NATIONAL MOVEMENT AND MAHATMA GANDHI

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1 NATIONAL MOVEMENT AND MAHATMA GANDHI M E T H O D S A D O P T E D B Y G A N D H I I N T H E N A T I O N A L M O V E M E N T [ S A T Y A G R A H A & S W A D E S H I ] T H E C A U S E S F O R T H E N O N - C O O P E R A T I O N M O V E M E N T T H E S I G N I F I C A N C E O F T H E N O N - C O O P E R A T I O N M O V E M E N T S W A R A J I S T S, S I M O N C O M M I S S I O N, N E H R U R E P O R T, L H O R E S E S S I O N, P O O R N A S W A R A J D E M A N D, C I V I L D I S O B E D I E N C E M O V E M E N T.

2 CAUSES FOR NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT KHILAFAT MOVEMENT ROWLATT ACT JALLIANWALLA BAGH MASSACRE FAILURE OF BRITISH TO FULFIL WARTIME PROMISES

3 1918 Feb 1919, Sedition Committee Justice Rowlatt Two bills black bills enormous power to police (arrest without warrant) No Dalil (plea), No Vakil, No Appeal Gandhi s view destruction of individual elementary rights urged for Satyagraha (protest without violence 6 th April, 1919 Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act Remarkable response from mass to Satyagraha people fast, pray, hold public meetings, observe hartal Khilafat Movement Khilafat Movement End of WW1 Turkey Surrendered Defeat of the Caliph Ali Brothers led the Khilafat Committtee Gandhi s view Hindu Muslim unity Advised committee not to cooperate with the govt (boycott) Significance sense of Rowlatt Act Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 10 th April, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew deported from Amritsar Unrest in Amritsar 11 th April, General Dyer took command of Amritsar 13 th April, 1919 public meeting Jallianwala Bagh Dyer opened fire without any warning Non Cooperation Movement Gandhi s plan (sep, 1920, Kolkata Session) Non- cooperating with the Govt Till demands are fulfilled

4 1918 Feb 1919, Sedition Committee Justice Rowlatt Two bills black bills enormous power to police (arrest without warrant) No Dalil (plea), No Vakil, No Appeal Gandhi s view destruction of individual elementary rights urged for Satyagraha (protest without violence 6 th April, 1919 Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act Remarkable response from mass to Satyagraha people fast, pray, hold public meetings, observe hartal 1919 Objectives of Non Cooperation Movement Restoring the old status of Sultan of Turkey Punishing those guilty of atrocities in Punjab Attaining Swaraj for India 1920 Khilafat Movement Khilafat Movement End of WW1 Turkey Surrendered Defeat of the Caliph Ali Brothers led the Khilafat Committtee Gandhi s view Hindu Muslim unity Advised committee not to cooperate with the govt (boycott) Significance sense of Rowlatt Act Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 10 th April, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew deported from Amritsar Unrest in Amritsar 11 th April, General Dyer took command of Amritsar 13 th April, 1919 public meeting Jallianwala Bagh Dyer opened fire without any warning Non Cooperation Movement Gandhi s plan (sep, 1920, Kolkata Session) Non- cooperating with the Govt Till demands are fulfilled

5 Programme of Non Cooperation Movement Two types of programme : negative and positive

6 Programme of Non Cooperation Movement Negative aspect of the programme Positive aspect of the programme The boycott of Legislative Councils Hindu-Muslim Unity The boycott of the law-courts by the lawyers Removal of untouchability The boycott of government schools and colleges Promotion of Swadeshi (home-spun and home woven cloth) The boycott of British goods Prohibition of intoxicating drinks Surrender of titles and honorary posts

7 WITHDRAWAL/SUSPENSION OF NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT GANDHI REALISED THAT PEOPLE WERE NOT READY FOR A NON-VIOLENT MOVEMENT DIFFICULT TO SUSTAIN A LARGE SCALE MOVEMENT FOR A MUCH LONGER TIME

8 Impact of the Non-cooperation Movement CONGRESS BECAME A MASS PARTY - a national base to the Congress Organisation POWER OF THE BRITISH UNDERMINED anti British feeling. Loss of faith in the system LACK OF FEAR OF GOVERNMENT REPRESSION people bold and patriotic (PEOPLE WERE READY FOR A MASS MOVEMENT) GANDHI DETERMINED TO EMANCIPATE THE POOR AND THE OPPRESSED Removal of untouchability and promotion of Khadi. Spread of Swadeshi HINDU MUSLIM UNITY The weapons of Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation changed the Character of the Congress overnight. Nehru says a peaceful

