Christine Barbour Indiana University Gerald C. Wright Indiana University DSAGE CQPRESS. Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC

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1 Christine Barbour Indiana University Gerald C. Wright Indiana University DSAGE Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC CQPRESS

2 Preface To the Student XXIV XXX Politics: Who Gets What, and How? What's at Stake... in Taking It to the Streets? What Is Politics? Politics and Government Rules and Institutions Politics and Economics Political Systems and the Concept of Citizenship Authoritarian Systems Nonauthoritarian Systems The Role of the People Origins of Democracy in America The Ancient Greek Experience Politics in the Middle Ages The Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment Sources of Democracy Closer to Home - Citizenship in America The Dangers of Democracy Madison's Vision of Citizenship American Citizenship Today Thinking Critically About American Politics Analysis Evaluation o Profiles in Citizenship: Meagan Szydlowski Don't Be Fooled by... Your Textbook CLUES to Critical Thinking: Thinking Like a Political Scientist To Sum Up O American Citizens and Political Culture What's at Stake... in Choosing English as Our Official Language? Who Is an American? American Citizenship Nonimmigrants Contents xv

3 U.S. Immigration Policy The Ideas That Unite Us Faith in Rules and Individuals Core American Values: Democracy, Freedom, and Equality The Ideas That Divide Us The Economic Dimension The Social Order Dimension The Relationship Between the Two Ideological Dimensions Who Fits Where? The Citizens and American Political Beliefs Who Are We? The American people Who Are We? Where we come from o Profiles in Citizenship: Esmeralda Santiago Don't Be Fooled by Charts and Graphs Who Are We? How we fit in once we arrive Who Are We? How much we pay CLUES to Critical Thinking: "Will the 2012 election be a contest of Whole Foods vs. Cracker Barrel shoppers?" David Wasserman Who Are We? How much we earn To Sum Up Politics of the American Founding What's at Stake... in Challenging the Legitimacy of the U.S. Government? Politics in the English Colonies Reasons for Leaving England Political Participation in the Colonies The Split From England British Attempts to Gain Control of the Colonies Changing Ideas About Politics Revolution The Declaration of Independence "... That All Men Are Created Equal" The Articles of Confederation The Provisions of the Articles Some Winners, Some Losers The Constitutional Convention "An Assembly of Demigods" How Strong a Central Government? xvi Contents

4 Large States, Small States North and South Ratification Federalists Versus Anti-Federalists The Federalist Papers The Final Vote The Citizens and the Founding Competing Elites The Rise of the "Ordinary" Citizen CLUES to Critical Thinking: Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson Don't Be Fooled by... Your Social Networks o Profiles in Citizenship: Newt To Sum Up Federalism and the U.S. Constitution What's at Stake... When, Contrary to Federal Law, a State Legalizes Marijuana for Medical Purposes? The Three Branches of Government The Legislative Branch The Executive Branch The Judicial Branch Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances Republican Remedies What Does the Constitution Say? Possible Alternatives: Fusion of Powers? Federalism What Does the Constitution Say? Two Views of Federalism Possible Alternatives to Federalism What Difference Does Federalism Make? The Changing Balance: American Federalism Over Time Federalism Today Amending the Constitution What Does the Constitution Say? Possible Alternatives: Making the Constitution Easier or Harder to Amend The Citizens and the Constitution CLUES to Critical Thinking: Federalist No. 51, James Madison Who Are We? How we differ from state to state Don't Be Fooled by... the Op-Ed Pages no in Contents xvii

5 o Profiles in Citizenship: Mitch Daniels To Sum Up Fundamental American Liberties What's at Stake... in Requiring Employers to Provide Health Care Coverage for Contraception? Rights in a Democracy Rights and the Power of the People When Rights Conflict When Rights Conflict The Case of National Security How Do We Resolve Conflicts About Rights? The Bill of Rights and Incorporation Why Is a Bill of Rights Valuable? Applying the Bill of Rights to the States Freedom of Religion Why Is Religious Freedom Valuable? The Establishment Clause: Separationists Versus Accommodationists The Free Exercise Clause: When Can States Regulate Religious Behavior? When Is a Religion a Religion? Freedom of Expression Why Is Freedom of Expression Valuable? Speech That Criticizes the Government Symbolic Speech Obscenity and Pornography Fighting Words and Offensive Speech Freedom of the Press Censorship on the Internet The Right to Bear Arms Why Is the Right to Bear Arms Valuable? Judicial Decisions The Rights of Criminal Defendants Why Are the Rights of Criminal Defendants Valuable? Protection Against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures Protection Against Self-Incrimination Right to Counsel Protection Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment The Right to Privacy Why Is the Right to Privacy Valuable? Reproductive Rights xviii Contents

