd kadunud ja et jätkata endist elustiili või pidada üleval linnakorterit, tuli leida raha mujalt. Õnneks ei puudutanud reform mõisnike mööblikraami, kunstiteoseid ja väärisesemeid. Alguses oli ka olukordi, kus seadust tõlgendati meelevaldselt ja riigistati ka mainitud esemeid. E. Engelhartile kuuluvast Türi-Alliku mõisast võõrandati muu hulgas 4 lauda, 10 tooli, 2 voodit, 2 kappi, 1 raudvoodi, väike laud, laualamp ja diivan, aga need tagastati 20. juunil aastal. Sama lugu juhtus ka Öötla mõisas. 1 Väga palju sedalaadi juhtumeid ette ei tulnud, ERA sest mõisnikud teadsid oma õigusi ja kohe oleks järgnenud kaebus valitsusele. Alles jäänud väärtasju sai rahaks muuta, müües neid oksjonil või komisjonikauplustes, hädas olles ei häbenetud hiljem ka täikal kaubelda. Samuti pakkusid mitmed mõisnikud või nende esindajad kunstiväärtusi müüa Eesti riigile. Kuigi riik oli noor ja raha oli hädasti ka mujal vaja, eraldati haridusministeeriumile juba aastal kunstiesemete ostudeks vahendid. Riigi raha kasutamise üle peeti ranget kontrolli ja ostukomisjon koosnes alati riigikontrolli esindajast, haridusministeeriumi esindajast (kelleks oli Kristjan Raud või Hanno Kompus), mõnel juhul ka kunstiekspert või muuseumi esindaja. Iga ostu kohta vormistati akt. Osteti sihitusega kas Tallinna Eesti Muuseumile, Eesti Rahva Muuseumi kogusse või valitsuse tarbeks. Näiteks advokaat V. Oldekopilt otsustati Toompea lossi omandada neli kunstiteost:

34 As a part of implementing the 1919 Esto nian Land Law, manor lands and their means of production were nationalised on 28 January 1920 by way of the Estonian Land Reform. Resulting from this, the barons main sources of income disappeared and in order to keep up their former lifestyles or maintain an urban apartment, they needed to find money elsewhere. One opportunity was to sell artwork at auction or to antique shops, and at last resort, the former nobility was not ashamed to sell them directly at flea markets, either. The barons also started offering pieces of art to the Estonian state. Although times were tough for the young republic, budgetary funds earmarked for the purchase of artwork were set aside for the Ministry of Education as early as Public expenditure was subject to strict supervision, and art purchasing was done through a committee that included art experts as well as a representative of the National Audit Office. The acquisitions included antique furniture, an English dinner service for 44, several paintings, graphic art, candlesticks, and chandeliers. A classified ad for the purchase of such items was even published in Tallinn and Tartu German-language newspapers. Officials made the transactions with the purpose of expanding the collections of the antique trade the export of objects of CultuRal importance Tallinn s Estonian Museum and Tartu s Estonian National Museum. The state-financed purchase of objects of artistic importance continued to a lesser extent over the course of several years. Between , stylish furniture, paintings, chandeliers, etc. in the Kristallpokaal, millele on graveeritud von Esseni perekonnavapp. Crystal goblet engraved with the von Essen family coat of arms. amount of 782,725 Estonian marks was bought for the Estonian National Museum. (In comparison, the average Estonian labourer s salary in 1927 was 6,000 marks). In a cover letter for a 1936 funding application, the author noted that antique shops and private individuals still possessed a wealth of objects of artistic value that should be acquired for museum collections before they were taken out of the country. As for the sale of items by auction, a seller was required to send the city government a notice that the auction would be held; the event would then be attended by a city representative, who would monitor to make sure that a 4% fee on total sales would be paid to the city treasury. Antique traders took keen advantage of this opportunity at the time, and began holding auctions regularly. One known instance in Pädaste illuminates how antiques were sold by auction at the manors themselves. Specifically, the Heritage Administration sent the Ministry of Agriculture a request for information on what Mr Buxhövden would be selling and when his auction would be held. The Ministry replied that no one may impede the sale of personal assets. There were close to one hundred antique shops scattered throughout larger towns in Estonia during the 1920s. The fact that many of these businesses operated