Class 10 th Scholars School Srinagar

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1 Histroy Lesson No. 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Additional Question Q.1) Describe the growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s? (OR) Describe the main factors that led to the rise and growth and development of nationalism in Europe. Ans) The following factors that led to the growth and development of nationalism in Europe are: (1) The French Revolution provided the basis for it. Inspired by it, the revolutionaries in other European countries also started the movements and campaigns to develop nationalism among their people. As a result there occurred large scale political transformation in Europe after 1830s. (2) Some countries were freed from despotic rule like France, some others were freed from foreign rule like Greece and more importantly some were united as nations like Italy and Germany. (3) The Lecture of Ernst Renan in 1882 on what is a nation inspired the people towards nationalism and nation formation. Likewise the ideas of John Locke, Voltaire and Rousseau also proved productive in the growth of nationalism in Europe. (4) The Napoleonic wars, revolutionary actions of Guissepe Mazini, Count Cavour, Guissepe Garibaldi, Bismarch paved the way for the growth of nationalism in Europe after 1830s. (5) Romanticists like Johann Gottfried Herder, Lord Byron, Karol Kurpinski, Grimm Brothers emphasized on the role of art, poetry, folktales, music, language etc in the development of nationalism. So, culture also contributed to the growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s. These are the main factors in the growth and development of nationalism in Europe. Textual questions Write in brief Q1) Write a note on: (a) Guiseppe Mazzini:- Guiseppe Mazzini, an important architect (0ne who design) of the unification of Italy, was born in 1807 in Genoa. He was the prohphet of Italian nationalism He was always concerned about the fate of his country. This is evident from the fact that he used to dress in black garments to project himself as a mourner. He said that God had intended (planed) nations to be the natural units of mankind. In order to liberate his country from foreign rulers, he joined a revolutionary organization called Carbonari, a secret society formed in 1810 mainly by the charcoal burners of Italy to attempt a revolution in his native state of Liguria. However, the attempt failed, and Mazzini was arrested and imprisoned. After his release, While in exile he founded a new organization called Young Italy. The organization was named Young Italy because Mazzini firmly believed in the potential of youth.. It aimed to liberate his country from foreign rule and bring its unification through the education of young men. He appealed to the youth through his writings and speeches and established branches of young Italy in every nook and corner

2 of the country. The young Italy began to attract thousands of young Italians who were prepared to give sacrifice of their lives for the cause of liberation and unification of their country. Though Mazzini and his young Italy failed to achieve unification, yet they had filled the minds of the people with such sentiments that other patriots were able to achieve the unification of Italy without much difficulty. (a) Count Camillo de-cavour:- Count Cavour, an important liberator of Italy belonged to an aristocratic family of Sardinia. Moved by the defeat of Sardinia at the hands of the Austria, Cavour decided to work for the unification of Italy. In 1848 he urged the king victor Emmuuel II to take the lead in liberating Italy from the Austrian control. When he got elected to the Assembly, he made eloquent (fluent) speeches aimed to improve the state affairs in Sardinia and piedmont. The king was deeply impressed by him and appointed him as the Chief Minister in After realizing the fact that the kingdom of Sardinia and piedmont was a small power. He thought that to achieve the goal of liberation of Italy, two things were essential first to build up a strong army, second, the assistance of a foreign power to defeat Austria. So, he entered into a diplomatic alliance with France and succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in (b) The Greek war of independence:- Greece had been under the control of the ottoman Empire since the 15 th century. Greeks were subjected to heavy taxation and Turkish law courts did not protect the Greeks against injustice. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe mobilized the Greeks to struggle for independence. So, the Greek war of independence was started in Nationalists in Greece were supported by the educated elite of Europe. Due to Greek classical heritage, there was a tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe The scholars and artists praized Greece as they considered it as the cradle of European civilization. Thus in 1829, France, England, Russia etc supported Greek to defeat sultan of Turkey and forced him to sign the treaty of Adrianople in 1829 A.D. Ultimately Greece was recognized as an independent nation in 1832 through the treaty of Constantinople. (d) Frankfurt Parliament: The 1848 French revolution inspired the middle class Germans to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state to be governed by an elected parliament. In May 1848, 831 elected representatives of German Confederacy came together in the city of Frankfurt. They assembled in the church of St. Paul & drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarch subject to parliament (Constitutional monarchy). This was an attempt of the liberals to unify the German states. However, the Frankfurt assembly failed because Friedrich Wilhelm, the King of Prussia rejected the offer to act as the emperor of Germany. He was joined by the other monarchs to suppress the liberals. The assembly came to an end in May, (e) (i) (ii) (iii) The Role of women in nationalist struggles:- The role of women in the nationalist struggles of Europe is briefly summarized in the following points:- Women played a very significant role in the nationalist struggles all over the world. In all the European states. France, Germany, Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, women had taken an active part in the nationalist struggle of their countries. women actively participated in the movements of French revolution. Likewise in the unification of Italy and Germany, women played a significant role Women actively participated in the nationalist struggles of Europe because they were mobilized by the measures of the liberal nationalists. The liberal nationalists personified liberty as a female figure. They were equally responsible for demanding constitutionalism with national unification.

3 (iv) (v) Ans) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Ans) (i) (ii) (iii) Women had formed their own political associations and taken part in political meetings and demonstration.they led the movements, faced the tortures, spread the ideas of liberal nationalism and participated in the various revolutionary organizations. While men were busy in outside wars, women handled all family issues. They published several journals and magazines. Q2) What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people? (BOSE) In order to create a sense of collective identity among the French people the French revolutionaries adopted the following measures and practices:- The ideas of la Patrie (the father-land) and le citoyen (the citizen) were introduced to emphasis the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour was chosen as a national symbol to replace the royal standard. The Estates General was replaced by the National Assembly whose members were elected by a body of active citizens. A centralized administrative system was introduced to make uniform laws for all citizens. The dialect of French language spoken & used in paris was encouraged as the national language and regional dialects were discouraged. A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted and internal customs duties were abolished to promote economic exchange. Q3) Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed? Marianne was the female allegory of French nation. Similarly, Germania was the female allegory of German nation. They stood as personifications of the revolutionary ideals like liberty and the Republic. The importance of the way in which they were portrayed is given in the following points:- It was an attempt of the revolutionaries to give a concrete form to the abstract idea of the nation. They believed that it would instill nationalist feelings among the people of these countries. Statues of Marianne with red cap, the tricolour and the cockade were erected at public squares to remind the public the symbol of national unity. Germania was portrayed in visual representations wearing a crown of oak leaves. As the German oak stands for heroism, so it was aimed to develop heroism among Germans. Unification of Germany: Ans.(i) Before the Napoleonic conquests, Germany was divided into more than 300 independent states. Prussia was largest one. (iii) Napoleon conquered German states and re-organised them into 39 states. Napoleon had given the idea of a united Germany which should embrace all the German speaking people under one national Govt., but the congress of Vienna undid the work of Napoleon and revived the old German states. (iv) The establishment of Zollverein or the customs union of the German states helped in the growth of idea of political unification of German states. However, the liberals failed in their attempt because of the repression of the combined forces of Monarchy and landlords. Later on Prussia took over the leadership of the movement for German unification Role of Bismark in German Unfication: (i) Prince Ottovon Bismark, the chancellor of Prussia, was the architect of German unification. He believed that bursts of sentiments have no place in politics, and followed blood and iron policy. He believed that only Prussia was fit to led the movement for the German unification.

4 (ii).he knew that domination of Austria, and France must be broken to make unification possible. For this, he recorganised Purssian army and to raise money that was needed for wars. (iii).bismark s object of unifying Germany was accomplished by the following three wars withdenmark, Austria and France which were covered into a brief period of seven years ( ) and won all the wars. These wars completed the process of German unification. On 18 Jan, 1871, the Prussian king, William I was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. (i) The Danish War: Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were under the possession of Denmark, but were inhabited by Germany. They were a bone of contention between Germany and Denmark. Bismark induced the Austrian Emperor to join Germany in the war against Denmark. The Astor German armies easily defeated Denmark and forced her to cede the two duchies to Austria and Prussia Jointly. (ii) Austro-Prussian War (AD 1866): Now Bismark planned to annex the two Duchies to Prussia. He accused Austria of encouraging discontent against the Prussians in Schleswig. In 1866, Prussia declared war and defeated Austria. The North German confederation was next step by Bismark for unification of Germany. (iii)france-prussia war (Ad- 1871): The war between Prussia and France was the final step in the creation of unified German nation. The dispute was over the succession to the Spanish throne. On July 19, 1870, France declare war against Prussia. The states of North confederation supported Prussia and defeated France and surrender Alsace and Lorraine to German. Q5) What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him? Ans) Napolean Bonarparte was an enlightened despot. He desired an orderly Govt. and a rational administration. This is evident from the following changes which he introduced to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him. (i) He abolished all privileges based on birth and put careers open to men of talent. (ii) He established equality before law and secured the right of the people to hold property. Farmers enjoyed ownership rights on the existing land that was acquired from church and nobility (iii) He abolished feudal order. (iv) Nobles, middle classes and peasants became subjects of state, all equally liable to pay taxes.. (v) In the urban areas he removed guild restrictions and internal custom barriers. (vi) He standardized weights and measures, common currency which, facilitated movement and exchange of goods and hence boosted the trade and commerce. Discuss Q1) Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals? Ans: The year 1848 is popularly called the year of revolution of the liberals led by the educated middle class. In the year 1848 there were uprisings & upheavals for liberty & nationhood or unification in several parts of Europe. The revolutionary wave started in France & immediately spread to most parts of Europe. In Feb, 1848, the liberals in France along with workers took to streets to demand reforms. It resulted into proclamation of France as a republic & extension of franchise to all the adult males above 21 years of age. Besides, national workshops were set up to provide food, health care & employment to the people. Although this widespread revolutionary wave was suppressed by the conservatives, but they could not restore the old order. For instance the 1848 revolutionary attempts of the liberals in Germany, Italy etc were suppressed but they convinced the conservatives to go for changes.

