Marija Mitrovi ć Bo š kovi ć B. Senem Ç evik Galip Dalay

Transcription

1 C ONTRIBUTORS Marija Mitrovi ć Bo š kovi ć completed a dual masters program conducted by the Middle East Technical University in Ankara and the Humboldt University in Berlin. She earned her bachelor s degree from the International Relations Department of the Faculty of Political Sciences in Belgrade. She wrote her master s thesis on Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans: The influence of traditional determinants on Davuto ğ lu s conception of Turkey-Balkan relations. Ms. Mitrovi ć Bo š kovi ć is currently engaged in different EU projects in Serbia dealing with institution building in the areas of judiciary, fundamental rights, justice, freedom, and security. B. Senem Ç evik is assistant professor at Ankara University and adjunct faculty at At ı l ı m University. She serves on the membership board of International Dialogue Initiative (IDI). She holds a BA and MBA from California State University, San Bernardino, and a PhD in public relations with an emphasis on political communication from Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. Her research interests are cultural diplomacy, citizen diplomacy, and political psychology. She is the coeditor of Turkey s Foreign Policy and Public Diplomacy and International Public Relations and Humanitarian Aid: A Public Diplomacy Perspective, both in Turkish. Galip Dalay is a research director at Al Sharq Forum and senior associate fellow on Turkey and Kurdish Affairs at Al Jazeera Center for Studies. He previously worked as a visiting fellow at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) in Berlin and as a political researcher at SETA Foundation in Ankara. He is the bookreview editor of the quarterly magazine Insight Turkey. In addition, he is a blogger for The Huffington Post.

2 256 Contributors Vedat Demir is professor on the Faculty of Communication at Istanbul University. He has served as a visiting scholar at Ithaca College and Cornell University in the United States. He is the author of Public Diplomacy and Soft Power, Media and Politics in Turkey in Turkish-, and other books. M. Selcan Kaynak is assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Bogazici University in Istanbul. Her work focuses on media and politics from a comparative perspective. Her research interests include media and globalization, new technologies and social change, and political psychology. Melody Mohebi received a PhD from the Department of Social Policy of the London School of Economics and Political Science. In addition to an academic focus on Iranian civil society, she has worked extensively with nongovernmental institutions. Her first book, The Formation of Civil Society in Modern Iran (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) draws on elite in-depth interviews and documents to investigate how and why Iranian reformists used the language and concept of civil society to enhance the reformists positions of power. Burcu Gültekin Punsmann, is currently working as program coordinator in international affairs at the Ankara Policy Center. She holds a PhD from the Institut d Etudes Politiques de Paris. Her research specializes on regionalism, border studies, peace building, and humanitarian aid. She has been working in the field of Turkish-Armenian issues for the last ten years as an analyst, NGO practitioner, and civil society activist. Dr. Punsmann authored a groundbreaking study titled The Stakes of the Opening of the Turkish-Armenian Border: Cross-Border Relations between Turkey and Armenia for the French Institute for Anatolian Studies. Du š an Relji ć has been working since 2003 as senior research associate in the SWP the German Institute for International and Security Affairs and is currently head of the SWP Brussels office. He previously worked at the Dusseldorf-based European Institute for the Media (EIM), and, prior to that, as senior editor at Radio Free Europe in Munich and the foreign editor of the Belgrade weekly Vreme. He was a cofounder of the Beta Press Agency in Belgrade during the critical years of Mr. Relji ć works on international relations and security with focus on the EU and Southeast Europe; democratization, nationalism and ethnic strife, political communication, and media