6 Gay Rights The Right to Die The Citizens and Civil Liberties Who Are We? Religion in America o Profiles in Citizenship: Bill Maher Don't Be Fooled by... the World Wide Web Who Are We? Gun ownership in America CLUES to Critical Thinking: "Strip Searchers: The Supreme Court's Disturbing Decision," Adam Cohen The Struggle for Equal Rights What's at Stake in the Adoption of Marriage Equality? The Meaning of Political Inequality When Can the Law Treat People Differently? Why Do We Deny Rights? Different Kinds of Equality Rights Denied on the Basis of Race Blacks in America Before the Civil War The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Winners and Losers The Long Battle to Overturn Plessy: The NAACP and Its Legal Strategy The Civil Rights Movement Blacks in Contemporary American Politics Rights Denied on the Basis of Race and Ethnicity Native Americans Hispanic Americans Asian Americans Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender Women's Place in the Early Nineteenth Century The Birth of the Women's Rights Movement The Struggle in the States Winners and Losers in the Suffrage Movement The Equal Rights Amendment Gender Discrimination Today. Women in Contemporary Politics Rights Denied on Other Bases Sexual Orientation Age Disability Citizenship OO Contents xix

7 The Citizens and Civil Rights Who Are We? Education in America Don't Be Fooled by... the Movies Who Are We? Poverty and prosperity among ethnic and racial groups o Profiles in Citizenships Ward Connerly Who Are We? America's fastest-growing minority groups CLUES to Critical Thinking: "Ain't I a Woman," Sojourner Truth Who Are We? Gender and equality Congress What's at Stake... When the Use of the Filibuster Becomes Routine? Understanding Congress Four Kinds of Representation National Lawmaking Partisanship Congressional Powers and Responsibilities Differences Between the House and the Senate Congressional Checks and Balances Congressional Elections The Politics of Defining Congressional Districts Deciding to Run Who Gets Elected? Congressional Organization The Central Role of Party The Leadership The Committee System Congressional Resources How Congress Works The Context of Congressional Policymaking How a Bill Becomes a Law Some of the Time The Citizens and Congress CLUES to Critical Thinking: "Why I'm Leaving the Senate," Olympia Snowe. Don't Be Fooled by Your Elected Officials o Profiles in Citizenship: Jon Tester Who Are We? Our representatives in Congress «To Sum Up xx Contents

8 The Presidency What's at Stake... in Expanding Power Through Signing Statements? The Double Expectations Gap The Gap Between Presidential Promises and the Powers of the Office The Gap Between Conflicting Roles The Evolution of the American Presidency The Framers' Design for a Limited Executive Qualifications and Conditions of Office The Constitutional Power of the President The Traditional Presidency The Modern Presidency The Presidency Today Presidential Politics The Expectations Gap and the Need for Persuasive Power Going Public Working With Congress Managing the Presidential Establishment The Cabinet Executive Office of the President White House Staff The Vice President The First Spouse The Presidential Personality Classifying Presidential Character Presidential Style The Citizens and the Presidency Don't Be Fooled by... Political Cartoons CLUES to Critical Thinking: Speech to Congress, Abraham Lincoln o Profiles in Citizenship: Joe Biden To Sum Up 28l The Bureaucracy What's at Stake in Federal Regulation of the Organic Food Industry? What Is Bureaucracy? The Spoils System Why Is Bureaucracy Necessary? Bureaucracy and Democracy Contents xxi

9 Accountability and Rules Consequences of a Rule-Based System The American Federal Bureaucracy Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy Roles of the Federal Bureaucracy Who Are the Federal Bureaucrats? Politics Inside the Bureaucracy Bureaucratic Culture Presidential Appointees and the Career Civil Service External Bureaucratic Politics Interagency Politics The Bureaucracy and the President The Bureaucracy and Congress The Bureaucracy and the Courts The Citizens and the Bureaucracy CLUES to Critical Thinking: "What Is Food?" Mark Bittman Who Are We? The federal bureaucrats Don't Be Fooled by... Bureaucratese o Profiles in Citizenship: Coleen Rowley 33O 33O 33i 33i O 34O O Chio The American Legal System and the Courts 359 What's at Stake... When the Supreme Court Gets Involved in Partisan Politics? 359 Law and the American Legal System 361 The Role of Law in Democratic Societies 362 The American Legal Tradition 362 Kinds of Law 364 Constitutional Provisions and the Development of Judicial Review 368 The Least Dangerous Branch 369 John Marshall and judicial Review 369 Federalism and the American Courts 371 Understanding Jurisdiction 371 State Courts 372 Federal Courts 372 The Supreme Court 376 How Members of the Court Are Selected 376 Choosing Which Cases to Hear 381 xxij Contents