5 The liberals supported the following political, social & economic ideas. i) They emphasized the concept of govt. by consent. ii) They were against autocracy and unjust Privileges and favoured a constitutional & representative govt. through parliament. iii) They also emphasized freedom for the individual & equality of all before law. iv) In the economic sphere, they emphasized freedom of markets & abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods & capital. Q2) Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe? Ans: Culture played an important role to the growth of nationalism in Europe. The contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe can be understood from the following examples. i) The German Romanticist philosopher Johan Gottfried Herder popularized the true spirit of the nation (volksgeisf) through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. He insisted on the importance of collecting & recording of different forms of folk culture in the nation building. ii) Poland was divided at the end of 18 th century by the great powers namely Russia, Prussia and Austria. Here the nationalist feelings were kept alive & promoted through language & music. e.g. Karol kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas & music. He made folk dances like polonaise & mazurka as the nationalist symbols. After the Russian occupation, the polish language was forced out of schools & the Russian language was imposed everywhere under the policy of Russification. In response to it, clergy used polish language in church gatherings & all other religious instruction. They promoted polish language as a weapon of national resistance. iii) Due to Greek classical heritage, there was a tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe The scholars and artists praized Greece as they considered it as the cradle of European civilization. During Greek war of independence, achievements and glorious past of Greek was reminded. Q3) Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century. Ans: Nationalism that emerged in the 18 th century in Europe led to the development of nations over the 19 th century. Several nations were formed in the 19 th century. However, here we will focus on the development of Germany & Italy as nations. i) Germany:- The French occupation & congress of Vienna transformed about 200 kingdoms of Germany into a confederation of 39 independent states. German nationalism that emerged during its French occupation was subsequently developed by the inspiration of romanticist ideas. In 1848, liberals tried to unify Germany through Frankfurt assembly but failed because of the opposition & rejection of the King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm. In the following decades many Germans turned to Prussia for leadership in the struggle for unification. The CM of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck adopted the policy of blood & iron (war diplomacy) with the help of army & bureaucracy. Under this policy Prussia fought 3 wars over seven years with Denmark, Austria & France. This policy resulted into Prussian victory & German unification. On 18 Jan, 1871 William I was proclaimed as the German emperor. This way Germany developed into a nation. ii) Italy:- Italy was divided into seven states in the middle of the 19 th century. Out of these states only one, Sardinia-piedmont was ruled by the Italians themselves. Giuseppe Mazzini who was a liberal revolutionary sought to unify Italy. He formed Young Italy but failed to drive Austrians out of Italy in 1848 uprising. After it the responsibility was taken by Sardinia-piedmont. Its CM count Cavour defeated Austria through a diplomatic alliance

6 Ans: with france. After it Garibaldi organized Expedition of the thousand to liberate southern Italy from Bourbons. In 1861 victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of united Italy. Q4) How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe? (BOSE) Britain was formed as a nation in a unique way. Unlike France, Italy, Germany etc, it was not formed as a result of a sudden upheaval or revolution, but as a result of a long drawn process. (i) Before 18 th century, primary identities of the people who inhabited British isles were based on their ethnicity such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. The English nation which grew in wealth, importance & power began to extend its influence over other ethnic groups inhabiting the isles. It was during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 that British parliament snatched power from the English Monarch James II and proved instrumental in establishing a nation state with England at the center. This revolution proved instrumental in forging these ethnic groups. (ii) The act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the creation of Great Britian. English culture was imposed over Scottish people. This is revealed from the fact that the Catholic clans inhabiting Scottish highlands were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress. (iii) Ireland suffered a similar fate. It was divided between Catholics & Protestants & here England supported Protestants to establish their dominance over a largely catholic country. Ireland was forcibly made a part of UK through a new act of union in (iv) After it, a new British nation began to be formed through the propagation of a dominant English culture. Union Jack (The British flag), God save our noble king(the national anthem) & English language were actively promoted as a symbols of new Britain. Q5) Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans? (BOSE) Ans: The Balkans was the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe because of the following reasons. i) The Balkans include present day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro etc. So, it reveals that Balkan was a region of geographical & ethnic variation. This wide diversity of the region led to nationalist tensions. ii) A large part of Balkans was under Ottoman Empire. The disintegration of the empire & the romantic nationalism made the region highly sensitive. It was so because the Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity & independence. iii) The Balkan states were jealous of each other as each of them tried to gain more territory at the expense of others. iv) The Balkan problem became more complicated because of big power rivalry. The European powers such as Russia, Germany, England, Austria and Hungary wanted to took control of the region. This led to a series of Balkan wars which culminated into the outbreak of First World War in 1914.

7 Lesson No.2 Nationalism in India Additional Questions Q1:Write short note on the Satyagrahas launched by Gandhiji before non-cooperation movement? (BOSE) Ans : Satyagraha was a non-violent method of mass agitation. Gandhiji had faith in satyagraha as non-voilent method of fighting against oppression. He successfully organized satyagraha movements at various places in India. e.g, i) Champaran Catyagraha: In 1916,Gandhiji organized champaran satyagraha in Bihar against the oppressive plantation system of indigo planters. His satyagraha forced the Govt. to yield to him and accept to give 25% compensation to the cultivators. ii) iii) Ans. Kheda Satyagraha: In 1917,Gandhiji organized a satyagraha to support the peasants of kheda district of Gujrat. Here the peasants were demanding relaxation in the revenue collection because they were affected by crop failure. The Govt. ultimately deffered the payment of revenue to the next year. Ahmadabad Satyagraha: In 1918, Gandhiji organized a satyagraha movement for the cotton Mill workers of Ahmadabad. Here the workers were demanding increase in the wages. Gandhiji successfully made the Mill owners to declare 35% increase in the wages of workers. Q2: Write a short note on Khilafat movement? OR Khilafat Agitation: During the World War First, Turkey was allied with central powers (Germany and Austria). As the war ended in the defeat of central powers, Turkey was forced to sign humiliating and harsh peace treaty. The Muslims regarded the Sultan of Turkey as their spiritual head. The muslims of India reacted to it and decided to launch a movement against the British in India. In March,1919, Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay by Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal to defend the Khalifa s tempered powers and a Khilafat movement was launched by Indian muslims under the leadership of Mohammad Ali and Showkat Ali. Their main demands were: (i) The Khalifa must retain control over the Muslim holy places. (ii) He must be left with his pre-war territories so that he could maintain his position as the head of Islamic world. (iii) Jazirat-ul Arab must not be under non-muslims control. Gandhi found an opportunity, supported Khilafat cause in a bid to bring the Muslims into the mainstream of Indian Nationalism. In February 1920 Gandhiji suggested the Khilfat committee to adopt a programme of Non-violent and Non-Cooperation Movement. The Khilafat committee unanimously accepted the suggestion of Non-Cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and Swaraj. However in 1922, Turkey became a republic under Mustfa Kamal pasha Atatruk. The Khalifa was overthrown. The Khilfat movement ended in India Q3: What idea Gandhiji expressed in Hind Swaraj? Or Why Gandhiji believed in Non -Cooperation movement? Ans: Hind Swaraj is the book written by Gandhiji in The book shows his faith in Non cooperation In this book Gandhiji declared that the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and had survived only because of this cooperation. Now, if Indians refused to cooperate, British rule will collapse within a year and Swaraj would come.

8 Q4: Why Civil Disobedience movement was launched? What was the programme of the Movement? Briefly describe the course of civil disobedience movement? (BOSE) Ans: The main causes of the civil disobedience movement were: (i) Simon commission and its failure :- The Tory Govt. in Britain constituted the statutory commission under Sir John Simon in November, The Simon commission was to review the operation of the constitutional system in India. Non-inclusion of Indians in the commission provoked protests from all the political groups in Indian and resulted in a nation wide boycott participated by both congress and the Muslim league, when the Simon commission arrived India in 1928, it was greeted with slogans like Go Simon Go Back. (ii) The launch of a radical movement for complete independence:- Radical leaders of congress like Jawaharlal Nehru and S. C. Bose wanted mass radical agitation and demanded complete independence. The Nehru demanded for Purna Swaraj, but Simmon commission was not in a mood to meet this demand. The congress leaders got angry. (iii)the adverse effect of economic depression on peasants:- Due to world wide economic depression, the prices of exportable agricultural cash crops went down steeply by about 50 percent affected the peasants. While the income of the peasantry was going down, the amount of revenue settled previously remained static, as Govt. was in no mood to remit the revenue. This situation helped congress to mobilize the peasantry (iv) The real nature of the British rule was exposed. Indian nationalists realized that the British rule has exploited India politically,spiritually, economically and culturally. Keeping the above cited points into consideration,nationalists resolved in the Lahore congress of Dec,1929 to start a mass civil disobedience movement under Gandhiji for the attainment of purna swaraj (complete independence). Gandhiji served an eleven point ultimatum to lord Irwin. The important demands were : (i) Salt tax and Salt Monoplay should be abolished. (ii) Military expenditure should be reduced by 50% to begin with. (iii) Protection of Indian textiles and shipping. (iv) The rupee sterling ratio should be reduced. (v) Land Revenue should be reduced by half and made a subject of legislative control. (vi) All political prisoners should be discharged Lord Irwin was to fulfill the demands by march 1930.As he failed to respond to the demand, Gandhiji started the movement on 12 march,1930 with the historic Dandi March. PROGRAMME OF THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT : The programme of the movement was as follows: (i) Breaking of salt law by manufacturing of salt and sale of salt. The choice of breaking of salt law as the central issue was a deliberate attempt of Gandhi, as a highly emotive issue with great publicity value. Salt was a commodity, consumed by all sections of the society. (ii) Boycott of foreign cloth and liquor. (iii) Non payment of revenue in the ryotwari areas, and non-payment of chaukidari taxes in the Zamindari areas. (iv) Violation of forest laws in the central provinces. COURSE OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT: The movement started with the famous Dandi March in which Gandhiji broke the salt law on 6 th April 1930.The movement spread rapidly across the country. The people violated the colonial laws e.g ; tribals defied forest laws. People burnt foreign cloth and picketted liquor shops. Peasents refused to pay revenue. Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan organized Khudai Khitmatgars in NWFP to fight against the British.