3 Contributors 257 performance in situations of tensions and conflict. Relji ć holds a PhD from the University of Vienna. Gaye Asl ı Sancar is assistant professor at Galatasaray University Faculty of Communication, Public Relations Department. She received her PhD from Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences in the Public Relations Program. Her publications concentrate on public relations and public diplomacy. She is the author of International Public Relations and Public Diplomacy (in Turkish). Philip Seib is vice dean of the Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism at the University of Southern California, where he is also professor of Journalism and Public Diplomacy and professor of International Relations. He served from as director of USC s Center on Public Diplomacy. He has authored and edited numerous books, including Headline Diplomacy: How News Coverage Affects Foreign Policy ; New Media and the New Middle East; The Al Jazeera Effect; Toward a New Public Diplomacy; Global Terrorism and New Media; Al Jazeera English; and Real-Time Diplomacy: Politics and Power in the Social Media Era. Ö zlem T ü r is associate professor of International Relations at Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. Her main areas of expertise include the political economy of the Middle East, Arab-Israeli conflict and Turkey s relations with the Middle East (especially Syria, Israel, and Lebanon). K ı van ç Ulusoy is associate professor of Political Science at the Istanbul University. He was previously a Fulbright Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School ( ), a Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute in Florence ( ), a Swedish Institute Fellow at Stockholm University (2003) and a Madrid Diplomatic School Fellow ( ). His areas of research include regime change and democratization, Turkish politics and foreign policy, Turkey-EU relations, and Spanish politics. Ç a ğ da ş Ü ng ö r is associate professor at Marmara University s Department of Political Science and International Relations in Istanbul. She holds a PhD in East Asian history from the State University of New York at Binghamton. Her publications in English and Turkish concentrate on different aspects of Sino-Turkish relations, modern Chinese history, and politics. She is the coeditor of Turkey in the Cold War: Ideology and Culture (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

4 258 Contributors Alida Vračić is the director and cofounder of Populari, a think tank based in Sarajevo thatspecializes in providing evidence-based reports on key issues facing Bosnia s development. Prior to that, she worked with European think tanks and has led several Balkan-wide projects at the Human Rights Centre at Sarajevo University and the Spanish Institutional Programme. Ms. Vracic holds an MS in International Public Policy from the University College London and a BA from the Law School at the University of Sarajevo, specializing in criminal law, human rights, and the Dayton Peace Agreement. In 2011, Alida attended a professional program at Harvard University s John F. Kennedy School of Government.

5 INDEX Abdülhamid, Sultan, 49 53, 62, 63, 226, 228 Africa, 1, 3, 9, 10, 21 2, 30, 61, 69, 122, 126, 127, 135, , 143 4, 163, 217, 220, 224 Albania, 25, 29, 44, 52, 100, 102, 104 7, , 122, 216 Al-Nahda, 79 Al-Sisi, Abdulfattah, 79 80, 217 Alevis, Anadolu Agency, 6, 7, 26 7, 114 Anadolu Kültür, 186 Anatolian tigers, 68 9, Ankara, 10, 72, 79, 88, 91 4, 100 4, , , 129, 132, 161, 195, 204 Arab revolts, 1, 141 Arab Spring, 7, 67, 75 6, 79, 81 2, 131, 162 3, 165, 198, 203, 213, 227 Arabs, 11, 44, 129, 137, 216 Aras, Bülent, 76, 82 Arınç, Bülent, 80, Armenia (Republic of), 9, 28, 91, 162 3, 173, 175 9, 187 8, 217 Armenian diaspora, 177, 180, Armenians, 10, 33, 44, 46, 50, 132 3, , 189 Army, 48, 77, 79, 159, 163 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 10, 214 Assad, Bashar, 10, 73, 77 8, 137 Asylum, 48, 92 3 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 14, 87, 113, 122, 160 1, 163, 194 Azerbaijan, 25, 58, 87, 101, 162, 163, 173 Baghdad, 73, 81 Balkan Pact, 100 Barzani, Massoud, 198 BiH (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 100 5, , 115 Black Sea, 48, 56, 100, 106, 174 Bosnia, 25, 27, 29, 44, 53, 100 2, 105, , 122, 129, 162 3, 216, 235 branding, 6, 8, 13 15, 20, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 3, 36 7, 44 5, 47, , 134, , 145 6, 166, 168, 194, 208, 214, , 222 3, 245 BRICS, 1 broadcasting, 24 6, 37, 90, 187, 195, 207, 236 7, 239, 245 Bulgaria, 25, 44 5, 50, 53, 59, 107, 111, , 122, 221 business organizations, 3, 125, 139, 142, 144 Cairo, 75, caliphate, 52, 53, 63 Cansuyu Relief Foundation, 6, 141, 220 Caucasus, 3, 14, 25, 44, 58, 104, 107, 153, 161 2, 167, 177, 220 celebrities, 8, 26, 31 3, 138, 179, 244 China, 1, 10, 19, 29, 56, 101, 117, 144, 157, 162, , 216, 218, 220 6