10 Deciding Cases The Political Effects of Judicial Decisions The Citizens and the Courts Equal Treatment by the Criminal Justice System Equal Access to the Civil Justice System Don't Be Fooled by... Going to Court o Proffies in Ciftizemslhiip: Sandra Day O'Connor CLUES to Critical Thinking: "Welcome to the Roberts Court: How the Chief Justice Used Obamacare to Reveal His True Identity," Jeffrey Rosen Let's Revisit: What's at Stake i 39i 39i Public Opinion What's at Stake When We Move to More Direct Democracy? The Role of Public Opinion in a Democracy Why Public Opinion Ought to Matter Why Public Opinion Does Matter Citizen Values Political Knowledge and Interest Tolerance Participation What Influences Our Opinions About Politics? Political Socialization; How We Learn the Rules of the Game Sources of Divisions in Public Opinion Measuring and Tracking Public Opinion Learning About Public Opinion Without Polls The Development of Modern Public Opinion Polls The Quality of Opinion Polling Today Types of Polls New Technologies and Challenges in Polling How Accurate Are Polls? The Citizens and Public Opinion Shortcuts to Political Knowledge The Rational Electorate o Profiles im Ciftizeiraslhip: Nate Silver Don't Be Fooled by... Public Opinion Polls CLUES to Critical Thinking: "How Much Do Voters Know?" Alexander Burns Contents xxiii

11 Chi2 Political Parties 433 What's at Stake When a Party Becomes Tied to Its Most Extreme Members? 433 What Are Political Parties? 436 The Role of Parties in a Democracy 436 The Responsible Party Model 439 Do American Parties Offer Voters a Choice? 440 What Do the Parties Stand For? 440 Forces Drawing the Parties Apart and Pushing Them Together 445 The History of Parties in America 449 The Evolution of American Parties 450 A Brief History of Party Eras 450 The Parties Today 451 What Do Parties Do? 455 Electioneering 455 Governing 460 Characteristics of the American Party System 461 Two Parties 462 Increasing Ideological Polarization 463 Decentralized Party Organizations 464 Changes in Party Discipline Over Time 465 The Citizens and Political Parties 466 CLUES to Critical Thinking: "Let's Just Say It: The Republicans Are the Problem," Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein 442 Don't Be Fooled by... Political Party Platforms 446 o Profiles in Citizenships David Frum To Sum Up 468 Chi3 Interest Groups What's at Stake... in Working With Interest Groups Early in the Policymaking Process? The Role and Formation of Interest Groups Roles of Interest Groups Why Do Interest Groups Form? The Free Rider Problem Types of Interest Groups Economic Interest Groups Equal Opportunity Interest Groups All All xxiv Contents

Public Interest Groups Government Interest Groups Interest Group Politics Direct Lobbying: Congress Direct Lobbying: The President Direct Lobbying: The Bureaucracy Direct Lobbying: The Courts

12 Public Interest Groups Government Interest Groups Interest Group Politics Direct Lobbying: Congress Direct Lobbying: The President Direct Lobbying: The Bureaucracy Direct Lobbying: The Courts Indirect Lobbying: The Public "Astroturf" Political Campaigns: Democratic or Elite Driven? Interest Group Resources Money Leadership Membership: Size and Intensity Information The Citizens and Interest Groups CLUES to Critical Thinking: Federalist No. 10, James Madison Profiles in Citizenship: Wayne Pace lie Don't Be Fooled by... Direct Mail O 496 5O3 504 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections What's at Stake... in How a Campaign Gets Out Its Vote? Voting in a Democratic Society The Founders' Intentions The Functions of Elections Exercising the Right to Vote in America Who Votes and Who Doesn't? Why Americans Don't Vote Does Nonvoting Matter? How the Voter Decides Partisanship and Social Group Membership Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Issues and Policy The Candidates Presidential Campaigns Getting Nominated The Convention The General Election Campaign Interpreting Elections 509 5O O 544 Contents xxv