9 To curb the movement, Govt began to arrest congress leaders. Khan Abdul Gaffer khan,gandhiji, Nehru were arrested.by the end of 1930, about 100,000 people were arrested & jailed. Gandhiji suspended the movement on 5 March,1931. He signed a pact with Irwin (Gandhi- Irwin pact) and participated in the 2 nd round table conference at London. The failure of the conference made Gandhiji to resume the movement on his return to India in However,due to the outright repression of the Govt, the movement lost its momentum and was called off in May,1934 Q5: Name the social groups which participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Why they participated? What swaraj meant to them? Ans: The social groups which participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were, i) Rich peasant communities, like patidars of Gujrat and the jats of U.P. ii) Poor peasants iii) Indian industrial or business class. i) RICH PEASANT COMMUNITIES : The economic depression and fall in the agricultural prices badly affected the rich peasants who were producing cash crops.their demand of reduction in the revenue was refused by the Govt. So they joined the movement because of their resentment against the Govt. They considered the movement was against high revenue demand and swaraj meant freedom from high revenues. ii) POOR PEASANTS : The poor peasants were struggling with their subsistence.they were unable to pay the revenue. So,they participated in the movement against British.They thought swaraj meant remission of unpaid rent to landlords and reduction of land revenue. iii) INDUSTRIAL OR BUSINESS CLASS: The business classes demanded encouragement and protection of their interests from the Govt. They had already organized themselves as they formed Indian Industrial and commercial congress in 1920 and the Federation of Indian chamber of commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.They whole heartedly participated in the movement. The swaraj to them meant end of colonial restrictions on business and flourishing of trade and industry. Q6: What role did women play in civil disobedience movement? What swaraj meant to them? Ans: An important feature of the civil disobedience movement was large scale participation of the women.thousands of women came out of their homes to listen Gandhiji during his salt march.they took part in protest marches,defied salt law,picketted foreign cloth and liquor shops.in urban areas they came from high caste families and in rural areas,they came from rich peasant families.they considered their participation in the movement as a sacred duty. The swaraj to them meant increased public role.however,gandhiji believed that the duty of women was to look after home and hearth. Q7: What were the limitations of civil disobedience movement? Ans: Civil Disobedience Movement and its abstract concept of swaraj failed to mobilize all social groups.the limitations of the movement were : i)untouchables or depressed class did not participate in the movement.congress for long ignored dalits because of the fear of high caste hindues.although Gandhiji tried to secure temple entry,access to public wells,roads and schools for them. However, dalit leaders wanted political solution like reserved seats in educational institutions and a separate

10 electorate to end their social disabilities. The difference between congress and dalit leaders led to the limited participation of dalits,in the movement. i) Muslim league also did not show interest in the civil disobedience movement due to rise in hindu communalism and differences between congress and Muslim League over the question of representation of muslims in future assemblies. ii) Working class also did not respond to the movement fully.the workers distrusted the congressmen because they were more close to industrialists during the movement. Q8: What were the factors that promoted sense of collective identity or Nationalism among Indians? Ans: The sense of collective identity or nationalism means that all the people inhabiting a particular area or territory are part of one nation. The various factors which promoted this sense of collective belonging or identity among Indians were: i) UNITED STRUGGLE AGAINST BRITISH COLONIALISM :The British colonialism exploited and oppressed almost every section of Indian society.these different sections for sometime struggled separately and at different times. But at one stage,all these sections realized that the source of their problems is one i.e., British colonialism.this developed common feeling of oppression among them and they started to organize united struggles against British to free their country.so,the united struggles helped in fostering sense of collective belonging among Indians. ii) CULTURAL PROCESSES : A variety of cultural processes were started by Indians to capture the imagination of the people.in it history,fiction,folklore and songs,popular prints and symbols played a vital role e.g, The image of Bharat Mata which was first created by Bankim Chandra chattopadhyaya symbolised Indian nation.he also wrote vande Matram in 1870 s as a hymn to the motherland.devotion to Bharat Mata was seen as an evidence of one s nationalism. iii) ICONS AND SYMBOLS: Nationalists used icons and symbols to promote sense of collective belonging among the people.e.g During swadeshi movement a tri-colour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. In 1921,Gandhiji designed a swaraj flag.these flags gave collective identity to the people. iv) RE-INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY : Responding to the belief and challenge of British that Indians had limited past and were primitive and backward,indians wrote about their glorious past.they highlighted the Indian advancement in science,mathematics,art,architecture,philosophy etc.this fostered sense of pride and collective belonging among Indians. Q9: Why Gandhiji s Civil Disobedience Movement attracted large sections of the society? Ans: Gandhiji presented eleven demands to Lord Irwin,viceroy of India before launching Civil Disobedience Movement.These demands were of both general interest and specific interest.the demands were so wide ranging that there was something for every section of Indian society. The most important of all these demands was abolition of salt tax because it touched every section of Indian society and was most important for all rich and poor. Q10: How was Civil Disobedience Movement different from Non-Cooperation Movement Ans: In Non-cooperation movement,people were asked not to cooperate with the British, whereas in civil disobedience movement,they had not only to refuse cooperation with British but to break the colonial laws. Q11: When was Gandhi-Irwin pact signed?what were the terms of the pact?

11 Ans: Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed on 05 March, 1931 CE between Gandhiji, leader of civil disobedience movement and lord Irwin,viceroy of India. The terms of the pact were: i) Lord Irwin agreed to release all political prisoners. ii) He also accepted the right of Indians to manufacture and consume salt. iii) Gandhiji accepted to suspend the civil disobedience movement and participate in the 2 nd round table conference. Q12: Why and when was Poona pact signed? Ans: British govt announced seperate electrote for dalits in August 1932.Gandhiji reacted strongly against it and began fast unto death against it in poona jail. Gandhiji believed that dalits were a part of hindu community & separate electorate would slow down their integration into society.deteriorated health of Gandhiji forced the leader of dalits,ambedkar to sign a pact with Gandhiji.The pact was signed between the two leaders in September in 1932 C.E According to the pact,depressed classes were given reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils,but they had to accept join electorate with other hindus. Q13: How was swadeshi flag different from swaraj flag? Ans: In 1905,swadeshi flag was designed (red,green,&yellow).it had 8 Lotuses representing 8 provinces of British India and a cresent and moon representing hindus and muslims. In 1921,Gandhiji designed swaraj flag.it was also a tri-colour ( red, green & white).it had a spinning wheel at centre representing Gandhian ideal of self help. Q14) What was the importance of Lahore session of congress held in Dec, 1929 CE? Ans: In Dec, 1929 CE annual session of congress was held at Lahore under the presidentship of J.L Nehru. The importance of the Lahore Congress is revealed from the following decisions of the session. i) Congress adopted Purna Swaraj or complete independence as its goal. ii) It was decided in the session that the goal of complete independence will be achieved by launching a full flegged Civil Disobedience Movement against British Colonialism. iii) 26 Jan. was decided to be celebrated as the Independence Day. The first Independence Day was celebrated on 26 Jan, Q.15) What did the slogan of Swaraj mean? How was the slogan of Complete Independence different from it? When and where was the slogan of complete independence adopted? (BOSE) Ans) The slogan of Swaraj meant different to different sections of the society. Different sections interpreted swaraj in their own ways. E.g For a peasant, it meant reduction of revenue, abolition of oppression of Talukdar s for tribals it meant abolition of forest laws, free entry to forests etc. On the otherhand, Poorna-Swaraj or complete independence was adopted by congress in its Lahore in It was clearly defined unlike term swaraj. Congress rejected the vague offer of Dominian status and decleared Poorna-Swaraj as its goal. British should grant complete independence to India, let Indians to handle or their own affairs of the country. Textual Questions Write in brief. 1. Explain a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?

12 Ans: Nationalism in Europe is usually associated with the formation of Nation states. However, in the Colonies like India, growth of nationalism is intimately linked to anti Colonial movement. It is rightly said that nationalism in the Colonies developed partly as a result of & partly as a reaction to the policies of the Colonizers. The Colonial rule negatively affected the different sections of the people in the Colonies which developed a common feeling of oppression among them. It provided them a good platform for the exchange of nationalist and liberal ideas. The common sense of oppression and exploitation brought together the people of different castes, classes & communities to fight against the Colonial rule. So, the anti- Colonial movement resulted in the growth of nationalism in the Colonies. b) How the First World War helped in the growth of national movement in India? (BOSE) Ans: The First World War ( ) was an event of far-reaching significance. It transformed the Indian national movement into a mass movement, as it added to the mesiries of the different sections of the Indian society. The contribution of First World War in the growth of Indian national movement is highlighted in the following points. i) The First World War led to huge increase in defence expenditure. The result was huge national debt. It was met by increasing taxes, raising of customs duties, war loans & introduction of income tax. These measures created economic hardships for Indians as the prices doubled between 1913 & ii) The failure of crops in & in many parts of India led to acute food shortages.. The further shortage of food crops was due to export of food to feed the army fighting abroad It was accompanied by influenza epidemic which claimed 12 to iii) 13 million lives. Between the years of 1914 and 1923 forced recruitment for the army was going on without interruptions, from rural areas of India caused widespread reaction against British. This all helped in the growth of national movement in India. This is evident from the fact that the national movement spread to new areas, incorporated new social groups & developed new modes of struggle after the war. c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act? (BOSE) Ans: The Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act because of the following reasons: i) Despite the united opposition of the Indian members, the imperial legislative council hurriedly passed this Act. ii) The Act was totally against the expectations of the Indians as they expected the establishment of a responsible Govt. after the World War - I. iii) The Act denied protection of law to Indians as it empowered the Govt. to arrest a person on mere doubt & detain him for two years without trial. iv) It strengthened the hands of Colonial Govt. to repress the political activities of Indian nationalist and revolutionaries. This Black Act was strongly reacted by the Indians. Gandhiji in protest called for nation-wide hartal on 6 th April, (d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the non-cooperation movement? (BOSE) Ans: Non cooperation movement began in January 1921.However, Gandhiji withdrew it in Feb, 1922 because it took a violent turn. Gandhiji firmly believed in the philosophy of Ahimsa or non-violence. He had at the very beginning declared non-cooperation movement to be a non- violent movement. However, on 3 rd Feb, 1922 at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur district of U.P. people burnt alive 22 policemen by burning a local police station. Here Gandhiji withdrew the movement realizing that it took a violent turn. He felt that the people were not yet ready for a mass movement. So, they need to be trained to understand how to carry a non-violent struggle successfully.

13 Ans: (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Ans: Q2) What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha? (BOSE) (i) The chief aspect of Gandhi s ideology was Satyagraha. Satyagraha was a non-violent method of mass agitation experimented & developed by Gandhiji against racist Govt. of South Africa. Confident over its success, Gandhiji adopted it to fight against the British Govt. of India. It includes the means like hartals, peaceful demonstrations, boycott, picketting etc. Gandhi defined it as truth force or Soul force. It emphasized the power of truth and need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor. In more practical terms it meant civil-disobedience. Non-violence or ahimsa was the cardinal principal of his message which was non -negotiable under all circumstances It was based on the premise of superior moral power of the protestors capable of changing the heart of the oppressor through a display of moral strength. To win the battle through non-violence the Satyagraha could do it by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. The oppressor had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. Q3) Write a newspaper report (short note ) on a) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre/ Brutality of British in open/ The most brutal incident in the Indian history. On 13 th April 1919, a large crowd of about people had assembled in the enclosed Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. Some had come to protest against the repressive measures of the British Govt. & others to attend the annual Baishakhi fair. The people were mostly unaware about the imposition of Marshall Law in the city. General Dyer, the British military commander plugged off all the possible exits & without any warning ordered his troops to open fire on the peaceful & unarmed protestors. The firing lasted for 10 minutes resulting into death of about 1000 civilians & wounded about The incident is popular in history as Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. The incident proved a turning point in the Indian national movement. The brutal memories passed on from generation to generation & ultimately freed India from the British imperialism. The event was later described by General Dyer before the Hunter commission as the one meant for producing a moral effect among the Indians. b) Simon Commission: Racism on peak-appointment of an All out White commission. OR Why & how did the Indians Protest against Simon Commission. In Nov, 1927 Tory Govt. in Britain appointed a commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The commission was to look into the working of 1919 constitutional reforms in India & suggest changes. The appointment of the commission sparked off a wave of protest all over India as all the seven members of the commission were Englishmen (whites). The exclusion of Indians in the commission mobilized the Indians to start a new phase of struggle against British rule. Therefore, the congress in its Madras session of Dec, 1927 decided to boycott the commission. So, when the Simon commission arrived in India on 03 Feb, 1928, it was welcomed by Nation-wide hartal, black flags & the slogans of Go back Simon. The appointment of the Simon commission broke lull in the national movement which prevailed in it since the withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement. Q4) Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this Chapter (Nationalism in India) with the image of Germania in chapter 1(The rise of Nationalism in Europe).

