Science for Diplomacy & Diplomacy for Science
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1 Science for Diplomacy & Diplomacy for Science Chris Llewellyn Smith Director of Energy Research, Oxford University President SESAME* Council *Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East Science in support of diplomatic ends, e.g. science input to arms control negotiations, creating better understanding between different peoples Diplomacy in support of scientific ends, e.g. negotiating agreement to build ITER and Square Kilometre Array, EU programme that strengthened scientifically weaker members by fostering international collaboration Forming International Scientific Collaborations Setting up collaborations takes a lot of time - to develop trust between partners: bureaucrats/administrators, engineers and scientists (grossly underestimated in ITER) Bring all partners in early involve all in defining project; feeling of ownership (problem with SSC) Don t freeze design too early could ossify while negotiations drag on, but hard to negotiate until design fixed and can be costed (problem with ITER) Impossible to choose site on purely technical basis: in the end choice is political US exceptionalism
2 Science for Peace Two organisations created under the umbrella of UNESCO: CERN Conceived late 1940s - two aims: Enable construction of a facility beyond means of individual members Foster cooperation between peoples recently in conflict SESAME Conceived late 1990s with the same aims: Members: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Turkey Hope start commissioning in 2016 It will work politically provided science is first class CERN: founded in 1954: 12 European States Science for Peace Today: 21 Member States ~ 2300 staff ~ 1400 other paid personnel ~ scientific users Budget (2015) ~1000 MCHF Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom Associate Member States: Pakistan, Turkey States in accession to Membership: Romania, Serbia Applications for Membership or Associate Membership: Azerbaijan, Brazil, Brazil, Croatia, Cyprus, India, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine Observers to Council: India, Japan, Russia, United States of America; European Union, JINR and UNESCO 4
3 Science is getting more and more global SESAME is a 3rd generation light-source ( very powerful flash lamp microscope ) under construction near Amman SESAME will foster - science and technology in the Middle East and neighbouring countries (from biology and medical sciences through materials science, chemistry, and physics to archaeology) - cooperation across political divides BAHRAIN Observers: Brazil, China, EU, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Portugal, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA
4 Experimental Hall May 2012 Booster November 2013 Beam stored & brought to full energy (800 MeV) September 2014 The highest energy accelerator in the Middle East First of 16 sectors of the main storage ring at CERN 31 March 2015 Collaboration between CERN, SESAME Members and Observers Spain : quadrupoles France : sextupole coils UK : dipoles Germany: vacuum chambers Turkey : quadrupole coils In Addition Italy : Dipoles power supply Switzerland: controllers + correctors power supplies Israel : power supplies for quadrupole sand sextupoles Pakistan : sextupoles Spain girders Cyprus : sextupoles
5 Girders, Dipoles, Quadrupoles and Sextupoles Stacked before Assembly at SESAME on Saturday X-RAY ABSORPTION BEAMLINE (BASEMA) Energy range: 3-30 kev. Main components from ROBL-ESRF Applications: in basic materials science, life sciences and environmental science on the nanoand micro-meter scale. Examples: designing new materials and improving catalysts, e.g. for the petrochemical industries, determining bonding structure and identification of the chemical composition of fossils and of valuable paintings in a non-invasive manner Note: IAEA CRP on: Absorption and Mobility of Heavy Metals in Soils in Vicinity of Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers + Synchrotron Based XRF/XAFS Techniques in Tracking Pollution (Air/Soil) in some Arab Countries involves SESAME, Egypt & Jordan; provides access to ELETTRA synchrotron in Italy.
6 Training Programme (benefits for world-wide support) Users Meetings, Schools, Workshops, Fellowships, visits to operating light-sources,... are building technical and scientific capacity in the region 1 st Users Meeting Amman th Users Meeting Amman 2012 SESAME-JSPS School Cairo 2008 Began training accelerator experts who returned to the Middle East Now Training Scientists Advanced Light Source Users Meeting, NSLS Members of SESAME Accelerator Group, 2007 Concluding Remarks Role of scientist in negotiations professional respect/trust of scientists in different camps can be vital (mutual understanding and respect between science advisors and politicians/civil servants they advise also vital) Negotiating international scientific collaborations: analysis of examples a few general rules, what can go wrong. International scientific collaboration is culturally enriching/broadens the mind. Technical/scientific respect fosters greater tolerance/mutual understanding. Science for peace must be driven by science for good science SESAME is soon going to be producing good science
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