6 260 Index Christians, 4 5, 21, 44, 46 7, 53, 105, 108, 131, 137 citizen diplomacy, 14, 16, 126, 135, 158 civil organizations, 9, 16, 44, 55, 59, 226 civilian democracy, 5 Cold War, 3, 8, 14, 21, 53 8, 99, 102 3, 116, 153 5, 157, 160 7, 194, 215, 218 conflict, 1, 3, 7, 9, 28, 43, 55, 58 9, 62, 72 5, 77 8, 82 3, 94, 99, 100, 102, 105, 107, , 117, 121, 127 9, 131 2, 134 8, 141, 144, 146, 158, 162 3, 166, 173 4, 180, 182, 185 6, 194, 202 8, 217, 234, 245 conservative, 4, 61, 89, 116, 117, 123 4, 127, 134, 142 4, 154 5, 164, 198, 213, 215, 224, 234, 238, 241 Copenhagen Criteria, 5, 194 coup d etat, 4, 13, 79, 80, 95, 154, 236. See also military coups crisis, 4, 8, 9, 11, 24, 68, 73 4, 76 9, 81, 107, 135 6, 138, 141, 157, 161, 163, 165, 199, 203 4, 217, 220, 237 Croatia, 25, 27, 44, 100, 102, 109, Cull, Nicholas J., 43 cultural diplomacy, 10, 17 19, 21, 23 4, 29, 30, 33 5, 37, 113, 181, 220, 222, 224 cultural exchanges, 10, 14, 16, 23, 30, 104, 125, 156, 179, 181, 214, , 222 3, 237, 244 Cyprus, 13, 53, 159, 164, 217 DAESH, 131. See also ISIS Damascus, 70, 75, 77 Davutoğlu, Ahmet, 6 7, 29, 59 60, 69 73, 76 7, 83, 104 7, , 124, 128, 132, 136, 184 5, 196, 216, 225, 234, 243 Davutoğlu doctrine, 7, 60, 124 5, 128, 144. See also zero-problems policy democracy, 1, 2, 4 6, 13, 56, 57, 60, 72, 77 9, 95, 102 3, 117, 129, 130, 134, 149, 154, 157, 165, 184, 187, 194, 208, , 248 democratization, 4, 5, 53, 59, 134 5, 155, 163, 164 6, 177, 186 7, 193, 201, 205 6, 257 Deniz Feneri Association, 6, Dervishes, 45 dialogue, 16 18, 22 4, 28 9, 33, 37, 59, 72, 74, 82, 88, 107, 121, 135, 159, 174, 178 9, 181 3, 185, 198, 200, diaspora, 23, 24, 174, , 182, 184 9, 239 diaspora organizations, 177, 180, 182, digital diplomacy, 17, 20 1, 27, 224, 240, 244, 246 Directorate General of Press and Information (BYEGM), 7, 17, 22 3 Directorate of Religious Affairs (DIYANET), 6, 114, 140, 222 Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD), 6 7, 24, economy, 3 5, 8, 46, 67 8, 88, 90, 99, , 118, 123, 142 3, 145, 154, 161, 163, 165, 219, 236, 242 3, 245 educational exchanges, 10, 14, 16, 23, 30, 156, 159, 179, 181, 214, 219, 222 3, 244 Egypt, 1, 7, 24, 44, 53, 69, 75, 79 83, 90, 95, 122, 131, 137, 141, 167, 217, 237, 239, 243, 247 ethics, 122, , 132, 134, 145 6, 243 Europe, 3, 9, 17, 21, 24, 32, 44 52, 57, 60, 62, 69 70, 91 3, , 105 6, 114, 144, 160, 162 3, 186, 194, 202, , 236, 256 European Union, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13 14, 19, 20, 30, 59, 61, 76, , 104, 109, 111, , 134, 154, 162, 163 8, 177, 179, 184, 194, 200, 213, , 243 Eurovision Song Contest, 34 5 Erasmus, 30 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 60, 62, 68 71, 74, 79 80, 104, 107, , 117, 119, 136, 138, 164 5, 184, 188, 198, 200 1, 205, 213, , 225, 245