14 Ans: The artists in Europe tried to give a concrete shape to the abstract ideas of nationalism, liberty etc through personification. Same trend was followed by the Indian artists during the Indian National movement. The comparison between Germania & Bharat Mata is highlighted in the following points. Germania i) Germania, the female allegory of German nation was believed to instill nationalist feelings among the German people. ii) Germania stood as personifications of the revolutionary ideals like liberty and the Republic. iii) Germania was portrayed in visual representations wearing a crown of oak leaves. As the German oak stands for heroism, so it was aimed to develop heroism among Germans iv) As Germania did not reflect any religious basis in making Germania, it did not create any controversy among the people of Germany Bharat Mata i) The devotion of people to Bharat Mata inspired nationalists to unify Indians & achieve freedom. ii) The images of Bharat Mata came to be seen as symbols of nationalism. iii) Bharat Mata had been shown by different artists in different ways. Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata as a calm, composed, divine & spiritual figure. This was an attempt to present the character of India before the world. But, in another figure she is shown with a Trishul standing besides a lion & an elephant symbolizing the power & authority of India. iv) As the concept of Bharat Mata is linked with Hinduism, it played an indirect role in the spread of communalism in pre-independent India. Discuss Q1) List all the different social groups which joined the non-cooperation movement of 1921.Then choose any three & write about their hopes & struggles to show why they joined the movement. Ans: Non cooperation movement began in Jan, 1921 & was withdrawn in Feb, 1922.The different social groups which joined the movement are enlisted as under: i) Middle-class (students, teachers, lawyers etc) in the towns. ii) Tribals in the hilly areas. iii) Plantation workers. iv) Peasants in the countryside. In the non-cooperation movement various social groups participated, but each with its own specific aspirations or hopes. Here we will highlight the hopes & struggles of three different social groups. i) Peasants: In the countryside, the movement incorporated the peasant struggles. The peasants directed their movements against oppressive landlords e.g. In Awadh, peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar & social boycott of oppressive landlords. So, for peasants Swaraj meant freedom from the exploitation of landlords. ii) Tribals: Tribals interpreted the movement in their own way. They hoped that through this movement they could restore their traditional forest rights such as shifting cultivation, hunting & gathering etc. e.g. In Gudem Hills of Andra Pradesh, tribal peasants started a militant guerilla movement against British under Alluri Sitarama Raju.

15 iii) Plantation Workers: The Gandhian programme & Swaraj was interpreted by plantation workers in their own way. For them swaraj meant freedom to move freely in & out of the confined space of plantations which was denied to them under Inland Emigration Act of For them non-cooperation programme included defying authorities, leave plantations & move towards home. e.g. for plantation workers of Assam freedom meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Q2) Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against Colonialism. Ans: The civil disobedience movement was started by Gandhiji with his famous salt March on 12 March 1930 CE. He started the March from Sabarmati Ashram along with his 78 trusted followers. They marched on foot about 240 miles for about 24 days & reached Dandhi (a small village on the western coast) on 6 April, 1930.Here, Gandhiji broke the unjust salt law by picking a handful of salt. The salt march was an effective symbol of resistance against Colonialism. This is revealed from the following points. i) Gandhiji found the salt most powerful thing that could unite the nation as it was a thing consumed by the rich & poor alike. It was one of the essential items of food. ii) The British Govt. of India had monopoly over production of salt & salt tax hit every section of theindian society. So, to break salt law was seen an act which would give wider base to the anti-colonial movement & shook the British rule. iii) During the course of salt march, thousands of volunteers were attracted towards Gandhiji. Gandhiji urged them to peacefully break the British laws. Thus salt march became an effective instrument of mobilizing people against Colonialism. (iv) It was an open challenge to British laws as it gathered nationwide support against British & led to the spread of civil disobedience movement. Q3) Imagine you are a woman participating in the civil disobedience movement. Explain what the xperience meant to your life. Ans: As a woman, participating in the civil disobedience movement would be great experience for me. I would be highly delighted to become a part of anti-colonial movement. The participation in the movement along with thousands of like minded women for the national cause would raise the status of women in the society. So, participating in the civil disobedience movement provided me a great & cherishing experience in life. Q4) Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates? Ans: Separate electorate system was an important part & feature of the British policy of divide & rule. The political leaders sharply differed over the question of separate electorates because of their respective compulsions & understandings which are described below. i) The leaders of All India Muslim league, like M.A. Jinnah & Dr. Sir Mohammad Iqbal favoured separate electorate as a safeguard for muslims. They urged that in a Hindu majority country, the interests of the Muslims would suffer without separate electorate. ii) RSS & Hindu Mahasabha. supported separate electorate, because the situation which forced the muslim leaders to demand for separate electorate was the result of activities of the RSS & Hindu Mahasabha Organisations. iii) The congress leaders like J.L. Nehru & Gandhiji opposed the system of separate electorates. They considered it as an obstacle in the way of unity of Indians & the national movement. Gandhiji even went on fast unto death to convince B.R. Ambedkar for joint electorate. iv) B.R Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalits, supported separate electorate for Dalits. He considered it an important tool for the upliftment of his people & to end the deprivation inflicted on them by the orthodox Brahmans. **************************

16 Lesson No.3 The Rise of a Global World Textual Questions Write in Brief: Q1) Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia & one from the Americas. Ans: Global exchanges were part of the contacts between the people living in different regions of the world long before the 17 th century. The following examples reveal this fact. i) Example from Asia: The Asian countries like China, India etc exchanged textiles particularly silk and cotton, spices, pottery etc for gold and silver from Europe.Silk routes are the best witness of this fact. ii) Example from Americas: Many of the common food popular in Asia and Europe came from Americas. These foods include potatoes, Soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes etc. The exchange of these foods became possible only after the discovery of Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492 CE. Q2) Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the Colonisation of the Americas. Ans: The discovery of Americas by Christropher Columbus in 1492 had a deep impact on the inhabitants of Americas. The European powers such as Spain & Portugal began Colonising Americas for its vast lands, abundant crops & mineral wealth. However, the Colonisation of Americas was not just because of strong fire power of the European powers but because of the biological warfare ( transfer of disease) which played an important role in the Colonisation of Americas. The European powers spread the germs of deadly diseases like Smallpox etc. The Americas had no immunity against these disease because they were isolated from rest of the world. The diseases like Smallpox killed and wiped out whole communities of Americas, paving way for Colonisation. Otherwise Americans could have resisted invaders by weapons, but they had no defence against the germs of the above mentioned diseases. Q3) Write a note to explain the effects of the following : (A) The British Govt s decision to abolish Corn Laws. OR What was the impact of the British Govt s decision to abolish corn laws? Ans: The British Govt. abolished Corn Laws under the pressure of industrialists and urban dwellers. They were hit by the high prices of Corn because the Corn Laws had restricted the import of Corn in Britain. The British Goverment s decision to abolish Corn laws had the following effects: i) Import of food grains increased into Britain & imported food was cheaper than what was iii) ii) produced there locally. The vast areas of land had remained uncultivated which increased unemployment. Peasants flocked in the cities or migrated overseas. Many parts of the world like Russia, America and Australia expanded the land under cultivation to meet the increased demand for food from Britain. B) The coming of Rinderpest to Africa: OR What was the impact of the coming of Rinderpest to Africa? (BOSE) Ans: The coming of Rinderpest to Africa in 1890s is a fine example of how imperial powers used diseases like Rinderpest to change livelihoods and economy of colonized societies to fulfill their

17 own interests. The Rinderpest had the following terrifying effects on people s livelihoods & economy of Africa. i) The disease killed 90% of the cattle depriving Africans of their source of livelihood. ii) Colonial Govts monopolized the remaining cattle which forced the Africans to work for wages. iii) It enabled the Colonizer s to subdue Africans more effectively. C) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the world war. OR What was the impact of the death of men of working age in Europe because of the world war? Ans: The First World War was fought between two power groups.the war was of global nature & involved the use of modern weapons. It claimed about 9 million lives & left 20 million wounded in Europe who mostly belonged to working age.so, the death of men of working age in Europe had the following effects. i) It reduced the men of working-age (able workforce ) in Europe by which industries were affected adversely. ii) The household incomes reduced considerably as the war left only a few men of working-age (able workforce) members within the family. D) The Great Depression on the Indian economy: OR What was the impact of the Great Depression on the Indian Economy? Ans: The world wide economic crisis of CE is generally known as the Great Depression.Owing to the fact that in the early 20 th century global economy had become more integrated, the Great Depression had following effects on the Indian economy. i) The depression greatly affected Indian trade. Indian exports & imports nearly halved between 1928 & 1934 CE. ii) Peasants were the worst hit by the depression. The agricultural prices fell by 50% & Govt. refused to relax the taxes. The prices of raw jute fell by 60% by which the peasants fell deeper & deeper into debt. iii) The urban dwellers & salaried people with fixed incomes were comparatively less affected. E) The decision of MNCS to relocate production to Asian Countries: OR (BOSE) What was the impact of MNCs to relocate production to Asian Countries? Ans: Multinational Companies are corporations which operate in several countries simultaneously. From late 1970s MNC s began to relocate production to Asian countries because asian countries offered low wage labour in abundance. They had following effects on the Asian countries. i) It solved the unemployment problem to some extent in Asian countries as Multinational Companies (MNCs) increased job opportunities. ii) It stimulated world trade and capital flow. iii) It enabled the Asian countries to enjoy the new varieties of things. Q4) Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability. (OR) (BOSE) What was the impact of technology on food availability? Explain with the help of examples. Ans: Technology had a significant impact on food availability.the technological improvements in transport like faster railways, lighter wagons, larger ships, reefers helped in transporting food more cheaply & quickly from far away farms & production centres to

