Brief Contents. To the Student

Transcription

1 Brief Contents To the Student xiii 1 American Government and Politics in a Racially Divided World 1 2 The Constitution: Rights and Race Intertwined 27 3 Federalism: Balancing Power, Balancing Rights 57 4 Civil Liberties: Freedom and Government Authority in Tension 99 5 Civil Rights: Inequality and Equality Congress: Representation and Lawmaking The Presidency: Conventional Wisdom Redefined The Bureaucracy: Career Government Employees, Accountability, and Race The Judiciary: Blending Law and Politics Public Opinion: Divided by Race? The Media: Reinforcing Racial Stereotypes? Social Movements: Civil Rights as a Movement Model Interest Groups: Good Outcomes with Few Resources Political Parties: Linking Voters and Governing Institutions Voting and Elections: From Obama to Clinton The Making of Domestic and Foreign Policy 519 Appendix I: The Declaration of Independence 543 Appendix II: The Constitution 546 Glossary 566 Notes 579 Credits 616 Index 620 v

2 Contents To the Student xiii The Road to Revolution 29 Chapter 1 American Government and Politics in a Racially Divided World 1 The Nature of Government 4 The Functions of Government 5 The Types of Government 6 Principles of Constitutional Democracies 7 The Rule of Law 8 Natural Law 8 Natural Rights 9 Foundations of American Government 9 Classical Liberalism 9 Classical Republicanism 12 Tradition of Exclusion (Inegalitarianism) 15 Our Voices: Lemuel Haynes Republicanism and Slavery 17 Evaluating Equality: Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings 19 Exclusion and the Founding 20 Measuring Equality: Who Was Eligible to Be Included in We The People? 22 Declaring Independence 31 First Attempt at National Government: The Articles of Confederation 35 A Limited National Government 35 Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation 36 Our Voices: Prince Hall ( ) 37 Second Attempt at National Government: The Constitution 37 The Convention Delegates 38 Forming a New Government 38 Measuring Equality: Whom Did the Framers Represent? 39 The Great Compromise 41 Debate over Ratification 43 Evaluating Equality: The Effect of the Three-Fifths Compromise on the Political Power of the South 44 The Bill of Rights 45 National Government Under the Constitution 47 National Supremacy 47 The Legislative Branch 47 The Executive Branch 49 The Judicial Branch 49 Liberalized Amendment Rules 49 Planning for Potential Pitfalls 50 Conclusion 24 Review Questions 24 Key Terms 24 Additional Readings 25 Separating Powers 50 Varying Terms of Office 50 Selecting National Government Officials 52 Chapter 2 The Constitution: Rights and Race Intertwined 27 A Revolution for Independence 29 Qualifying for National Office 53 Instituting Checks and Balances 53 Conclusion 54 Key Terms 54 Review Questions 54 Additional Readings 55 vi