7 Index 261 faith-based organizations, 9, 45, 123, 139, 143, 219 football, 32 3 foreign policy, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 13 16, 18 19, 22, 27 8, 35 6, 38, 43, 54 63, 67, 69, 71 2, 74 5, 77 81, 104, 107, 117, 121 5, , , 142, 143 6, , 174, 193, 198, , 220, 225, 234 6, 242 3, 247 Free Trade Agreement, 70, 111 G20 Presidency, 127 Galatasary University, 30 Gaza, 8, 62, 74, 122, 126, 129, 131, 133, 135, 136, 144, 152 Gaza flotilla, 8, 62, 74, 81, See also Mavi Marmara geopolitics, 9, 54, 99, 153, 194 Germany, 19, 51, 91, 103, 117, 166 Gezi Park protests, 5, 133, 217, 227 global affairs, 2, 162 globalization, 8, 165, 227, 238 Greece, 28, 44, 58 9, 100, 105, 111, 115, 123 4, , Gül, Abdullah, 15, 29, 33, 175 Gülen, Fethullah, 6, , 133, 144, 215, 217, 226 Gulf War, 3, 57, 162 Hamas, 72, 136 hard power, 8, 43 5, 49, 52, 62, 82, 102, 130, 145, 155, 157, 159, 163 4, 166 7, 196, 234, 247 Hizballah, 72 human rights, 6, 46, 93, 103, 117, 128, 130 1, 133, 163, 184, 186, 194 5, 225 humanitarian aid, 6, 9, 18, 24, 47, 51, 121 2, 125, 127, 129, 132, 134, 136 7, 140, 142, 144 6, 207, 215, 219, 244 identity, 3 4, 14, 17, 32, 36, 54 5, 58, 63, 82, 89, 90, 115, 123 4, 136, 143, 155, 158, 164 7, 185, 188, 197 9, 205, , 225, 235 6, 239, 243 IHH (IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation), 6, 126, 127, 141, 144, 220 image, 9, 13, 15, 20 1, 25, 28, 30 3, 36 7, 49 52, 59, 62, 63, 67, 86, 90, 103, 106, 108, 111, 117, 122, 128 9, 133 4, 140 1, 143, 145, 164 5, 167, 194, 203, 208, 213, 218, 242, 245, 247 immigrants, 46, 48, 91 2, 214, 236 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 3, 161 international organizations, 1, 18, 60, 61, 127 international schools, 26, 30, 106 7, 113, 116, 126, 188, 217, 226 investment, 4, 9, 67 70, 72, 78, 88, 104 5, 108, , 117, 126, 141, 143, 208, 225, 237 Iran, 1, 3, 7 10, 69, 71 2, 76 8, 81, 85 95, 99, 122, 135, 160, 200, 202, 244 Iraq, 7, 9, 10, 24, 44, 56, 58, 61, 62, 71 3, 76, 78, 81, 87, , 164, 167, 195, 198, 200, 202, 219, 247 ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and al-sham), 204, 206, 247 Islamic solidarity, 213, 217, 219, 225, Islamophobia, 19 Israel, 4, 7, 8, 44, 62, 67, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 131, 133, 136, 137, 159, 167, 215, 216 Izetbegovic, Alija, 110 Japan, 10, 19, 24, 49, 59, 218, 221 3, 225 6, 240 Jews, 44, 46 7 JDP (Justice and Development Party), 4, 7, 58 62, 68 9, 79, 88, 103, 106 7, 111, 116, 123 4, 132 3, 136, 144 5, 154 5, 159, 164 5, 167, 177, 193, , 207, , , 222, 224 6, 243 6