18 different parts of the world. The following examples from history show the impact of technology on food availability. i) Before the technology of reefers, cattle were shipped alive from America to Europe. It was very costly affair & hence meat was considered as an expensive luxury beyond the reach of European common people. The technology of refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods like meat over long distances. Now it became possible to transport meat instead of live cattle over long distances. This reduced shipping costs & damage & consequently lowered meat prices in Europe. This made meat affordable for the European common people. i) The Corn Laws which restricted the import of food grains in Britain resulted in the high prices of food stuffs. However, when the Corn Laws were lifted and the technology like steam ships & railways increased the import of food grains from America and Australia. Thus technology played a significant role in the food availability in Britain and also the prices of food grains were lowered considerably. Q5) What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement? (BOSE) Ans: The Bretton Woods Agreement was the outcome of United Nations Monetary & Financial Conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods (USA) between the industrial countries. It was a framework aimed to preserve economic stability & full employment in the industrial world. It resulted into the formation of International Monetary Fund (IMF) & the International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (World Bank). IMF was to deal with external Surpluses & deficits of the member nations & World Bank was meant to finance postwar reconstruction. Under it the national Currencies followed the fixed exchange rates. Discuss Q6) Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in this chapter (The Rise of a Global world), write a letter to your family describing your life & feelings. Ans: Dear XYZ Here, in the Caribbean, the situation is very much different from what I was told in India by the agents.they provided me false information about the work place, modes of travel, nature of work & other living & working conditions. But there is no boarding, lodging, food or medical facility. I have to live at the farm only.the work load is more than my capacity. On making a mistake or incomplete work, I have to undergo penalty or severe punishment. Once I tried to escape, but was caught & punished. My life has become highly miserable. I feel no one would like to work here as an indentured labourer. I would like to return home as soon as my contract expires. With regards, Yours ABC Q7) Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India & Indians, & write a short account of it. Ans: In the 19 th century world economists identified three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange.these flows were interwoven & hence affected lives of the people more deeply. The flows were as follows: i) Flow of trade: This refers to trade in goods like cloth, wheat etc. among the different countries of the world. This was made possible by the improvement in the means of transport like railways & steam ships.

19 ii) ii) Example:- In the 19 th century, British manufactured goods like textiles flooded Indian markets.by it the Indian weavers were highly affected & most of them quitted their jobs Flow of Labour: This refers to migration of people from one part of the world to another for seeking jobs. Over the 19 th century large number of people migrated from Europe to America. Example:- Thousands of Indians were taken to Caribbean Islands as indentured labourers by the British to work in plantations and mines. There they were exposed to miserable conditions Flow of Capital: The 19 th century also saw the movement of Capital i.e., long term & short term investments over long distances. e.g. Europeans invested in Asia, Africa & Americas to get the huge returns. Example:- In the 19 th century, British industrialists made long term & short term investments in India. They invested in the construction of railways, tea plantations, etc. & made huge profits. Q8) Explain the causes of Great Depression. Ans) During the Great depression, there were disastrous declines in production, employment, income and trade. The causes of the Great depression are explained in the following points: 1) The post war world economy was weak. This led to decline in the agricultural prices. To counter this, farmers expanded production to maintain their overall income but this agricultural overproduction made the problem worse. It ruined the people associated with this sector as their produce rotted for lack of buyers. 2) The First World War gave a boost to the US industry. After the war, industries of the US went for mass production of different goods like cars, refrigerators, washing machines etc. Soon there was glut in the market and the US was caught into economic crisis. Now US doubled import duties to protect its economy, but it gave a severe blow to the world trade and led to Great Depression. 3) Around mid 1920s, many European countries had financed their investments through the loan from US. But after the first signs of decline, American capitalists stopped all loans and withdrew most of their loans form the European countries. It affected the world economy, as it led to failure of banks, decline in agricultural prices and collapse of currencies in the world. Q.9) Explain what is referred to as G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods Twins? Ans) In 1964 seventy- seven less developed countries & developing countries organized themselves as a group, the group of 77 to demand a New International Economic Order (NIEO) before the UN. The NIEO Included the demands like fair prices for the goods of 3 rd world countries, better access for their goods in the markets of developed countries etc. This was an attempt of the developing countries to save themselves from neo-colonialism and have a real control over their natural resources. So, they decided to work together to achieve new international economic order. The G-77 can be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods Twins in the following ways: a) From late 1950s Bretton Woods Twins i.e. IMF and World Bank shifted their attention towards developing countries. So, the developing countries came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers like USA, Britain, France, etc. b) Due to IMF and World Bank, there was fast growth of the western economies during 1950s and 1960s. But, developing countries could not be benefited by it as their natural resources were again exploited by the industrial nations.

20 Lesson No.4 The Age of Industrialisation Textual Questions Write in Brief: Q1) Explain the following: (BOSE) a) Why the women workers in Britain attacked the spinning Jenny? Ans: The spinning Jenny devised by James Har greaves speeded up the spinning process. With the help of this machine a worker could spin several threads at the same time. So, this machine reduced the demand of workers for spinning.as women were mostly associated with the spinning.so, the introduction of spinning machine made thousands of women jobless. In response, the women workers who had survived on hand spinning for long attacked the spinning jenny. b) Why in the Seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing Ans: peasants & artisans within the Villages? In the 17th & 18th centuries the world trade expanded & the imperialists acquired colonies in different parts of the world. This increased the demand for goods, and the merchants needed to expand production to cater to the increased demand from different parts of the world. The merchants from the towns in Europe began employing peasants & artisans within the villages because of the following reasons: i) They could not expand production within towns because of the presence of powerful trade guilds who maintained control over production and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. ii) Rulers had granted monopoly to different guilds to produce & trade in specific products. iii) In the villages peasants & artisans readily agreed to produce goods for the merchants. c) Why did the port of Surat declined by the end of 18th century? Ans: A vibrant Sea trade was carried through the port of Surat on the west coast of India involving Indian merchants & bankers. By 1750s, this trade controlled by Indians began to be carried by European companies.they secured monopoly right to trade & shifted their focus on new ports like Bombay & Calcutta. This was an indication of the growth of colonial power. This resulted into the decline of old ports like Surat in the end of the 18th century. This is revealed from the fact that in the last years of 17th century gross value of trade that passed through Surat was Rs. 16 million which declined to Rs. 3 million by 1740s. d) Why did the East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in Ans: India? After the establishment of political power in India, East India Company began to assert monopoly in trade.it tried to develop a system of management and control to eliminate competition, control costs & ensure regular supplies. One of the steps taken in this direction was the appointment of gomasthas. They were paid servants of East India Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies & examine quality of cloth. This was done to eliminate existing traders & brokers connected with the cloth trade. Q2) Write true or false against each statement: a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector. Ans: False. b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century. Ans: True. c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.

21 Ans: False. d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity. Ans: True. Q3) Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation. (BOSE) Ans: We usually refer to industrial production with the factory production. But, before factories began to be set up in England & Europe there was large scale industrial production for an international market. This large scale production was not based on factories, but hand-made small production. This large scale industrial production before the appearance of factories is referred to as proto-industrialisation by many historians. D I S C U S S Q1) Why did some industrialists in nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines? Ans: In the 19th century, some industrialists preferred hand labour over machines because of the following reasons. i) Hand labour was available in plenty. So, industrialists preferred it over machines as hand labourers were working on low wages. ii) Machines were expensive as they were often breaking down & repairing was a costly affair. So, industrialists preferred hand labour. iii) In several industries the demand for labour was seasonal because they worked seasonally.e.g. Gas works & breweries, Book-binding & printing had demand during winters. So, here again hand labour was preferred. iv) Upper classes preferred handmade products as they symbolized refinement & class. e.g. Aristocrats of Victorian Britain preferred hand made products. v) Machines were unable to produce intricate designs & specific shapes. e.g. In Britain, 500 varieties of hammers were produced.these required human skill i.e. hand labour. Q2) How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton & silk from Indian weavers? Ans: After establishing its political power in India, East India Company began to have full control over Indian trade. It established a system of management & control to eliminate competition, control costs & ensure regular supplies of cotton & silk textiles. Under it a number of steps were taken like gomasthas, the paid servants were appointed to supervise weavers, collect supplies & examine the quality of cloth. This was done to eliminate the existing traders & brokers connected with the cloth trade. Besides it, the company prevented weavers from dealing with other buyers by providing advances to them for purchasing raw materials. In this way, the East India Company procured regular supplies of cotton & silk from Indian weavers. Q3) Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain & the history of cotton.write your piece using information from the entire chapter. Ans : Before the dawn of industrialization, British merchants from the towns began moving to the country-side to supply advance money to the artisans. This was done to cater to the increased demand in the international market. This system developed a close relationship between the towns & the countryside. In it each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers involved with the different stages of production like stapling, carding, spinning, weaving etc. This stage is called proto-industrialization. The earliest factories in Britain came up by the 1730s & their number increased by late 18 th century. The first symbol of new era was cotton & its production boomed in the late 19 th century. This is evident from the fact that the Britain was importing only 2.5 million

22 pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industries which increased to 22 million pounds by 1787.Till 1840, cotton was the leading sector in the industrialization. This was so because of the improved technology in this sector like spinning Jenny, power loom, cotton Mill etc. This enabled Britain to establish markets all over its colonies for selling the Manchester made cotton textiles. However, during the world wars, the industries were reorganized in Britain to produce war related goods. This did not prove good for the cotton textiles of Britain because it provided space & scope for the colonies to gear up in the development of cotton textile industries. But still, Britain had enjoyed a good position in world economic history for a long period due to its dominance in cotton trade. Q4) Why did industrial production in India increase during the first world war? (BOSE) Ans: The industrial growth in India was very slow before the outbreak of the First World War.The war proved a blessing in disguise for the industrial growth of India which was otherwise discouraged by the British rulers. During the First World War the British industries were reorganized to produce war related goods. This resulted into the decline of imported textiles, steel rails etc. in India. So, the Indian industries got a chance to cater to the demand of domestic market. e.g. By 1919, British Indian Govt. was buying 90% steel from TISCO (Tata Iron & Steel Industries) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents, leather boots etc. So, over the war years industrial production boomed in India. This is evident from the fact that a number of new factories were set up & old ones ran multiple shifts during the war to cater to the demand from domestic & international market. Lesson No. 05 Work, Life and Leisure Additional Questions Q1) According to Durgacharan Ray s novel, Debganer Martye Aagaman how was the Calcutta in the 19 th century a city of contrasts? Ans: In the 19 th century Calcutta, there were following contrasting images & experiences. i) Wealth & Poverty: There were wealthy people like factory owners who lived a luxurious life. But, on the other hand, there were large number of people who ate half bread & lived under open sky. ii) Splendour & Dirt: These were huge bungalows which reflected the splendor of rich people.but on the other side, there were slums & the atmosphere was polluted with smoke & other wastes released by factories. iii) Opportunities & disappointments: The city of Calcutta provided opportunities in trade & commerce, education & jobs. But on the other hand, a large number of people roamed the streets because they could not find any employment opportunity. Q2) How industrialization changed the form or pattern of Urbanization in the modern period.

23 Ans: Due to industrialization, cities attracted people in large numbers because of increased opportunities of employment. e.g. over the 19 th century, London continued to expand & its population increased four times between 1810 & 1880 from 1 million to about 4 million. It hosted clerks, skilled artisans, soldiers, servants, casual labourers etc. Q3) Explain what led to expansion of Bombay s population in the 19 th century. Ans: Bombay was taken over by the British from Portuguese in The British shifted there base in western India from Surat to Bombay in The expansion of Bombay s population was the result of following changes. i) After Bombay was taken over by British, it functioned as a port for the export of raw cotton & opium in large quantities. ii) In 1919, it was made the capital of Bombay presidency. After this the city expanded quickly because now it became an important administrative centre.the large communities of traders & bankers, artisans etc came to settle in Bombay. iii) The establishment of cotton mills from the mid of 19 th century led to fast expansion of Bombay. By 1921, 85 cotton mills in Bombay employed about 146,000 workers. Most of the workers were migrants from neighbouring districts like Ratnagiri. Q4) What were social changes that took place in the industrial city of London? Ans: The rise of industries led to change in the pattern of production & consumption. So, it resulted into the following social changes in the industrial city of London. i) It transformed the function & shape of the family. Prior to industrialization family had been a unit of production & consumption. But now every member could produce & consume indecently in any factory or industry. It changed the structure of family & now nuclear family became the feature of industrial societies. ii) The ties between the members of families turned loose because they had now little or no time to live together, to produce or consume together. iii) The institution of marriage also turned weak.now there was not any concrete value of marriage among the working classes. It also affected the women of upper & middle classes & they faced increasingly higher levels of isolation. Textual Questions Write in Brief: Q1) Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the 18 th century. Ans) London, the largest city in the world, was a powerful magnet for migrant population.its population was about 675,000 in 1750 & it multiplied from one million in 1810 to 4 million in 1880.The two main reasons for this expansion in the population of London were: i) London was a centre of a wide range of activities. According to historian Gareth Stedman Jones, 19 th century London was a city of clerks & shopkeepers, small masters & skilled artisans,semi skilled and sweated outworkers, soliders & servants etc. So, it provided job opportunities to a large number of people. ii) It was a city with five major types of industries.these include clothing & footwear, wood & furniture, metals & engineering, printing & stationary etc. The industries employed large numbers of workers. Q2) What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between 19 th & 20 th century? Explain the factors which led to this change? Ans) In the late 18 th century & early 19 th centuries, factories employed large number of women. However, 1861 census recorded that in about 2 ½ lakh domestic servants in London vast majority was of women. Women also got engaged in the activities like tailoring, washing, match box making etc. The world war first again created the demand for women workers in

24 the war time industries & offices. So, thousands of women withdrew from domestic service & began working in war time industries & offices e.g. in ammunition factories. The first change was the result of technological developments in the factories which decreased the demand for women workers.the second change was the outcome of First World War.A huge manpower was required for the war.so, women replaced men in the factories. Q3) How does the existence of a large urban population affect each of the following? Illustrate with historical examples. A) A private landlord? Ans: The existence of a large urban population benefit a private landlord. The people who migrate into the city don t have homes to live in. Therefore, Private landlord will built tenements or chawls on his land.he will put them on rent & make huge profits from his land. e.g. The increased pressure on Bombay s housing was responded by the private landlords. They built chawls (multi-storeyed structures) on their lands and put them on high rents. Many chawls in Bombay were owned by private landlords. They earned huge money out of it. It appeared to them a quick way of earning money from anxious workers. B) A police Superintendent in charge of law & order? Ans: A large urban population would increase the responsibility & accountability of a police superintendent in charge of law & order.the large number of migrants would increase the pressure on law & order situation. Sometimes they may also go for protest or demonstrations to fulfill their demands from Govt. or industrialists.e.g. The growth of population in London led to growth of crime. In 1870, there were about 20,000 criminals.the police became highly concerned about the law & order problem in London. So, automatically it increased the pressure & responsibility of police superintendent. C) A leader of a political party? Ans: A large Urban population would mostly benefit a leader of a political party. He can develop a good following for himself & his party by addressing to the demands & grievances of urban population. He can organize the movements of workers to gain popularity & support for his party. e.g. Chartist movement in England was a direct result of large Urban population in London. Q4) Give explanations for the following: a) Why well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the 19 th century? (BOSE) Ans: Ans) The well off Londoners first demanded that slums be cleared away. But later on they supported the need to built housing for the poor in the 19 th century because of the following reasons. i) The vast mass of one room houses occupied by the poor were seen as a serious threat to public health. They were overcrowded, badly ventilated & lacked Sanitation. ii) The well off Londoners were worried about fire hazards created by poor housing. iii) There was a widespread fear of social disorder. So, worker s mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious. iv) Slums decreased average life expectancy of labourers to 29 years compared to 55 years among higher classes. b) Why a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants? (BOSE) There is no denying the fact that most of the film makers, actors, singers, writers in Bombay film industry were migrants.they mostly came in Bombay from Lahore,Calcutta & Madras.They had themselves experienced the hardships in their lives as migrants. They encountered with real pressures of life. Therefore, to reflect what they faced, a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants. e.g. CID of 1956, Guest House of 1959.Besides, the migrant labourers & factory workers who lived a miserable life in Bombay were made the themes for films.

25 c) What led to the major expansion of Bombay s population in the mid-19 th century? Ans: Bombay, the prime city of India expanded after it was taken by the British from the Portuguese. However, in the mid-19 th century, there was major expansion of Bombay s population largely because of the establishment of textile mills. The first cotton textile mill was set up in 1854 & by 1921, there were 85 cotton mills in Bombay with about 146,000 workers. So, cotton mills of Bombay proved a great attraction for the migrants that led to its major expansion. D I S C U S S Q1) What form of entertainments came up in 19 th century England to provide leisure activities for the people? (BOSE) Ans: The industrial England provided opportunities for mass work & created the problem of mass leisure. Efforts were made by the Govt. & other agencies to cater to the demand of mass leisure. The following forms of entertainment came up in 19 th century England to provide leisure activities for the people. i) For wealthy Britishers there was an annual London Season. In it several cultural events such as the opera, the theatre, and classical music performances were organized for an elite group of families. ii) For working classes, pubs were set up where they exchanged news and had a drink etc. iii) Libraries, art galleries & museums were established as new types of large scale entertainment for the common people.they were to serve another purpose also that is to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British. iv) Music halls became popular among lower classes. v) Cinema became great mass entertainment for mixed audiences. Q2) Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the underground railway. Why was the development of the underground railway criticized? Ans: The population of London expanded rapidly from one million in 1810 to about 4 million in 1880 due to industrialization & new job opportunities it provided to the people. This led to some social changes like flourishing of crime, congested & overcrowded localities, creation of slums etc. In response to these changes, a variety of steps were taken to de-congest localities, reduce pollution & clean up London. As a result the people began to be shifted in the outskirts of London. This led to the development of Suburbs & extension of the city beyond the range where people could walk to work. It made new forms of mass transport absolutely necessary so that people could be persuaded to leave the city & live in garden Suburbs. This problem was solved by underground railway as it carried large masses of people to & from the city. The first section of the underground railway was opened on 10 January 1863 in London. The underground railway was a new experience for the people.they were afraid to travel Underground because the atmosphere was filled with sulphur, coal dust & foul fumes. There was problem of suffocation as well. So the people felt that the iron monsters added to the mess & unhealthiness of the city. Besides, the making of Underground railway led to massive destruction. This is evident from the fact that to make about 2 miles of railway, 900 houses had to be destroyed. It also led to displacement of London poor on a large scale. For all these reasons the development of Underground railway was criticized by the people. Q3) Explain what is meant by the Haussmanisation of Paris. To what extent would you support or oppose this form of development? Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper, to either support or oppose this, giving reasons for your view. Ans: Haussmanisation of Paris refers to the re-building of Paris by Baron Haussman. He was appointed by Louis Napoleon III as the chief architect of the new Paris. For 17 years, Haussmann rebuilt Paris.He designed broad avenues or boulevards, open spaces, new streets, straight sidewalks & transplanted full grown trees in the city of Paris. The poor were evicted

26 from the centre of Paris to reduce the possibility of political rebellion & to beautify the city. Besides, policemen were employed & bus shelters & tap water introduced in the city. Haussmanisation of Paris can neither be fully supported nor fully opposed as there were both positive & negative effects by it. The name of Baron Haussmann for some time come to stand for forcible reconstruction of cities. It led to the displacement of about 350,000 people from the centre of Paris. It rendered thousands of people homeless. Some claimed that Haussmann had killed the city & its life. However, the Haussmanisation of Paris proved good in the long run. The outcry against Haussman s Paris soon got converted into civic pride as the new capital became the toast of all Europe.It became main centre of many architectural, social & intellectual developments that were very influential in the 20 th centur Letter to the Editor To the editor, AB Sir, The Haussmanisation of Paris is an important achievement of the French nation. Baron Haussmann with the consent of Louis Napolean, the emperor of France has taken a very bold step to modernize Paris. The broad avenues, open spaces, new streets, straight sidewalks etc gave a modern global look to the city of Paris. It prepared citizens of Paris for a better standard of life as night patrols, bus shelters tap water etc have been introduced.due to this development; the city became the hub of many architectural, social and intellectual developments. Tourism industry of France has started to flourish due to well planned modern & clean city of Paris. In short, the rebuilding of Paris by Baron Haussmann will increase the reputation of France in the world. Yours ABC Q4) To what extent does Govt. regulation & new laws solve problem of pollution? Discuss one example each of the success & failure of legislation to change the quality of a) Public life (b) Private life Ans: The Govt. regulation & new laws solve the problem of pollution to a considerable extent. However, for better results these laws need to be properly enforced by the concerned agencies. In this direction, the public awareness programmes can also help to a large extent.the success & failure of legislation depends on the seriousness of the Govt. & its agencies. The examples of the success & failure of legislation to change the quality of public & private life are given as under: Examples of success of legislation to change the quality of: a)public life: In the project of land reclamation in Bombay, William Hornby (Governor of Bombay) approved the building of the Great sea wall to prevent the flooding of the lowlying areas of Bombay. It increased the commercial & housing space in Bombay & hence improved the quality of public life. b) Private life: Between the two world wars ( ) the British Govt. constructed about 1 million houses with the help of local authorities. This decision solved the housing problems for millions of workers.so, it provided comfort to them in their private life. Examples of failure of legislation to change the quality of: a) Public life: The Rent Act of 1918 was passed by the colonial Govt. in Bombay presidency to keep the rents reasonable.but it proved a failure because landlords withdrew houses from the market leading to severe housing crisis. b) Private life: The British Govt s decision to lay underground railways created havoc in the private lives of people. Their houses were demolished & they faced hardships due to smoke etc.

