For Another Europe. {Page:1}

Transcription

1 For Another Europe {Page:1}

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3 For Another Europe A Class Analysis of European Economic Integration GUGLIELMO CARCHEDI verso London New York {Page:3}

4 First published by Verso 2001 Guglielmo Carchedi 2001 All rights reserved The moral rights of the author have been asserted Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London W1F 0EG USA: 180 Varick Street, New York, NY Verso is the imprint of New Left Books ISBN (hbk) ISBN (pbk) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Carchedi, Guglielmo. For another Europe: a class analysis of European economic integration / Guglielmo Carchedi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (pbk.) ISBN (cloth) 1. Europe Economic integration. 2. Social classes Europe. 3. Capitalism Europe. 4. Europe Economic conditions 1945 Regional disparities. 5. European Union countries Economic policy. 6. European Union countries Social policy. 7. European federation. 8. Marxian economics. I. Title. HC241.C dc Typeset in 9 1 2/11pt ITC New Baskerville by SetSystems Ltd, Saffron Walden, Essex Printed by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King s Lynn {Page:4}

5 Contents List of Tables and Figures Introduction 1 ix 1 History, Institutions and Enlargements Three Perspectives on European Integration The European Economic Community The European Community The European Union The Enlargements The Accession of the UK The Enlargements to the East The Main Bodies of the European Union Decision Making within the European Union The Proposal or Consultative Procedure The Cooperation Procedure The Co-decision Procedure The Question of Democracy 29 2 The Ideology of Economic Integration Trade and Specialization Ricardian Comparative Advantages The Theory of Opportunity Costs The Heckscher Ohlin Theorem Tariffs and Trade The Fallacies of Equilibrium Partial Equilibrium Theory Empirical Evidence Theoretical Indeterminacy Verification Ideology General Equilibrium Theory 56 {Page:5}

6 vi CONTENTS 3 A Value Theory of European Economic Integration Profits, Trade and Integration The Illusions of the EC Treaty From International Prices to Monetary Crises International Prices A Value Theory of Exchange Rates Monetary Crises, the Euro and the Dominated Bloc The Economic and Monetary Union Old and New Imperialism The Competitiveness of the European Union The EU and International Competitiveness The European Union s Competition Policy The Economic and Monetary Union and the Euro The Geo-politics of the Euro Introduction Dollarization and Seigniorage Dollarization and Social Classes The Euro and Dollarization Trade, Development and Wars The European Union and World Trade GATT The Kennedy Round ( ) The Tokyo Round ( ) The Uruguay Round ( ) The World Trade Organization (1995) The Place of the EU in World Trade The European Union and Dependent Development The European Union and the Common Defence Policy The Common Agricultural Policy Main Landmarks: Green Rates and Appropriation of Value The Original System: The Agrimonetary System, The Agrimonetary System, The EMS, the ECU and the MCAs ( ) 207 {Page:6}

7 CONTENTS vii The Switch-over Mechanism, The 1992 (MacSharry) Reform The Single Market and the New Monetary Turbulences, The Present System Agricultural Prices, Protectionism and World Hunger International Prices and Food Appropriation Losers and Winners A Value Theory of Europe s Agricultural Protectionism The Common Agricultural Policy and the Environment The Declarations of Intent The Cohesion Fund Towards the Greening of the Common Agricultural Policy? Social Policies Destitution Amidst Wealth The Union s Social Policy The Poverty of Redistribution Employment Policies Regional Policies Immigration Policies Epilogue 258 Notes 266 Bibliography 292 Index 302 {Page:7}

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9 List of Tables and Figures Tables 2.1 Ricardo s comparative advantages (hours of labour) Opportunity costs Productivity increase in the wage goods sector: initial situation Productivity increase in the wage goods sector: results Productivity increase in the capital goods sector: initial situation Productivity increase in the capital goods sector: results The tendential equalization of profit rates Prices of production before technological change Prices of production after technological change Value tendentially realized (VTR) after the application of the distributional ratio International prices of production Major world traders in HTPs, Absolute values (ECU) and percentage shares of HTP imports by EU, US and Japan, Absolute values (ECU) and percentage shares of HTP exports by EU, US and Japan, EU imports and exports by main HTP, Trade in HTPs by major member states, 1997 (ECU bn) Employment in high-technology sectors, major countries Patent applications as a percentage of total EU applications, Equivalents in national currencies of ECU 1 and weightings Percentage share of world trade, Intra-EU and extra-eu trade, 1996 (ECU bn) Extra-EU trade in goods by sector, 1996 (ECU bn) Extra-EU trade by trading partners, 1996 (ECU bn) EU trade with CEECs in food, beverages and tobacco (ECU bn) EU trade with CEECs in crude materials, including mineral fuels (ECU bn) EU trade with CEECs in manufactured products (ECU bn) EU trade with CEECs in manufactured goods by sectors (ECU bn) EU trade balance in services with CEECs (ECU bn) ME, ME/GNP and ME/CGE, {Page:9}

10 x LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 7.1 EAGGF (ECU bn) Green and market rates: initial situation, Green and market rates: devaluation of the franc Green and market rates: revaluation of the mark Revaluation of the mark with unchanged green rates Devaluation of the franc with unchanged green rates Loss of food by B due to the equalization of A s and B s profit rates Loss of food by B due to A s increased productivity in the capital goods sector Loss of food by B due to A s greater productivity in the consumption goods sector Number of holdings by size (in 1,000s) US acreage reductions Land use in the EU, 1990 (%) Degrees of degradation of agricultural land, Causes of soil degradation (%) Estimated expenditures, 1998 (ECU m) and 1999 (Euro m) Estimated revenues, 1998 (ECU m) and 1999 (Euro m) Structural funds by objective, 1999 (Euro m) Regional unemployment, 1990 (%) a Estimated expenditures, 1998 (ECUm) and 1999 (Euro m) 290 Figures 1.1 The European Community The European Union The consultation procedure The cooperation procedure The co-decision procedure Welfare effects of tariffs Trade creation Trade diversion Equilibrium between country 1 and country United States rate of profit and capital stock in terms of labour time, Money and labour-time profit rates compared Capital stock and profit rate in money terms The original price support system for cereals, barley and maize 202 {Page:10}