13 The Citizens and Elections A Fourth Model? Do Elections Make a Difference? CLUES to Critical Thinking: Concession Speech, Al Gore Who Are We? How did we vote in the 2012 election? Who Are We? Red versus blue states o Profiles in Ciftizemsfnip: James Carville Don't Be Fooled by... Campaign Advertising» To Sum Up The Media What's at Stake... in the Demise of the Print News Media? Where Do We Get Our Information? Who Gets What News From Where? Newspapers and Magazines Radio Television The Internet Who Owns the Media, and How Does That Affect Our News? The Early American Press Growing Media Independence The Media Today Regulation of the Media Who Are the Journalists? What Roles Do Journalists Play? Who Chooses Journalism? What Do Journalists Believe? The Growth of the Washington Press Corps The Media and Politics The Shaping of Public Opinion The Portrayal of Politics as Conflict and Image Politics as Public Relations Reduction in Political Accountability The Citizens and the Media Who Are We? Consumers of the news CLUES to Critical Thinking: "Journalism's Slow, Sad Death," Michael Gerson Who Are We? U.S. journalists Don't Be Fooled by... the News Media o Profiles in Citizenship: Andrew Sullivan i O 57O xxvi Contents

14 Chi6 State and Local Politics in a Federal System What's at Stake... When States Try to Prevent Undocumented Immigrants From Entering the United States? The Federal Context of State and Local Politics The Structure of Federalism Federal Incentives to State Action The Context of State Politics State Political Cultures Culture and Policy in the States Rules of the Game The Nature of State Constitutions Waves of Reform Direct Democracy Today Direction of Current Reforms State Institutions The Legislators and the Legislatures The Governors The State Courts Local Governments A Multiplicity of Forms The Special Problems of the Cities State and Local Relations The Citizens and State and Local Government Competition and Policy in the States and Localities Intergovernmental Cooperation Don't Be Fooled by... Constitutions CLUES to Critical Thinking: "States' Rights for the Right Ideas," E. J. Dionne Jr. Profiles in Citizenship: Rahm Emanuel Chi7 Social and Environmental Policy What's at Stake... in Moving to Renewable Energy? Making Public Policy Solving Public Problems Contents xxvii

15 Difficulties in Solving Public Problems Types of Public Policy Who Makes Policy? Steps of the Policymaking Process * The Case of Social Policy Social Security Welfare Policy in the United States Health Care Middle Class and Corporate Welfare The Case of Environmental Policy Major Programs in Place Environmental Policy Issues on the Horizon The Citizens and Social Policy Don't Be Fooled by... the Official Language of the Federal Register Who Are We? Poverty and the American people Who Are We? What our families look like CLUES to Critical Thinking: "The Conservative Case for Obamacare," J. D. Kleinke o Profiles in Citizenship: Christine Todd Whitman To Sum Up Chi8 Economic Policy What's at Stake... When We Don't Live Within Our Means? A Beginner's Guide to Understanding the Economy Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy The Politics of Monetary Policy The Politics of Fiscal Policy Economic Regulatory Policy Regulating Business Regulating Labor Regulating Trade The Citizens and Economic Policy Who Are We? Personal debt and consumption Don't Be Fooled by... Economic Indicators o Profiles in Citizenship: Peter Orszag CLUES to Critical Thinking: "A Manifesto for the Entitled," Steven Pearlstein xxviii Contents

16 Chi9 Foreign Policy 707 What's at Stake in Fighting a "Stealth War" Against Terror? 707 Understanding Foreign Policy 710 The Post-Cold War Setting of American Foreign Policy 710 Types of Foreign Policy 714 Who Makes American Foreign Policy? 715 The President 716 The Executive Branch 717 Congress 719 Presidential-Congressional Power Struggles 720 How Do We Define a Foreign Policy Problem? 722 The American Style of Foreign Policy ' 722 Global Pressures 723 Domestic Pressures 725 How Do We Solve Foreign Policy Problems? 727 Strategies: Deterrence, Compellence, and Preemption 727 Foreign Policy Instruments 728 American Foreign Policy Today 735 Terrorism 735 Conflicts and Alliances 739 Free Trade Versus Protectionism 739 Problems Without Borders 740 Democratization and the Arab Spring 741 The Citizens and Foreign Policy 742 CLUES to Critical Thinking: Speech Before the National Association of Evangelicals, Ronald Reagan 712 Don't Be Fooled by... Maps 716 o Profiles in Citizenship; Condoleezza Rice 744 Let's Revisit: What's at Stake To Sum Up 746 Appendix Material Notes Glossary Index Profile Sources Illustration Credits A-l N-i G-i I-i S-i C-i Contents xxix

Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics: THE ESSENTIALS, Eighth Edition

Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics: THE ESSENTIALS, Eighth Edition Christine Barbour, Indiana University Gerald C. Wright, Indiana University ISBN: 9781506349985 Pub Date: