Appendix 1: Additional Notes

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1 Appendix 1: Additional Notes Blue- and white-collar workers and collective farm workers As a rule, the above-mentioned are the three main socio-economic categories employed in the statistical sourcebooks which were produced under the Soviet regime. Nar. khoz. RSFSR 1988 records that in 1988 their combined numbers amounted to 70.9 million, of which 45.5 million were classed as blue-collar workers (rabochie). There were 21.3 million white-collar workers (sluzhashchie) and 4.1 million collective farm workers (ko/khoznikz) who were occupied in the farms' economic activity. Censuses Under the Soviet regime four major, Union-wide censuses were conducted in the post-war period. The dates of the census days are as follows: January 15 January 17 January 12 January In the preceding pages, unless otherwise stated, the figures given for those years will relate to the dates given above. Unless otherwise stated, figures represent the de facto (nalichnoe) population, present on census dates, thus exluding persons who were temporarily absent, whether from the RSFSR or from territorialadministrative divisions within it. The figures relate to persons who were citizens of the USSR at the time of the censuses. City/town In Russian the word gorod denotes towns of all sizes, and thus includes even those with populations well in excess of a million, such as Moscow and St. Petersburg. I have chosen to employ the term city in contexts where a literal translation would appear inept. 236 M. Ryan Social Trends in Contemporary Russia Michael Ryan 1993

Uve births and the infant mortality rate Additional Notes 237 The Soviet definition of a live birth had the consequence of excluding a number of infants who were born with vital signs.

2 Uve births and the infant mortality rate Additional Notes 237 The Soviet definition of a live birth had the consequence of excluding a number of infants who were born with vital signs. This is evident from the statement: 'If a foetus is born alive but has a body weight of less than 1000 grammes, or is born before 28 weeks of gestation it is only counted as a live birth if it lives for a week (168 hours) from the moment of its birth' (1. S. Sluchanko, G. F. Tserkovnyi, Statisticheskaya informatsiya v upravlenii uchrezhdeniyami zdravookhraneniya, izdanie 2oe, Moskva, Meditsina, 1983, s. 50. For that reason, let alone under-reporting of infant deaths, IMR data for republics of the former USSR require upward adjustment for the purposes of cross-national comparisons. Marital status The data for marriages and divorces relates only to those which have been officially registered by the relevant state agencies. Widows and widowers were previously in a state-registered marriage. The nevermarried are those persons who have not been in a state-registered marriage. Urban/rural population This categorisation is based on place of residence, as distinct from place of work. Nar. khoz. RSFSR 1990 states that urban settlements are those centres of population which, under legislation, are counted as towns, urban-type settlements, and workers', health resort or summer house settlements. All other population centres are counted as rural. In the early 1980s a centre of population in the RSFSR was classified as a town if it contained more than persons, provided that over 85 per cent were blue- or white-collar employees and their families. It would normally be classified as an urban-type community if its population exceeded 3000, provided that over 85 per cent were blueor white-collar employees and their families.

3 Appendix II: Transliteration Table Russian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet A a A a :s 6 B b B b v v r r G g A.A D d E e E e )I( Zh zh 3 3 z z H B I it (postvocalic) K K K k JI n L I M M M m H B N n n D p p p p R r c c s s T T T t y y u u ~ 4» F f X X Kh kh u u Ts ts q 'I Ch ch m m Sh sh ~ ~ Shch shch 'lo (hard sign to indicate non-palatisation II of preceding consonant) LI Ll y y lo (soft sign to indicate palatisation of preceding consonant) 3 3 E e Yu yu Jl.II Ya ya 238 i M. Ryan Social Trends in Contemporary Russia Michael Ryan 1993

4 Russian Cyrillic alphabet Transliteration Table 239 Three adjectival-type endings -ero -evo -d -ii -Jail -yi Latin alphabet

5 Appendix III: Abbreviated Titles and Bibliographical Details of Sources Journals and newspapen AiF Argumenty i fakty M.N. Moskovskie novosti Sots. Is. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya Vedomosti Vedomosti S'ezda narodnykh deputatov Rossiiskoi Federatsii i Verkhovnovo Soveta Rossiiskoi Federatsii Books Chislennost' naseleniya RSFSR Gosudarstvennyi komitet po statistike (hereafter Goskomstat) RSFSR, Chislennost' naseleniya RSFSR po dannym vsesoyuznoi perepisi naseleniya 1989 goda, Moskva, Respublikanskii informatsionno-izdatel'skii tsentr, DemografK:heskii ezbegodnik SSSR 1990 Goskomstat SSSR, Demograflcheskii ezhegodnik SSSR: 1990, Moskva, 'Finansy i statistika', Gorodslde poseleniya RSFSR Goskomstat RSFSR, Gorodskie poseleniya RSFSR po dannym vsesoyuznoi perepisi naseleniya 1989 goda, Moskva, Respublikanskii informatsionno-izdatel'skii tsentr, M. Ryan Social Trends in Contemporary Russia Michael Ryan 1993

6 Abbreviated Titles and Bibliographical Sources 241 Kratkaya kharakteristika aaseleniya RSFSR, Chast' I Goskomstat RSFSR, Kratkaya.rotsiafno-demograflcheskaya kharakteristika naseleniya RSFSR, ( po dannym Vsesoyuznoi perepisi naseleniya 1989 goda), Chast' /, Moskva, Respublikanskii informatsionnoizdatel'skii tsentr, Kratkii statisticheskii byulleten' 1991 Goskomstat RSFSR, Kratkii statisticheskii byulleten' za 1991 god, Moskva, Respublikanskii informatsionno-izdatel'skii tsentr, Nar. kboz. RSFSR for specified years Goskomstat RSFSR, Narodnoe khozyaistvo RSFSR: statisticheskii ezhegodnik, Moskva. The yearbook for 1988 was published in 1989 by 'Finansy i statistika', and the yearbooks for 1989 and 1990 were published in 1990 and 1991, respectively, by Respublikanskii informatsionno-izdatel'skii tsentr. Nar. khoz. SSSR 1990 Goskomstat SSSR, Narodnoe khozyaistvo SSSR v 1990 g.: statisticheskii ezhegodnik, Moskva, 'Finansy i statistika', Narodnoe obrazovanie v RSFSR Goskomstat SSSR, Narodnoe obrazovanie I kul'tura v RSFSR, Moskva, Respublikanskii informatsionno-izdatel'skii tsentr, Naselenie SSSR for specified years Goskomstat SSSR, Naselenie SSSR: statisticheskii sbornik, Moskva, 'Finansy i statistika'. The volume for 1987 was published in 1988 and the volume for 1988 in Sotsial'noe razvitie RSFSR 1990 Goskomstat RSFSR, Sotsiafnoe razvitie i uroven' zhizni naseleniya RSFSR, Moskva, Respublikanskii informatsionno-izdatel'skii tsentr, 1991 (two volumes). Sotsial'noe razvitie SSSR 1990 Goskomstat SSSR, Sotsiafnoe razvitie SSSR 1990: statisticheskii sbornik, Moskva, 'Finansy i statistika', Sotsial'no-ekonomicbeskoe polozhenie 1991 Goskomstat RSFSR, Sotsiafno-ekonomicheskoe po/ozhenie Rossiiskoi Federatsii v 1991 godu, Moskva, Respublikanskii informatsionnoizdatel'skii tsentr, 1992.

242 Abbreviated Titles and Bibliographical Sources Statisticbeskii Presl-byulletea' (numbers 1 and 2) Goskomstat Rossiskoi Federatsii, Statisticheskii Press-byulleten', Moskva, Respublikanskii

7 242 Abbreviated Titles and Bibliographical Sources Statisticbeskii Presl-byulletea' (numbers 1 and 2) Goskomstat Rossiskoi Federatsii, Statisticheskii Press-byulleten', Moskva, Respublikanskii informatsionno-izdatel'skii tsentr, V ozrast naseleniya SSSR Goskomstat SSSR, Vozrast i sostoyanie v brake naseleniya SSSR, Moskva, 'Finansy i statistika', Zbeosbchiny Y SSSR 1991 Goskomstat SSSR, Zhenshchiny v SSSR 1991: statisticheskie materialy, Moskva, 'Finansy i statistika', 1991.

8 Index abortions 112 accidents industrial 142 road 151 adoption I 58 AIDS, cases of I 56 alcoholism see diseases army, opinion on 192-3, 210 atmospheric pollution see pollution autonomous areas defined 1-2 employment of main nationalities in main nationalities in 22-7 persons with higher education in persons with secondary education in opinion on secession of 209 see also territorial divisions births/birth rates by age of mother 47 in cities 59 in territorial divisions 49-50, 55-8 in urban and rural areas 51 number of 46, 51 of specified nationalities 50, 54 out-of-wedlock 48-9 to women under 20 years 46 blue- and white-collar workers, note on 236 brides, shortage of in rural areas 87 censuses, note on 236 children's homes see homes city/town, note on 236 Communist epoch, opinion on end of 195 Communist memorials, opinion on Communist Party, opinion on 194-5, , 228, Congress, opinion on 225 illegal, opinion on Constitution, opinion on new contraception, use of 113 coup attempt opinion on opinion on imprisoned leaders of 227 opinion one year after 234 opinion six months after Crimea, opinion on 227 crimes committed by juveniles 180-1, 185 murders 181, 185 number of 174, 187 number of, by territorial division overview of, M. Ryan Social Trends in Contemporary Russia Michael Ryan 1993

9 244 Index crimes (cont.) persons convicted of, by age group and categories 178 persons found reponsib1e for, by sex and age group 178 persons sentenced for 179 persons sentenced for, by terri to rial division persons under 30 sentenced for 180 unsolved 184 deaths/death rates by main causes ISO from AIDS I 56 from fires I 52 from industrial accidents 142 from non-natural causes 151 from road accidents 151 from suicide 151, 155 in cities 59 in territorial divisions 55-8 in urban and rural areas 5 I maternal 113 of all ethnic groups and Russians 54 of infants, by cause I 53-4 of infants in cities 59 of infants, note on 237 of men, by age group 149 of women, by age group I 50 perinatal 153 democracy, opinion on need for density of population see population dictatorship, opinion on need for 203, 233 diseases alcoholism 146 causing invalidity 144 causing temporary loss of work capacity 142 diphtheria 148 drug addiction 146 infectious 148 malignant neoplasms 145 psychiatric 14Cr7 sexually transmitted 149 tuberculosis 148 divorces/divorce rates by age of divorcees 76 by duration of marriage 75, 77 children involved in 77 in cities 74 number of 75 doctors see women doctors drug addiction see diseases drunkenness in public, arrests for 181 dwellings in urban areas, types of 161 educational and cultural facilities, overview of see also schools educational attainment higher, in autonomous areas of employed persons II 5 of men over 15 years 116 of population over 15 years 114 of population over I 5, by territorial division

10 Index 245 of women over 1 S years 117 secondary, in autonomous areas emigration 62 entrepreneurial activity opinion on 209 undertaken 228 environment changes, opinion on 165 environmental disaster areas environmental issues 1991, overview of 171 ethnic groups see nationalities expectation of life see life expectancy extremist threat, opinion on 232, 233 families average number of persons in 81 by type of urban dwelling 161 distribution by number of children 81 members of 79 number and size distribution of 78 single-parent 82 size distribution of, in towns 80 family, opinion on starting one 228 fertility rate 47, 50 fires 152, 171 firearms, opinion on possession of 226 food, availability of in Moscow future, opinion on 198-9, 219, 229 Georgia, opinion on fighting in 212 Gorbachev, M.S., opinion on 195-8, 214 govemment(s) of RSFSR, opinion on 203, 213, 215, 219, 224, 234 see also Yeltsin health and healthcare 1991, overview of 156 HIV positive cases 156 homes for child orphans for elderly and invalids 158 for infants at work colonies 158 housing rural, supply of utilities in 163 urban, supply of utilities in 162 see also dwellings in urban areas, privatisation, rehousing housing provision around 1990, overview of 164 industrial accidents see accidents infant mortality see deaths of infants illness see diseases invalids by cause of invalidity 144 homes for 158 receiving pensions 160 under 16 years 159

11 246 juvenile crime see crime land ownwership, opinion on 229 language of tuition in day general education schools 122 in evening general education schools 123 in specialised secondary and higher education 123 Lenin, opinion on mausoleum and monuments to life expectancy after reaching specified ages 141 at birth 140 spatial variation in 141 local authorities, opinion on inaction of 207 main event of 1991, opinion as to 211 making ends meet, opinion on 223 malignant neoplasms see diseases marital status note on 237 of men, by age group 66 of men, by territorial division of women, by age group 66 of women, by territorial division 71-4 marriages/marriage rates in cities 74 mixed, opinion on 225 number of 63 Index of Russians to non-russians 63, 64 married persons by sex and age group 65 in urban and rural areas 65 maternal mortality see deaths media criticism of government, opinion on 225 migration between Russia and former USSR republics 52 between town and country 45 from rural areas, demographic effects of 87 monetary reform, opinion on 213 morbidity see diseases mortality see deaths murders see crimes nationalities birth rates of 50 in autonomous areas 22-7 managers from 32 % of, with higher education % of, with secondary education size and linguistic affiliation of with own homeland in RSFSR without own homeland in RSFSR see also autonomous areas, language of tuition nationality, opinion on preferred 205 natural increase in cities 59

12 Index 247 in Moscow 60 in territorial divisions 55-8 of all nationalities and Russians S4 offenders see crimes Ostankino demonstration, opinion on 229 peace-keeping force of United Nations, opinion on need for 215 pension, old-age eligibility for 159 persons receiving minimum 160 pensioners number of 160 per population 159 pharmaceuticalproducu 156 political parties, membership of pollution of atmosphere of cities 166-9, 171 of natural reservoirs 166, 171 population by age group and sex ratio decline of 52-3 density in territorial divisions 4-7 ethnic composition of of cities 40-S of territorial divisions 8-11 o/o of in working age groups, by territorial division sex composition of 83 sex ratio of, by territorial division urban and rural 33 urban, by type of dwelling 161 pre-school establishmenu 138 prices opinion on freeing of 206 opinion on strike action against 213 privatisation of flats opinion on see also land ownership, shareholding problems causing most worry, opinion on 218 psychiatric illnesses see diseases radioactive contamination 170 refugees 61 rehousing in towns 163 reproduction rate 47 republics of former USSR opinion on possibility of fighting among 204 opinion on possibility of Russia fighting 233 republics within RSFSR nomenclature of 3 see also territorial divisions retrenchment, personal, opinion on 207 rural areas see urban and rural areas rural depopulation, effect of 87 rural population centres 35, 162 Russia opinion on great power status of 232 opinion on unity of 207-9, 224

13 248 Index Russians birth rate of SO in former USSR republics in RSFSR 14 inter-ethnic marriages of 63-4 rights of, opinion on safety, evaluation of personal 186 schools boarding for orphans 157 day general education, condition of 133 for the mentally and physically handicapped 132 shift working in sewerage systems, provision of sex ratio/composition of population see population sexually transmitted diseases see diseases shareholding, opinion on 230 single-parent families see families single persons 79 strikes by.. healthcare staff. Op!DlOn On students graduating 136 graduating, by speciality 137 number of 135 suicide see deaths Tatarstan, opinion on independence for 202 teachers see women teachers territorial divisions areas of 4-7 births, deaths and natural increase in 55-8 crimes in defined 1-2 educational attainment in marital status of men in marital status of women in 71-4 population in 8-11 population of working age in sex ratio in towns in women workers in time budgets towns and urban-type settlements 33 by territorial division size distribution of 34 size distribution of families in 80 with over inhabitants ~5 tuberculosis see diseases Ukraine, opinion on referendum in 210 ultra-conservatism, opinion on danger of 233 unemployed, number of 104 unemployment, opinion on prospect of 212 universities 135 urban-type settlements by territorial division number of 33

14 Index 249 rehousing in 163 size distribution of 34 size distribution of families in 80 urban and rural areas births, deaths and natural increase in 51, 54 educational attainment in families in 78 housing with utilities in life expectancy in 140 married persons in 65 members of families in 79 migration between 45, 87 out-of-wedlock births in 48 piped water and sewerage systems in population of 8-11 population of, by age group and sex ratio 85-6 schools in sex ratio in, by territorial division single-parent families in 82 single persons in 79 urban/rural population, note on 237 wardship 158 women blue- and white-collar workers 103, collective farm workers 103 convicted of crimes 178, 185 death rate of 150 doctors 101 educational attainment of 117 evaluation of personal safety by 186 in population 83-7, life expectancy of managers 102 marital status of 71-4 specialists 104 students 101 suicide among 155 teachers. 102 time budgets of unemployment among 104 work-days lost due to illness 143, 156 Yeltsin, B. N., opinion on 190-1,204-5, 217, 219, 231

Chapter 6: Human Population & Its Impact How many is too many? 7 billion currently; 1.6 mill. more each week ~2.4 bill. more by 2050 Developing 82%

Chapter 6: Human Population & Its Impact How many is too many? 7 billion currently; 1.6 mill. more each week ~2.4 bill. more by 2050 Developing 82% of population Developed high resource use; (more coming