3 Contents vii Chapter 3 Federalism: Balancing Power, Balancing Rights 57 Federalism and State and Local Governments 60 State Legislatures 62 Governors 63 Measuring Equality: Black and Latino Representation in State Legislatures 64 State Courts 66 Local Governments 69 Federalism and the Constitution 70 The Constitution and National Government Power 72 Constitutional Amendments and National Power 74 The Constitution and State Power 74 The Evolution of American Federalism 75 Federalism in the Early Republic and Industrialization 75 Dual Federalism and the Ascendency of State Autonomy 78 Our Voices: John Marshall and the Status of Indian Tribes 79 Cooperative Federalism and the Growth of the National Government 82 Evaluating Equality: Shelby County (AL) v. Holder and Section 4 of Voting Rights Act 87 The Era of Devolution 89 Conclusion 94 Review Questions 96 Key Terms 96 Additional Readings 96 Pornography and Offensive Speech 106 Freedom of the Press 108 Freedom of Religion 110 Establishment of Religion 110 Free Exercise of Religion 111 Criminal Justice 112 Investigation 112 Our Voices: The Right to Practice Nontraditional Religions (Employment Division v. Smith) 114 Trial 116 Evaluating Equality: Recognizing Values in Political Cartoons on Racial Profiling in Fighting Terrorism 117 Punishment 120 Privacy 122 Measuring Equality: Discrimination, Death Row Population, and Executions in States with the Death Penalty 122 Personal Autonomy 125 Reproductive Freedom 126 Conclusion 128 Review Questions 129 Key Terms 129 Additional Readings 130 Chapter 5 Civil Rights: Inequality and Equality 131 Civil Rights Terms and Concepts 134 Group Designation 134 Forms of Inequality 136 Chapter 4 Civil Liberties: Freedom and Government Authority in Tension 99 The Bill of Rights 103 Origins of the Bill of Rights 103 Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 103 Freedom of Expression 105 Political Dissent 105 Segregation 136 Race, Ethnicity, and Civil Rights 137 Blacks 138 Our Voices: South Carolina s Black Codes 141 Measuring Equality: Voter Registration and the Voting Rights Act of Latinos 151 Evaluating Equality: Terminology and Support for Illegal Immigration Reform 156 Asian Americans 158 American Indians 159

4 viii Contents Nonracial and Ethnic Struggles for Civil Rights 161 Women 162 Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and the Transgendered 164 Measuring Equality: The Influence of Race and Political Party on Congressional Voting 198 Interest Groups 200 Staff 201 Elderly and Disabled 167 Conclusion 167 Review Questions 169 Key Terms 169 Additional Readings 169 Conclusion 201 Review Questions 202 Key Terms 202 Additional Readings 203 Chapter 6 Congress: Representation and Lawmaking 171 The Nature of Congressional Representation 174 The Unrepresented 174 Our Voices: Nonvoting Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton and Representation for Washington, DC 176 Districts 177 Members of Congress 178 Evaluating Equality: Should the Race or Ethnicity of a Representative Matter? 181 Congressional Organization and Leadership 182 Leadership in the House 184 Leadership in the Senate 185 Committees 186 Informal Organizations 189 The Lawmaking Process 190 Activity on the House Floor 191 Action on the Senate Floor 192 Reconciling Differences Between House and Senate Bills 193 Nonlawmaking Functions of Congress 193 Influences on Congressional Decision-Making 195 Constituents 195 Party Leaders 197 Colleagues 197 Chapter 7 The Presidency: Conventional Wisdom Redefined 205 Becoming President 208 Diversity 208 The Presidential Selection Process 209 Our Voices: Barack Obama s First Inaugural Address, January 20, Financing Presidential Campaigns 212 Measuring Equality: Scatterplots of Obama Vote and Clinton Vote with Minority Populations 213 Presidential Power 216 Administrative Powers of the President 218 Foreign Powers of the President 221 Domestic Powers of the President 223 Executive Branch Organization 225 The Vice President 226 The President s Spouse 227 The Cabinet 228 The Executive Office of the President 231 The White House Staff 233 Presidents and Congress 234 Negotiating with Congress 234 Evaluating Equality: Racial and Ethnic Representation in the Executive Branch 235 Presidents and the Public 237 Congressional Investigations of the Executive Branch 239 Conclusion 240 Review Questions 241 Key Terms 241 Additional Readings 241