27 Activity based questions Q1) Can you think of appropriate examples from Indian history for each of these categories : a religious centre, a market town, a regional capital, a metropolis? Find out about the history of any one of them. Ans: i) Religious centre Ajmer ii) Market Town Murshidabad iii) Regional capital Dhar (M.P) iv) Metropolis Pataliputra (Patna) Dhar is a district in present M.P. It was known as Dhar Nagri in ancient times. It had been a regional capital in Ancient & Medieval India. The famous parmar King, Bhoj made it his capital. Q2) Imagine that you are a newspaper reporter writing a piece on the changes you see in London in What problems you likely to write about? Who would have gained from the changes? Ans: As a newspaper reporter, I would be writing a piece on the following problems in London in i) Criminal activities. ii) Problems of housing faced by migrants iii) iv) Child labour. Congestion & pollution. According to me, the industrialists & Capitalists living in London would have gained from the changes taking place in London. Q3) In many cities of India today, there are moves to clear away slums where poor people live.discuss whether or not it is the responsibility of the government to make arrangements for houses for these people. Ans: It is good move to clear away slums where poor people live because they are prone to diseases & they often indulge in criminal activities. But at the same time, it is the responsibility of the Govt. to make proper arrangements for houses for these people. Q4) Imagine you are investigating the conditions in which the London poor lived. Write a note discussing all the dangers to public health which were created by these conditions. Ans: The poor people living in London are exposed to health problems.this is due to poor housing conditions in which they live. They live in one room houses which is favourable for spreading infectious diseases among the roommates.besides, due to lack of gardens & open spaces there is high pollution which creates health problems among them. Q5) What are the common features & contradictory features of city life in Bombay & Calcutta? Ans: Bombay & Calcutta are crowded cities. There mostly western style Indians live. Both have industrial units, offices & mills. Contradictory features: In Calcutta, young men enjoy themselves by roaming in groups & by knocking at people s doors. Whereas, in Bombay people are more busy in themselves. They remain more busy with their own work rather than disturbing others.

28 Lesson No. 6 Print Culture and Modern World Additional Questions Q1: Discuss in brief the development of print culture in china? Ans: The development of print culture in china is very interesting. In the beginning, china had a system of woodblock printing in which paper was rubbed against the inked surface of woodblocks. In the 16 th century print culture flourished because of the increase in the number of candidates participating in the civil service examination. In the 17 th century, print culture diversified due to the bloom of urban culture. There were now fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies and romantic plays available. People began to read them in the leisure time. In the 19 th century there was gradual shift from hand printing to mechanical printing. This happened because the western powers established western printing presses in their outposts in china. e.g.: shanghai became the hub of the new print culture in china. Q2) How did print culture develop in Europe? Explain. Ans: Initially hand-written books were produced in Europe. In 1295, Marcopolo brought the technology of woodblock printing from China to Italy from where it spread to other parts of Europe. With the increased demand for books, booksellers began to employ scribes to work for them. By the early 15 th century, woodblocks were being widely used in Europe for printing books, playing cards, & religious pictures. However, there was a great need for more quicker & cheaper reproduction of books etc. This resulted into the invention of printing press by Johann Gutenberg at Strasberg, (Germany) in the 1430s. The production of books boomed between 1450 & 1550 as printing presses were set up in most of the European countries.this is evident from the fact that about 20 million copies of printed books were in the European markets by the 2 nd half of 15 th century.the figure went up to 200 million in the 16 th century. Q3) How print introduced a new world of debate & discussion? Ans: Before the age of print, the circulation of ideas was very limited. However, the print culture created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas. On the other hand print transformed the hearing public into reading public. This introduced a new world of debate & discussion. Everybody could now print & circulate their ideas to persuade the people to think differently & take action against evils & wrong things prevalent in the society. e.g. Martin Luther convinced the people through his Ninety five thesis to revolt against the catholic church. Likewise the French thinkers like Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire etc. created the conditions for French Revolution as their ideas reached to wide public through print. Q4) How did printing press create a new reading public? Ans: Print transformed the lives of the people by changing their relationship to information & knowledge.printing reduced the cost of books & made books available even to the common people.now people had easy access to books & it created a new culture of reading. Before print culture, reading was restricted to the elites & common people lived in a world of oral culture. But now, books could reach to wider sections of people by which reading public emerged in the society. Q5) How did the publishers persuade the common people to welcome the printed books in Ans: Europe? (BOSE) The transition of people from hearing public to reading public was not a simple affair. When the publishers produced books in large numbers, they had to persuade the common people to welcome the printed book. But, here a problem arised, that of illiteracy which was high in most European countries at that time. So, the publishers began publishing

29 popular ballads & folk tales with beautiful illustrations of pictures. This was done keeping in view the wider reach of the printed books. Q6) What do you know about reading mania? Ans: Reading mania means extremely strong desire or enthusiasm of the people towards reading.during the 17 th & 18 th century the literacy rates went up in Europe ranging from 60% to 80% in some parts of Europe by the end of 18 th century. This great increase in the literacy rates created reading mania in Europe. Owing to the great demand printers produced books in ever-increasing numbers. They introduced new form of popular literature like almanacs, ballads, folktales, romances, substantial histories etc to attract new readers. Q7) What were the innovations in the printing technology during the 19 th century & 20 th century in Europe? Ans: There were several innovations in the printing technology during the 19 th and 20 th century. Some of them were: i. The power driven cylindrical press was perfected by Richard M. Hoe of New York. It was first used in It was capable of producing 8000 sheets per hour. So, it was particularly used for printing newspapers. ii. The offset press was developed by Robert Barclay of England in It was capable of printing upto 6 colours at a time. iii. Electrically operated presses came up in the beginning of the 20 th century. They accelerated the printing operations. iv. In the 20 th century, the quality of plates improved, automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour register were introduced. v. Dust cover or the book jacket is also a 20 th century innovation. Q8) Describe how books were produced in India before the age of print. Ans: In India, there was rich tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Persian & other Vernacular languages. They were written on handmade papers or on palm leaves at times with beautiful illustrations. They were then either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure their preservation & to give them a shape of a book. These manuscripts were expensive, fragile & difficult to handle. Q9) Describe the growth of press in the 19 th century India. Ans: The history of printing press in India goes back to In this year Portuguese missionaries introduced printing press in India at Goa. By 1674, it produced 50 books in konkan & Kanara languages for the spread of Christianity. The British East India Company set up a printing press in India in In 1780, James Augustus Hickey started a weekly named Bengal Gazette.But, it could not produce any results as it was stopped in the same year for not promoting the economic interests of the company & criticizing the govt. The real growth of the Indian press was seen in the 19 th century.raja Rammohan started two papers, Sambad Kamudi in Bengali & Mirat-ul-Akbar in Persian in early 1820s. Likewise, Dadabhai Naoroji started Rast Guftar.These papers were devoted to social reformation. In the 2 nd half of 19 th century, many English newspapers were started in India. The times of India, The pioneer were the papers which supported British Govt s polices in India. However, Amrit Babar Patrika, The Hindu, strongly criticized the polices of British Govt. Q10) What was the role of print in the religious reforms in India? Ans: Refer to QNo. 3 part C (write in brief)

30 Q11) What was the objective of caricatures & cartoons in the late 19 th century in India? Ans: Caricatures & cartoons began to be published in journals & newspapers towards the late 19th century.they ridiculed educated Indians, fascination with western tastes & clothes. They also expressed the fear of social change in India.Some of them criticized imperial rule in India. Q12) What was the impact of print culture on Indian women? Ans: Refer to Q.No. 3 part a (write in brief) Q13) Describe some of the women writers in the 19 th century India. Ans: i) Kailashbashini Debi:- Kailashbashini Debi was a Bengali writer. She highlighted the problems of women in her books. The problems highlighted by her included confinement of women at home, ignorance, forced domestic labour & unjust treatment within the family. ii) Rashsundari Debi:- She was also a Bengali women writer.she wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876.It was the first full length autobiography published in Bengali language. iii) Tarabai Shinde:- Tarabai Shinde was from Maharashtra.She wrote Stripurushtulna in which she compared women & men. In it she highlighted the discrimination & injustice on women. iv) Pandita Ramabai:- She was also a women writer from Maharashtra.She was highly critical of the mesirable conditions faced by the upper caste hindu women. She opened a widow s home at Poona to provide shelter to the widows who were harassed by their husband s relatives. Q14) Write a note on the press(print ) & censorship in India? Ans: The growth of Indian press started in the 19 th century.at first, Govt. was not concerned with censorship. However, when the press started to become nationalist by criticizing the wrong policies of the colonial Govt, censorship was imposed on it. At first the company Govt. warned the editors for publishing anything against the Govt. By 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed regulations to control press. In 1835, under the pressure of editors, William Bentick restored earlier freedom to press through the regulation made by Thomas Macaulay. However after the revolt of 1857, colonial Govt. decided to curb the native press. As a result vernacular press Act was passed by Lytton in 1878.It put severe censorship rules on the vernacular press. The Govt. being empowered by the Act, kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers. Whenever, any report was seen as seditious by the Govt, the editor was warned & for the 2 nd time, the newspaper was seized & printing machinery confiscated. However, despite repressive measures, Indian press played an important role in arousing the nationalist sentiments among Indians & mobilizing the public opinion in favour of freedom e.g., when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Tilak wrote in his Kesari with great Sympathy. The led to his imprisonment in But, it inturn provoked widespread protests all over India against the colonial Govt. Q.15) Name some newspapers which were started in the 19th century and which are coming out even today. (BOSE) Ans) Some of newspapers which were started in the 19th century and which are coming out even today are mentioned below: (1) The times of India (1838) (2) Bombay Herald (3) Indian Express (4) The Hindu (1878) (5) Punjab Kesari (6) Jung (Pakistan)

31 Textual Questions Write in brief: Q1) Give reasons for the following: A. How woodblock print came to Europe after 1295? Ans: Woodblock printing was invented in china in 594CE. The European world was not known to it till the end of 13 th century. It was only after 1295CE that woodblock print came to Europe from china via silk route. In 1295CE, Marco polo, a great European explorer returned to Italy after many years of exploration in china and brought the technology of woodblock printing with him. This technology soon spread from Italy to other parts of Europe. B. Why was Martin Luther in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it? (BOSE) Ans: Martin Luther, the champion of protestant reformation was in favour of print. He spoke out in praise of it, because it helped him to popularize and spread his ideas against the wrong practices of Roman Catholic Church. He challenged wrong practices of the Catholic Church through the publication of his protestant ideas. In 1517, he wrote Ninety Five Theses criticizing many practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. His writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and were read widely. He also translated the New Testament and 5,000 copies of it were sold within a few weeks. It led to the division of the church and beginning of the protestant reformation. However, this all became possible with the technology of print. Deeply grateful to print, Luther said, printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one. C. Why the Roman Catholic Church began keeping an index of prohibited books from the mid 16 th century? Ans: The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an index of prohibited books from the mid 16 th century (1558) because print and popular religious literature stimulated distinctive individual interpretations of faith. e.g. Menocchio, a miller in Italy formulated a view of God and creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church. Besides, the new interpretation of Bible reached to people and they started questioning the authority of church through their writings. D. Why Gandhi said the fight for swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press and the freedom of association? Ans: According to Gandhiji, liberty of speech, press and freedom of association was the most powerful vehicle of expressing and cultivating public opinion. The British govt. in India was seeking to crush these particularly after the First World War. Gandhi felt that denial of these rights was not compatible with the idea of swaraj or self rule. So, he said that the fight for swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of press and freedom of association. Q2) Write short notes on A) Gutenberg press OR what you know about the Gutenberg press? (BOSE) Ans: The first printing press was developed by Johann Gutenberg in the 1430s at Strasburg, Germany. He had good experience of wine and olive presses and had acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making small ornaments. He adapted this experience to produce printing press. The olive press provided him the model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. e.g. 26 letters of Roman alphabet. Gutenberg press came to be known as moveable Roman printing machine devised as a way of moving the metal types around to compose different words of the text. By 1448 CE, he perfected the system. The first book printed by him was Gutenberg Bible. It took three years to produce 180 copies of it. B. Erasmus s idea of the printed book. (BOSE) Ans: Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a catholic reformer. He criticized the excesses of Catholicism but remained away from Martin Luther, because he wanted reforms within

32 church and not by open revolt against church. He expressed deep anxiety about printing of books. He was deeply concerned about the great number of books being published during his time. He believed that some books provide some worthwhile knowledge, but the great numbers of them are hurtful to scholarship. Printers fill the world with not only unimportant but stupid, ignorant, disgraceful, irreligious and seditious books. Such books even devalue the valuable books. C. Vernacular press Act. (BOSE) Ans: Vernacular press Act was passed in March 1878 to control publications in vernacular languages like Bengali, Hindi etc. It imposed severe restrictions on the freedom of Indian press. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. Now the Govt. started regularly tracking the vernacular newspapers. If there was a report against British rule, the newspaper was warned and for the second mistake, there was provision to seize the press and confiscate the printing machinery. Q3) A. What did the spread of print culture in 19 th century India mean to women? OR Ans: What was the impact of printing culture on women in 19 th century India? (BOSE) The spread of printing culture in 19 th century India benefitted Indian women. It facilitated their education and emancipation. In the 19 th century many schools were set up for women to improve their condition. The number of women readers increased to a great extent as their lives and feelings began to be written in clear and intense ways. Now liberal husbands and fathers began educating their women. Besides, a number of women s schools were setup in the towns and cities. The educated women now pleaded strongly in favour of women education and end of injustice done to them. A few women writers like Kailashbashini Debi in Bengal, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai in Maharashtra came ahead and wrote on the miserable lives of women. They also discussed the issues like women s education, widowhood, widow remarriage etc. Rashsundari Devi wrote a full length autobiography, AMAR JIBAN which was published in This all became possible because of the spread of print culture. So, it emancipated women. B. What did the spread of print culture in 19 th century India mean to the poor? OR What was the impact of print culture in the 19 th century India on the poor? Ans: The poor people were benefitted by the spread of print culture in the 19 th century. The availability of books at low prices and establishment of public libraries increased readership among the poor. It expanded their access to knowledge and facilitated them to protest against injustices done to them. e.g. Jyotiroa phule, the Marathi pioneer of low caste protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his book, GULAMGIRI in Encouraged and inspired by the social reformers they wrote books. e.g. kashibaba, a Kanpur mill worker, wrote and published chhote aur Bade ka sawal in 1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation. C. What did the spread of print culture in 19 th century India mean to reformers? OR What was the impact of print culture in the 19 th century India on reformers? Ans: The spread of print culture in the 19 th century India greatly helped the reformers. They utilized it as the most potent means of spreading their reformist ideas and highlight the evil practices, unethical issues and injustice prevailing in the Indian society. Print culture in the form of newspapers, journals and books not only spread the new ideas but prepared the people for change. The reformers began publishing newspapers, books etc in vernacular languages to spread their opinions against widow burning( sati system), child marriage,

33 idolatory, brahmanical priesthood etc. and also to support women education, widow remarriage, women s rights etc. e.g. Raja Ram Mohan Roy s sambad kaumudi and Mirat ul-akbar. Likewise, the ulama used cheap lithographic presses and published Persian and Urdu translations of Holy Scriptures to save the Muslim conversion to Christianity. The deoband seminary published thousands of fatwas to explain meanings of Islamic doctrines to Muslims. So, the 19 th century print culture provided reformers a space to overhaul the society. D I S C U S S Q1) Why did some people in 18 th century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism? OR Explain the common conviction about the power of print in the 18 th century Europe. Ans: In the 18 th century a strong desire and enthusiasm developed for reading in European countries (reading mania). The cheap and diversified books helped the individuals to read, which developed rational thinking, scientific outlook, liberalism and democratic ideas among them. The writings of thinkers like Thomas Paine, voltaire. J.J.Rousseau etc were widely printed and read and hence their ideas found their way into popular literature, almanacs, ballads, folk journals, newspapers, tales etc. The wide spread and easy access of people to the knowledge, developed common belief among them that the print culture would bring enlightment and end despotism. e.g. Louise-sebasteen, an 18 th century French novelist declared, the printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep the despotism away. Q2) Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one Ans: example from Europe and one from India. (BOSE) The easier access and wider circulation of printed books created fear among some people. They were mostly those who held some power or authority. They gave different reasons in support of their fear. The religious authorities feared that the uncontrolled circulation and reading of printed books might spread rebellious and irreligious thoughts. By it the authority of valuable literature would be destroyed. Monarchs and other rulers feared that print can lead to the growth of hostile sentiments against them and they may lose their power. They were also considered harmful for scholarship. Example for Europe: Erasmus expressed deep anxiety about the easily available printed books. He considered them harmful to scholarship as he said that most of them carry ignorant, disgraceful, irreligious and seditious information. So, they devalue the valuable books. Example from India: The orthodox Brahmans expressed fear against easily available printed books on Hinduism. They considered it as a serious challenge to their age-old monopoly over the Hindu religious scriptures. Q3) What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in 19 th century India? Ans: Refer to the answer of Q. no.3 (part b) of write in brief. Q4) Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India? (BOSE) Ans: Print culture started in India in 1780 with the publication of first newspaper Bengal Gazette by James Augustus Hickey. However, the real beginning of the print culture started in the early 19 th century. The growth of print culture over the 19 th century helped in

34 developing a culture of dialogue among the people. The leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Tilak, S.C.Bose and Gandhiji played a great role in spreading the reformist and nationalist ideas through print culture. Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in all parts of India and assisted the growth of nationalism to a great extent. This is revealed from the following points: i. Through press, oppressive methods and exploitative nature of the colonial rule was exposed to the masses of India. It facilitated in shaping of the united protest against the colonial rule. ii. Nationalist feelings and revolutionary ideas were spread by the dailies like the Amrit Bazaar patrika, the Hindu, the kesari, the Indian mirror etc. Through these newspapers nationalist leaders tried to mobilize public opinion against the British rule. They assisted the growth of nationalism in India. iii. Print culture also helped in eradicating the social evils, which reduced the gap between people on the basis of caste etc. and hence assisted in the growth of nationalism. In conclusion, print culture helped in the spread of knowledge and information about the national and international developments. So, It became a powerful vehicle of political education and growth of nationalism and led to the independence of India in Q5: Why do some historians think that print culture created the basis for the French revolution? OR What role was played by the print culture in bringing the French revolution? Ans: Print culture played a significant role in bringing French revolution. It popularized the revolutionary ideas of the enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau. etc. Their writings were read widely and it developed new outlook among the people based on questioning, critical thinking and rationality. So, it created a new culture of dialogue and debate among the people which created the basis for the French revolution. The revolutionary thinkers argued for the rule of reason and not custom and demanded for end of superstition and despotism and application of reason and reality. They attacked the sacred authority of church and despotic power of the state. The people re- evaluated all values, norms and institutions and became ready for change, which resulted into the French revolution. Activities based text question Q1: Imagine that you are Macro polo. Write a letter from china to describe the world of print you have seen there. Ans: China Dear ABC, This time around I experienced a great technology of print in china. The world of print is very advanced here. Woodblock printing is a common experience. From CE 594 onwards, books are printed here by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks. The printed papers are further duplicated with remarkable accuracy by the skilled craftsman. Here is tradition of making accordion books. Under the sponsorship of imperial state, textbooks are printed for the civil service examination. So, the world of print in china provided me a memorable experience. Yours own ABC D I S C U S S Q2: why do some historians think that print culture created the basis for the French revolution? OR

35 Ans: What role was played by the print culture in bringing the French revolution? Print culture played a significant role in bringing French revolution. It popularized the revolutionary ideas of the enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau. etc. Their writings were read widely and it developed new outlook among the people based on questioning, critical thinking and rationality. So, it created a new culture of dialogue and debate among the people which created the basis for the French revolution. The revolutionary thinkers argued for the rule of reason and not custom and demanded for end of superstition and despotism and application of reason and reality. They attacked the sacred authority of church and despotic power of the state. The people re- evaluated all values, norms and institutions and became ready for change, which resulted into the French revolution. ********************** SCHOLARS SCHOOL BADSHAHNAGAR,NATIPORA,SRINAGAR