8 262 Index Kalın, Ibrahim, 14, 15, 71, 74, 75, 80, 130, 216 Kemalism, 58 Kirişçi, Kemal, 69, 243 Kosovo, 29, 100 2, 104, 107, 109, , 122, 235 KRG (Kurdish Regional Government), 198, 202 3, 207 Latin America, 11, 22, 217, 223 4, 239 leadership, 2, 4, 5, 11, 53, 67, 68, 79, 80, 102, 136, 196, 203, 234 Lebanon, 44, 71 3, 78, 90, 122, 237, 243 Mavi Marmara, 8, 62, 74, 81, mediation, 8, 59, 67, 72 4, 78, 81 2, 111, 125, 127, 132, 135, 137 9, 214, 225 Mediterranean, 56, 71, 93, 160, 176 Menderes, Adnan, 4 middle class, 86, 88, 221 Middle East, 1 4, 7, 7, 9, 11, 14, 25, 28, 30, 45, 59 60, 67 71, 76 8, 80 3, 92, 95, 104, 106 7, 114, 122 3, 126, 128 9, 131, 135 7, 140 1, 143, 154, , 187, 195 6, 198, 202, 213, , 221, 223 6, 233 5, , 247 middle power, 1, 9, 124, 130 military coups, 4, 13, 79, 80, 95, 154, 236 military edict, 4 military takeover, 4 Ministry for European Union Affairs, 19 20, 184 Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 6, 20 1, 88 9, , 236, 244, 246 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 6 7, 18 19, 33, 35, 36, 58, 76, 88, 90, 138, 243 MINTs, 1 Montenegro, 44, 104, , , 122 Morsi, Mohammed, 79, 80, 82, 137, 217 Mosques, 8, 21, 52, 110, 115, 188 multicultural, 106, 134, 208 multi-dimensional policy, 104, 124 multi-party system, 4, 55 MUSIAD (Independent Industrialists and Businessmen s Association), 69, Muslim brotherhood, 7, 79 80, 137 Muslims, 3, 44 6, 53, 100, 105, , , 142, 220, 222, 225, 242 narrative, 9, 11, 36, 43, 63, 116, 196 7, 205, 207 8, 241 nationalism, 4, 87, 94, 196 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 3, 9, 78, 100 2, 127, 159, 160 2, 167 8, 216 Neo-Ottomanism, 11, 108, 233 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 6, 8 9, 15, 27 9, 36, 85, 121 8, 131 2, 135, , , 184, nuclear deal, 86 8, 95, 135 Obama, Barack, 8, 76 Öcalan, Abdullah, 10, 159, 195 6, 198, 200 1, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208 Office of Public Diplomacy, 6, 7, 14 19, 35, Operation Cast Lead, 74 opinion leaders, 8, 26, 31, 37, 135, Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), 61, 102, 127 Ottoman Empire, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 21, 22, 43 55, 58, 60, 62 3, 87, 100, 101, 103 8, 112, 114, , 122 3, 131, 132, 136, 160, 161, 182, 184, 186 7, 213, , 222, 224, 226 7, 233 4, , 245 Özal, Turgut, 3, 56 9, 63, 123 Pahlavi, Reza, 87 Palestine, 74, 87, 136 7, 223, 239 Peres, Shimon, 74 PKK (Kurdistan Workers Party), 10, 57, 71, 195 8, 200 8