5 Contents ix Chapter 8 The Bureaucracy: Career Government Employees, Accountability, and Race 243 Bureaucratic Organization 246 Cabinet Departments 246 Independent Regulatory Commissions 249 Independent Executive Agencies 250 Our Voices: The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and the Controversy over Florida and the 2000 Election 252 Government Corporations 253 The Bureaucrats 253 Politics versus Merit 253 Diversity 255 Evaluating Equality: Diversity in the Bureaucracy: The Case of the Bureau of Indian Affairs 256 Bureaucratic Policymaking and Power 257 Implementation 257 Measuring Equality: Minority Representation in the Federal Civilian Workforce 259 Judicial Powers and Limitations 275 The Origins and Development of Judicial Review 275 Judicial Review and Constitutional Interpretation 276 Judicial Review and Civil Rights 277 Evaluating Equality: Judicial Review, Legal Interpretation, and Civil Rights 278 Limitations on the Courts 278 Judicial Selection 280 Nominating Judges 281 Confirming Judges 282 Race and Ethnicity and Judicial Nominations 286 Measuring Equality: Presidents Records of Minority Judicial Appointments to the Lower Federal Courts 287 Decision-Making on the Supreme Court 290 Decision-Making Procedures 290 The Influence of a Judge s Background on Judicial Decision-Making 291 Attorney Influence on Court Decision-Making 292 Our Voices: Opinions of African American Supreme Court Justices 293 Sources of Bureaucratic Power 261 Controlling Bureaucracies 262 Executive Control over Bureaucracies 262 Legislative Control over Bureaucracies 264 Conclusion 294 Review Questions 296 Key Terms 296 Additional Readings 296 Judicial Control over Bureaucracies 266 Conclusion 266 Review Questions 267 Key Terms 268 Additional Readings 268 Chapter 9 The Judiciary: Blending Law and Politics 269 Law and Courts 272 Dimensions of Law 272 Organization of the Federal Judiciary 273 Chapter 10 Public Opinion: Divided by Race? 297 Public Opinion Overview 299 Our Voices: Transcript of Conversation between Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Governor Ross Barnett of Mississippi (Sunday, September 20, 1962) 301 Political Culture and Public Opinion 302 Political Socialization 303 Expressions of Public Opinion 304 Measuring Public Opinion 305

6 x Contents The Mechanics of Polling 306 How the Sample Is Drawn 306 How a Question Is Worded 308 When a Question Is Asked within the Survey 309 When Data Are Gathered 310 How Data Are Gathered 311 Race, Gender, and Public Opinion 312 Race 313 Evaluating Equality: Differences in Perception of Discrimination Against Black Americans 314 Gender 316 Measuring Equality: Donald Trump, Barack Obama and the Birthers 320 Demographic Factors 321 Partisan Identification 323 The Media 324 The Bradley Effect 326 Public Opinion and Politics 327 Conclusion 329 Review Questions 329 Key Terms 329 Additional Readings 330 Chapter 11 The Media: Reinforcing Racial Stereotypes? 331 A History of Media and Politics 334 Print Media 334 Our Voices: The Liberator and Abolitionism 337 Broadcast Radio and Television 338 Cable and Satellite 340 The Internet and Social Media 342 The Media Industry 345 The Media Business 346 Media Personnel 346 Press Coverage of Politics and Government Officials and Institutions 347 Measuring Equality: Racial and Ethnic Minority Representation in the Media 348 Reporting of Elections 350 Coverage of Government Officials and Institutions 352 Government Regulation 353 Conclusion 355 Evaluating Equality: Racial Bias in the Press Coverage of Hurricane Katrina? 355 Review Questions 357 Key Terms 357 Additional Readings 358 Chapter 12 Social Movements: Civil Rights as a Movement Model 359 A Social Movement Defined 361 Conditions That Give Rise to Social Movements 362 Social Movements and Democracy 364 Successful American Social Movements 367 The Civil Rights Movement 367 Our Voices: Excerpt from Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter from Birmingham Jail 372 The Women s Suffrage and Women s Rights Movements 373 Evaluating Equality: What Arguments Did Supporters and Opponents of the ERA Put Forth? 378 The Labor Movement 379 Measuring Equality: Unions and Wages 382 The Environmental Movement 383 The Anti Vietnam War Movement 384 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Movement 387 Other Important U.S. Social Movements 393 The Chicano Civil Rights Movement 393 American Indian Movement 394 Asian American Movement 394 The Antinuclear Movement 395 Religious Fundamentalist Movement 395 Why Some Social Movements Decline and Some Fail 396 Factors That Contribute to Social Movement Decline 396