only briefly shows that competition was intense. There were also those (such as August Pastarus) who lasted a couple of decades, until their businesses were nationalised in Tax inspectors kept a close eye on all antique merchants, and on several occasions, disagreements sparked over the annual tax on supposed sales. In addition to shops, brisk antique-trading was also underway at markets. Commerce was so active that it even began to disturb the other market-sellers. Tartu magnate Karl Jänes built a second market hall in the city in 1938, providing space for an additional 100 antique- and used-goods salesmen. The 1919 ban on the export of objects of cultural importance had to be significantly loosened in 1921, since the state lacked the capacity to purchase the bulk of items being offered by the former barons, and at the same time, there was no legal basis for keeping the property tied up in Estonia if the owner wished to emigrate. Instead, officials replaced the ban with a 5% state fee on the worth of artistic valuables upon their removal from the country. Before long, however, it became clear that there was too much appraisal work to be done, the respective experts were in short supply, and on top of that, such individuals had to be paid. A year later, the law was amended to allow the free export of objects of cultural importance without a permit and without paying a state fee. May it be noted here that in 1921, antiques and artwork in the total value of 26 million Estonian marks was taken out of the country. The precise total of objects of cultural importance removed from Estonia over the 20 years of initial statehood will likely remain unknown, since documentation that has been preserved is incomplete and it is impossible to determine the proportion of suspected smuggling

35 ERM Raadi mõisa Kuppelsaal enne lõplikku ümber ehitamist raamatukoguks. Baroki- ja renessansiaegne mööbel on toodud Euroopa oksjonitelt. Paremal Karl Eduard von Lipharti portree. Lõuna-Eesti kunstikaitse toimkonna üheks mahukamaks tööks kujunes tegelemine Raadi (Ratshof) mõisniku Lipharti kunstikoguga. Kunstikaitse toimkond hoidis Raadi lossil silma peal ja võttis seal olevad esemed arvele. Säilinud on masinakirjas nimekirjad. Näiteks nimekirjas v. Lipharti asjad, mis võetud linna korterist 1 on peamiselt mööbliesemed. Väärtuslikumad neist tunduvad olema Laud originaal Boulle Louis XIV, kell Boulle originaal, 2 tugitooli üleõmmeldud siidiga Louis XV, puu figuur gooti stiilis jne, kokku 23 nimetust. Eraldi nimekiri on koostatud portselani ja fajansi kohta. See on eriti pikk 187 nimetust. Raami sees olevaid gravüüre on nimekirja pandud 46, lisaks eraldi nimistu raamatutest ja albumitest (403 nimetust). Veel oli arvele võetud ja nimekirja kantud sajad gravüürid nii mappides kui ka üksikult. Maalide nimekirjas on kunstnikena märgitud sellised nimed nagu Diego Velazquez, Murillo jt. Omajagu sekeldusi ja lisatööd tõid kunstikaitse toimkonnale enamlaste saabumise hirmus mõisa ERA kunstikogu ja kunstikaitse toimkond tiiki uputatud kastid kunstiteostega. Omanikel oli selleks põhjust küllaga, 22. detsembril aastal rüüstas mõisat umbes 200 punasõdurit. 2 Levisid kuuldused, et tiiki on peidetud suurem kogus sõjariistu, mida kavatsetakse sakslaste saabumisel kasutusele võtta. Et samal ajal oli alanud Landeswehri pealetung, otsustas Eesti sõjavägi 26. juunil aastal teha relvade leidmiseks otsingu ja selle käigus traaliti tiigist välja kuus pitseeritud kasti. Loomulikult ei jäänud leid saladuseks ja 27. juuni Postimehes ilmus sellest lugu. Kõigile sai teatavaks, et neljas kastis oli hõbe ja ülekullatud söögiriistad, ülejäänutest ühes pronksist rinnakuju ja teises marmorist Venuse kuju, mille hinnaks olid asjatundjad pakkunud pool miljonit marka. Kahjuks olid marmorskulptuuril, Canova Venusel sõrmed küljest ära murdunud, ehkki mõisa töölise A. Laine tunnistuse järgi olid need kastide pakkimisel veel terved olnud. Kunstikaitse toimkonna töötajatel tuli kõik esemed arvele võtta ja uuesti pakkida. 2 ERA