9 CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT - CAUSES SIMON COMMISSION AND DEATH OF LALA LAJPAT RAI LAHORE SESSION POORNA SWARAJ NEHRU REPORT GANDHI S FAVOURING DOMINION STATUS- MOVEMENT TO BE LAUNCHED IF DOMINION STATUS NOT GIVEN WITHIN ONE YEAR ARREST OF GANDHI IRWIN STATEMENT CONGRESS DEMAND FROM FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE GANDHI S ELEVEN POINTS ULTIMATUM NOT AGREED TO

10 SIMON COMMISSION rd Feb, 1928 observed as day of strikes (hartal) and hostile demonstrations Whole country rang with the slogan Simon Go Back Lahore 30 th October, 1928 Lajpat Rai, brutally assaulted (by Police Officer, Saunders) succumbed to injuries Nov 17 th, passed away. Saunders later shot dead by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru

11 REACTION TO SIMON COMMISSION 1928 All members were British Lahore 30 th October, 1928 Lajpat Rai, brutally assaulted (by Police Officer, Saunders) succumbed to injuries Nov 17 th, passed away. Saunders later shot dead by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru

12 Simon Commission February 1928 Nehru Report August, 1928 demanded Dominion Status Congress Kolkata Session (1928) plan to launch Non-cooperation Movement (including non-payment of tax), if Nehru Report not accepted No assurance on Dominion Status, instead British govt announce First Round Table Conference invites Congress Lahore Congress Session Dec, 1929 passed resolution to boycott Round Table Conference declared Purna Swaraj took steps to launch a programme of Civil Disobedience 26 th January, 1930 celebrated as Purna Swaraj day 12 nd March, Dandi March launched Civil Disobedience Movement

13 CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT 1930 Dandi March 12 th March, 1930 GANDHI MADE SALT THE CENTRE OF THE MOVEMENT DANDI MARCH FROM SABARMATI ASHRAM, AHMEDABAD TO DANDI COAST TO BREAK SALT LAW Gandhi s campaign against the salt-laws was signal to disobey the Government laws.

14 The Programme of the Civil Disobedience Movement DEFIANCE OF SALT LAWS BOYCOTT OF LIQUOR AND FOREIGN CLOTHES REFUSAL TO PAY TAXES LAWYERS TO GIVE UP PRACTICE BOYCOTT OF COURT LITIGATION VIOLATION OF LAWS OF DIFFERENT KINDS GOVERNMENT SERVANTS TO RESIGN

15 FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE HELD AT LONDON EXCEPT CONGRESS ALL OTHER PARTIES SENT REPRESENTATIVES BRITISH REALISED NO EFFECTIVE DISCUSSION WITHOUT CONGRESS GANDHI IRWIN PACT RELEASE OF GANDHI AND OTHER CONGRESS LEADERS / AGREEMENT TO RELEASE POLITICAL PRISONERS NOT INVOLVED I VIOLENCE / RIGHT TO MAKE SALT ALONG COASTAL AREAS / PEACEFUL BOYCOTT TO BE ALLOWED / EMERGENCY ORDINANCES TO BE WITHDRAWN GANDHI WITHDRAWS THE MOVEMENT AND AGREES TO GO FOR THE SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE TO DISCUSS ON PROSPECT OF INDEPENDENCE TO INDIA

16 Gandhi Irwin Pact Why? Gandhi and Congress Working Committee members were released on 26 th January, 1931 Gandhi wanted peace but with honour, Government wanted peace but without trouble

17 Gandhi Irwin Pact 5 th March, 1931 Gandhi Irwin Pact was signed Lord Irwin agreed to: Release all political prisoners except of those guilty of violence Give back the confiscated properties of Congressmen Permit peaceful picketing of liquors and foreign cloth shops Permit people near sea-shores to manufacture salt Mahatma Gandhi agreed to : Suspend Civil Disobedience Movement Take part in Second Round Table Conference

18 Gandhi Irwin Pact Impact The Viceroy having to negotiate with Gandhi as an equal was seen as a major achievement of the Congress. The British Government was forced to recognise the Congress as a true representative of the Indian people.

19 Second Round Table Conference Gandhiji was chosen as the sole representative of the Congress for the second round table conference. The conference devoted most of its time to communal question and the representation of minorities in the legislatures both at the centre and the provinces. Gandhiji was disgusted to find that most leaders seemed concerned only about their vested interests. The question of independence or of setting up of a responsible government receded into background. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India empty handed. He could not persuade the British Government to grant Freedom or even the Dominion Status to India

20 Impact of Civil Disobedience Movement People were not silent and subdued. The Movement caused a tide of patriotic fervor in the country Government was convinced that bold constitutional reforms were now essential The struggle had a healthy effect upon the life of the exploited, the poor and the oppressed The Movement brought women in large numbers out of their homes Violence as a political weapon ceased to have much impact on the youth of India because of Gandhi s preachings of non-violence

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