7 Contents xi Factors That Contribute to Social Movement Failure 397 Social Movement or Political Activism? 399 Black Lives Matter 399 Conclusion 402 Review Questions 403 Key Terms 404 Additional Readings 404 Chapter 13 Interest Groups: Good Outcomes with Few Resources 405 Interest Groups and Their Functions 407 Our Voices: Ida B. Wells-Barnett 408 A Group-Based View of American Politics 409 Pluralism 409 Criticisms of Pluralism 410 Interest Group Formation 411 Types of Interest Groups 412 Economic Interest groups 414 Evaluating Equality: The AMA Apologizes to Black Physicians 418 Chapter 14 Political Parties: Linking Voters and Governing Institutions 437 The Development of the Two-Party System 439 The Early Parties 439 Realignment and Republican Party Dominance 442 The New Deal Coalition and Democratic Party Dominance 444 The End of Party Dominance and the Rise of Party Competition 445 Minor Parties 447 Party Organization 447 Evaluating Equality: Minor Parties and Racial and Ethnic Minorities 448 National Party Conventions 449 National Party Committees 452 Our Voices: Political Party Platforms and Civil Rights 453 State and Local Organization 454 Parties and Voters 456 Party Identification 456 Parties and Group Attachments 457 Measuring Equality: Latinos, Religious Preference, and Party Support 461 Noneconomic Interest Groups 419 Techniques of Interest Groups 423 Lobbying 424 Electioneering 425 Conclusion 463 Review Questions 464 Key Terms 464 Additional Readings 464 Education 427 Litigation 428 Media Campaigns 429 Factors That Make Interest Groups Effective 431 Political and Financial Inequalities 432 Measuring Equality: Selected Racial and Ethnic Interest Groups and Their Resources 433 Conclusion 435 Review Questions 436 Key Terms 436 Additional Readings 436 Chapter 15 Voting and Elections: From Obama to Clinton 465 The Electoral Process: Nominating a Candidate 468 Caucuses 468 Primary Elections 471 Measuring Equality: Obama s Attention to Caucus States in the 2008 Presidential Election 473 Party Conventions 475

8 xii Contents General Elections 480 Electing the President: How the Electoral College Works 480 Campaigning for Elections 483 Developing a Campaign Strategy 484 Financing a Campaign 487 Running a Campaign 490 Winning the Election: How Elections Are Decided 495 Voting 496 Factors That Affect Voter Participation 496 Why Americans Do Not Vote 498 Evaluating Equality: Calculating Voting Turnout Rates 499 Voter ID Laws 500 Demographics and Voting 502 Race 502 Gender 505 Age 505 Marital Status 505 Socioeconomic Status 506 Region 506 The 2016 Presidential Election 507 Our Voices: Excerpts from Hillary Clinton s Speech on Donald Trump, the Alt-Right Movement, and Mainstreaming Racism 514 Chapter 16 The Making of Domestic and Foreign Policy: Summing Up American Government in Black and White 519 Agenda-Setting 521 Social Movements, Interest Groups, and Agenda-Setting 522 The Media and Agenda-Setting 524 Policy Enactment 525 Our Voices: President Obama s 2009 Cairo Speech 526 Policy Formulation 528 Policy Adoption 531 Evaluating Equality: Racism and the Public Debate over the Adoption of Health Care Reform Policies 534 Postenactment Stages 535 Policy Implementation 535 Policy Evaluation 538 Measuring Equality: Racial Disparities in the Punishment of Drug Offenders 539 Conclusion 541 Review Questions 542 Key Terms 542 Additional Readings 542 Appendix I: The Declaration of Independence 543 Appendix II: The Constitution 546 Conclusion 516 Review Questions 517 Key Terms 517 Additional Readings 518 Glossary 566 Notes 579 Credits 616 Index 620