36 EFA ft Mõisnike ümberasumine a a s t a l ja nende V a R a d e s a a t u s Sakslannad lillede, kohvrite ja koeraga sadamas, ootamas pääsu laevale, mis neid endisele isamaale viiks Punaarmee marssis 18. oktoobril aastal üle Eesti riigipiiri, et asuda siinsetesse sõjaväebaasidesse. Kas see oli juhus või kokkumäng Natsi-Saksamaa ja Nõukogude Venemaa vahel, ent samal päeval ootas Tallinna sadamas Saksamaalt saabunud suur reisilaev Der Deutsche. Algas Hitleri kutsel baltisakslaste ümberasumine (Umsiedlung), mille käigus lahkus Eestist endistele Poola aladele Poznańi (Posen) poolteise aasta jooksul umbes inimest. Hiljem, aastal, lahkus veel 7000 inimest. Ajakirjandus jälgis seda sündmust tähelepanelikult ja ajalehes Uus Eesti oli 10. oktoobrist kuni 12. novembrini 1939 igas numbris pühendatud sellele teemale vähemalt üks lehekülg. Ümberasujate hulgas olid ka mõisnikud ja nende pereliikmed. Endistes mõisa peahoonetes asusid nüüd koolid, hooldekodud või oli riik need uutele omanikele maha müünud. Sadakond härrastemaja oli selleks ajaks ehitusmaterjalide saamiseks maha lõhutud. Ümberasumisega selgus, et kaugeltki kõik mõisnikud ei olnud vaesunud, vaid olid suutnud rendile võetud mõisad aastaks uuesti tööle panna. Taas olid tekkinud suured maavaldused. Näiteks Konguta vallas kuulus Julius von Dehnile Kobilo mõis koos 446 ha maaga, Patrick von Stackelbergile aga Hõreda mõis 398 ha. Haljala vallas Vanamõis koos piiritusvabriku ja 300 ha kuulus Hans von Brevernile, Kostivere 257 ha ja piiritusevabriku omanik oli Aleksander von Dehn ja nii paljud teisedki. 1 Tuntud kunstniku Carl Timoleon von Neffi pojapoeg Heinrich von Neff tuli tagasi Muuga mõisa aastal. Ta oli Ida-Preisimaal põllumehena praktiseerinud ja suutis siin paari aasta jooksul isegi põllumaad juurde osta ja mõisast näidismajandi teha aastal ta Saksamaale ei sõitnud, sest tahtis kuulsa vanaisa mõisasse muuseumi luua. Tema saatus oli traagiline, aastal lasi kohalik külamees ta armukadedushoos maha mõisa omanikeks olid uuesti endised 1 Eesti mõisad. Tallinn: Olion, 1994, lk

37 On 18 October 1939, the large passenger ship Der Deutsche docked in the Port of Tallinn and prepared to take on board the first Baltic-German resettlers on their way to the city of Poznań (Posen), located on German-occupied Polish territory. Among the resettlers were former manor lords and their family members. Since events were sparking and developing rapidly, the travellers initially didn t know whether or how much home furnishings and other personal possessions they were allowed to take with them. Negotiations over this issue did begin between Estonia and Germany immediately, but consensus was achieved only with difficulty. Estonia s determined wish was for all objects of artistic importance that concerned the country or its history to remain on Estonian territory, regardless of to whom the pieces belonged. This especially applied to the valuables held by Baltic-German archives and cultural organisations, but also to the collections of provincial museums in Tartu, Tallinn, Pärnu, Paide, and other towns. The Estonian government likewise wanted to maintain possession of the majority of Baltic-Germans portraits and paintings depicting Estonia or its people. Disputes arose over the amounts of money, bonds, and items made of precious metals that were allowed for export; the same went for cars, the 1939 ResettleMent of BaltiC-geRMans and the Fate of their property motorcycles, hunting weapons, tools, etc. After long discussions, leaders decided that the resettlers could take all household furnishings with them, but permission had to be given for works of art. A person at least 14 years of age was allowed to take along valuables (both silver and gold) in the total value of 500 Estonian kroons. The price of one gram of silver was estimated at 0.10 kroons, and one gram of gold at (In comparison, the average daily salary at the time was 5 6 kroons.) Only wedding rings were excluded. Travellers attempted to take extra quantities along in the form of necklaces, cigar/cigarette cases, and watches. For example, upon arriving at a customs checkpoint, one Ms Keller was wearing a golden necklace with large diamonds, the value of which exceeded the permitted total by several-fold. Customs officials seized Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo-style furniture Empire, Biedermeier, and Historicist items were not of interest to heritage-protectionists at the time. There were cases in Pärnu and Kuressaare, in which Baltic-Germans tried to take along old documents that were subsequently confiscated. So that similar situations wouldn t occur, the local museum and archive in Pärnu were sealed shut. In some instances, however, the departing Germans also gifted items of artistic value to the Estonian state. Industrialist Martin Luther gave the Republic of Estonia products from the Fick Porcelain Factory, Mr Von