1. Amendments impacting Voting. 15th - No Racial Discrimination. 17th - Direct election of senators by citizens, not state legislature appointment

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1 Exam 6A Notes

2 1. Amendments impacting Voting 15th - No Racial Discrimination 17th - Direct election of senators by citizens, not state legislature appointment 19th - no sex/gender discrimination (Female Suffrage) 24th - no poll taxes (used after 15th to discriminate against poor & Minorities 26th - no age discrimination if 18 (Vietnam Era - Old enough to die, old enough to vote

3 2. Voter Turnout in U.S.! US Election Criticisms.! 1. Struggle for voting rights! women / minority groups no rights until 1900s! 2. Among lowest turnouts - 70% max turnout! election laws in 50 states - confusing?

4 3. So who does vote?! 60s-70s% Presidential Years! 30s%-40s% Non-Presidential Years! These are called mid-terms as they fall in the middle of a President s term. All of House up for election Good reflection of America? Remember - 3rd Parties may have a difficult time getting on the ballot in many states because of state ballot laws

5 Voter Turnout for Presidential and Congressional Elections,

6 Who Votes continued... 2 Big Factors:! Age! Age Vote %! could dominate, don t!! Education! Ed Vote %

7 Voting in 2008 Presidential Elections by Age Group and Educational Level

8 4. Eligibility and Registration!Eligibility! 1. US Citizenship! (NE by date of general election)! 3. Residency! 4. Register by State s Deadline - varies!! 5. Not a felon - varies! In NE 2 yr loss!registration Laws! Reserved Power - No Nat l Uniformity! Most states days before election! NE - 3rd Friday before election (25 days)

9 5. Voter Behavior 1. Rational Choice - best interest of me! 2. Retrospective Voting - voting based on how an incumbent did Incumbent - someone seeking reelection 3. Prospective Voting - voting based on prediction of how a candidate will perform 4. Party-line Voting - voting based upon party ideology Party Column Ballot - ballots may be constructed to make party voting easier! (See right) End Day 1

10 6. Types of Elections Did you know...parties used to pick candidates. Primaries opened this up! (! 1. Primaries/Caucuses: party members choosing party nominee! Closed primary - party members only (NE Reps)! Open primary - pick a party and vote (rare)! appeals to independents and moderates! Caucus-informal meeting to choose nominee (NE Dems)! can be open or closed as well most closed.! Parties allocate a # of delegates to each state! Majority of Delegates = Party Nominee!

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12 !2. General elections - Nominees for each office square off AND other elections on the ballot like: Initiatives - Bypassing St. Leg.-Voting by citizens on legislation Local Elections Coattail Effect - Popular candidates help those down on the ticket in their party. Ex. Did CO Pot Initiative ride Obama s coattails? Candy Bar Election Review!!!

13 7. The Electoral College Revisited!EC formally elects Pres.! States have E votes = to members in Congress - NE = 5 votes (3+2)! Winner-Take-All in 48 states! NE/ME - District Method - Can split!! Overall State winner gets 2! Winner in each district gets 1.! 538 Total Electoral votes! 270 to Win - No 270=HOR decides

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15 62.5 million 61.2 million!3 Criticisms of Electoral College! 1. Winner-Take-All System! Exaggerates margin of victory! 2. Only Battleground States Matter - States with balance of dems and reps. is most candidate focus! 3. Can lose majority and win Presidency! W. Bush - 271, but lost popular vote by 500,000! Trump - 306, but lost popular vote by over a million

16 270towin.com 2016 Homework- Electoral College Review!

17 8. Money, Media, & Lecture 4 Campaigns!Money is mother s milk of politics!! $6B spent ! RECORD! Negative ads - Effective?! Image - Nixon v. JFK! Negative Ads - LBJ - Daisy Girl! Living Room Candidate!!! (Photo by Time Life Pictures/National Archives/Time

18 9. Changing Media! Easier access to voters- solicit $, social media messages, etc.! Changing face of campaigns - less volunteers, more professional marketers and pollsters

19 Remember - FEDERAL LEVEL 10. Regulating Campaign $$$!1. Early 70s - Created Federal Election Commission (FEC)! Goals of law creating FEC -! Limit $$ to candidates! Create disclosure of $$ (opensecrets.org)! Limited $$ = Hard Money! Buckley v. Valeo - decision supporting limitations - Blesses Hard Money

20 ! Around limits.birth of..! Soft $$ - Unlimited $$ to parties, w/ wink-wink expectations $$ would go to local candidates skirting Hard $$ limits 2. BCRA 2002! Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act! BCRA Goal - KILL SOFT $$$ Loophole! Limits $$ to parties & candidates

21 3. Around BCRA - 02 to Today 2010 Citizen s United v FEC As long as individuals or groups are not tied to campaigns or parties unlimited $ $ allowed. Why? 1st Am Rights! Super PACs - Outcome of rulings interest groups, unions, & individuals can raise and give UNLIMITED $$ to these. For now blessed by Citizens United ruling. Biggest Rule - Cannot be aligned with a campaign. Must be independent for unlimited $$

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23 Good Review! End Lecture 5

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