9 Index 263 popular culture, 8, 59, 238, 241, 242 Presidency for Turks Abroad, 7, 23 4 press, 17, 26, 50, 52 propaganda, 155, 157 9, 215, 238 public affairs, 17 18, 55 public opinion, 13 15, 19 20, 27, 49 50, 52, 55, 63, 73, 87, 154, 156, 174, 187, 201, 218, 224 5, 234, 247 PYD (Kurdish Democratic Union Party), 10, Qatar, 77 Rabia, reconciliation, 124, 132, 176 7, , 185 6, 189, 207 refugees, 8, 46 8, 79, 86, 92 4, 137, 147, 173, 220, 240 regional power, 3, 11, 27, 58, 60, 63, 63, 85, 105, 136, 162, 165 religious organizations, 9, 45, 123, 139, 143, 219. See also faith-based organizations reputation, 30, 32 4, 36, 49, 129, 132, 194, 217 rhetoric, 5, 43, 47, 53, 95, 108 9, , 122, , 133 4, 145, 183, 245 Rouhani, Hassan, 88 Russia, 1, 7, 19, 25, 27, 46, 48, 49, 51 3, , 105, 112, 117, 123, 162 3, 202, 216, 221, 224 Saudi Arabia, 44, 69, 77, 99, 237 sectarianism, 7, 25, 77 8, 81, 226, 246, 248 secularism, 8, 62, 86, 198 security, 1, 8, 54, 57 8, 60, 67, 78, 82, 86, 94, 100, 102, 128, 134, 139, 143, , 162 3, 166, 179, 195, , 202, 243, 255, 256 Seib, Philip, 141 Serbia, 25, 27, 44, 50, 101, 104 5, , 116, 162, 235 Sevres syndrome, 54 single-party, 54 5 soap operas, 11, 59, 62, 80, 89, 95, , 233, , 246 soft power, 2 3, 5 8, 10 11, 13 16, 31, 37, 43 5, 49, 52 3, 58 9, 61 2, 68, 82, 85 7, 95, 99, 102 4, 106, 121 2, 124 5, 127, 130, 134, 140, 143 6, 153 5, 158 9, 163 4, 166 8, 196, 208, , 221 4, Soviet Union, 55 6, 58, 99, 100, 102, 104, 123, 160 2, strategic depth, 50, 59 60, 104, 124 5, 128, 234 Syria, 7, 9, 10, 17, 24, 44, 47, 58, 67 87, 90 2, 122, 129, 131, 134, 137, 141, 144 5, 150, 152, 159, 162, 167, 171, , 203 6, 208, 211, 217, 234, 237, 239, 244, 245, 247 9, 257 Syrian crisis, 78, 79, 81, 199, 203, 204, 217 Syrian Kurds, 198, 206 Syrian National Council (SNC), 77 Syrian refugees, 137, 145 Tahrir Square, 75 television, 5, 6, 11, 22, 24 5, 31, 59, 62, 80, 85 90, 94, 181, 187, 224, 231, 233 9, TESEV (Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation), 28, 89, 95, 247 think tanks, 8, 16, 28 9, 36, 101, 166, 181 tolerance, 43, 45 7, 63, 107, 215 tourism, 4, 8, 34, 62, 70, 86, 90 1, 93 4, 112, 114, 221, 228, 242, 243 trade, 47, 57, 67 72, 88, 104, 111, 113, 117, 139, 143, 176, 202, 214, 224 5, 244 Truman Doctrine, 160, 169 Turcology Project, 22, 221 Turkic Republics, 56 8, 101, 123, 224, 236 Turkish Airlines, 12, 32, 36, 91, 115, 139 Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency, 4 6, 20 2, , 125 6, , , 226

10 264 Index Turkish model, 1, 5, 79, 82, 95, 132, 165, 235, 247 Turkish Radio and Television Corporation, 6, 24 6, 114, 224, 236, 245 Turkish Red Crescent, 6, 52, 153, Turkish-Armenian relations (please also see other items for Armenia), 133, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 187, 189 Turkish-Islamic synthesis, 123 TÜSİAD (Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen s Association), 27, TUSKON (Turkish Confederation of Industrialists and Businessmen), 142 4, 226 Twitter, 17, 21, 27, 133, 217, 224, 231, 244, 246 UEFA (Union of European Football Associations), 33 UN (United Nations), 2, 61, 102, 127, 137, 188 UNHCR (United Nations Refugee Agency), 92, 131 United Kingdom, 91, 123 United States, 51, 55, 68, 91 2, 99, 129, 154, 157 9, 162, 164 6, 178, 182, 215, 236, 239 universities, 16, 22 3, 26, 30 1, 33, 36, 58, 110, 115, 116, 177, 181, 222 3, 244 USAID (United States Agency for International Development), 178 values-based policy, 1, 5 9, 75, 80, 121 2, 124, 125, , 138, 145 Western powers, 1, 50, 54 5, 76, 85 6, 132, 154, 162, 182, 208 Westernization, 49, 62, 159, World EXPO, 18, 51, 220, 222 Yerevan, 91, 174, 176, 183 Yugoslavia, 9, , 104 6, , 160, 162 Yunus Emre Centers, 29, 113, 207, 221 2, 226, 244 Zaharna, R. S., 126, 141 zero-problems policy, 7, 60, 62, 69, 75 8, 88, 104, 124, 213, 216, 243