Harpe donated his 200-volume library, the descendants of Baron Berg of Sangaste Manor gave the state two paintings, etc. The fact that the first vessels transporting Baltic-German resettlers set sail in October did not mean that all issues concerning their property had been resolved. Portraits of the Baltic-Germans ancestors that had been seized and held in Estonia riled tempers and were the most pressing problem under debate for a long time. In Germany s opinion, the portraits were testaments to the families continuity and indisputably belonged to their descendants; they were not to be treated as works of art. The Estonian negotiators disagreed and wished to see the works in museums, as they were considered a part of local culture. Ultimately, the majority of these portraits were returned to Baltic-German families, transported to Germany by cargo ship in When Russian forces were pursuing the retreating Germans in 1945, the former manor families were also forced to quickly flee Poznań (Posen) and leave behind all of their possessions. Luckily, however, some of the artwork did end up in the local museum. A portion of the valuables and works of art confiscated from resettlers was also stored in a customs warehouse. On 17 July 1941, some of this trove 722 paintings, watercolours, engravings, and drawings was evacuated to the cellars of the Hermitage in Leningrad by the initiative of a customs employee named Rull. A request was made for their return immediately after the end of World War II, but it was only in 1947 that three art experts were ordered to retrieve them. The works were later divided up between museums in Tartu and Tallinn. During the German occupation of Estonia in WWII, some artwork left by the Baltic-Germans was taken and transported to Germany as preserved documents prove, this was done by commission. Thus, for instance, the large Krusenstern photography collection was removed from the country. Thankfully, copies had already been made the prints are held at the Estonian National Museum to this day. There are also suspicions that valuable works of art were taken from Muuga Manor by descendants of the artist Neff. Yet, the greatest loss was suffered by the Art Museum of Estonia s Collection of Paintings, Furniture, and Decorative Arts when a storage space at 4 Narva Rd caught fire during the bombing of Tallinn on 9 March Lost to the flames were altogether 1,193 items, including a unique furniture collection that boasted 130 pieces, and 550 paintings, which in that zeitgeist were admittedly characterised as being of little worth primarily works made by Baltic-German artists. Destroyed in the raid were also a fantastic collection of frames, exhibition cases, columns, a photo collection, and art books. Even now, it remains unclear to what extent the objects of artistic importance that were originally found in the local Baltic-Germans manors continue to survive both in Estonia and elsewhere around the world

38 häv ing BFM Sõja puhkedes viis Kunstimuuseum tarbekunstikogu, peamiselt mõisnikelt saadud stiilse mööbli varjule Toompea vene katedraali pommikindlasse keldrisse. Sakslaste saabudes kästi kiriku kelder tühjaks teha, kuna sõjavägi vajas seda ise. Räägiti, et plaanis oli vene ülemvõimu sümbol õhku lasta. Muuseumi töötajad vedasid kogu kraami Narva mnt 4 asuvasse hoonesse, kuhu see jäi pakituna hoiule. Märtsipommitamisel maja süttis ja põles maha eksponaati ajalooline mööbel, Lääne-Euroopa portselan, rahvuslik tarbekunst, Reprod. Renovatum, Pärast mõisatele osaks saanud laastamist ja sakslaste välja rändamist jäi ilma peale hulgaliselt peremeheta majakraami. skulptuur, hõbe, raamatukogu, raamikogu ja inventar hävis pea täielikult. Varemete koristamisel leiti vaid mõni tervena säilinud skulptuur. Kuna samasse hoonesse viidud muuseumi dokumentatsioon põles samuti ära, koostati hävinud eksponaatide nimekirjad muuseumitöötajate mälu järgi. Kahju oli korvamatu. Õnneks säilisid fotod muuseumi mööblist, mõned neist avaldati aasta Renovatumis, kuid tänaseks on ka fotode originaalid kaduma läinud. Tallinn, Narva maantee algus enne sõda. Hästisäilinud stiilse mööbli ja antikvaarsete esemetega täiendati Kunstimuuseumi tarbekunsti kogu, kuid ka nende saatus oli armutu. Paremat kätt näha olev hoone (Narva mnt 4, sildiga restoran Linden), kuhu tarbekunstikogu varjule viidi, hävis koos paljude ümbruskonna majadega linna pommitamisel märtsis EK

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