1 Chapter 23 AP US History

Transcription

1 1 Chapter 23 AP US Histry

2 Hw did plitical parties build calitins ut f their diverse ethnic and reginal cnstituencies? What factrs prmpted the rise f the Grange and the Farmers Alliance mvements? Why did William Jennings Bryan fail t win the presidency in 1896? Why did the United States g t war with Spain and becme an imperial pwer? 2

3 Plitics: hard mney v. sft mney (1870s & 1890s) tariffs (1880s) crruptin due t greed, patrnage & trusts (thrughut the 19 th Century) Industrialism: US became the wrld s mst pwerful ecnmy by the 1890s Railrads, steel, il, electricity and banking America was transfrmed frm an agrarian natin t an urban natin between 1865 and 1920! Urbanizatin: Millins f New Immigrants came frm Suthern and Eastern Eurpe, mstly t wrk in factries. 3

4 Unins and Refrm mvements sught t curb the injustices f industrialism. Farmers increasingly lst grund in the new industrial ecnmy and eventually rganized (Ppulism). The Last West : farming, mining, and cattle raising. By 1900, sciety had becme mre stratified int classes than any time befre r since. 4

5 Jim Fiske and Jay Guld: attempted t crner the gld market in 1869 These men are well-knwn scundrels wh had used fraud and bribery in 1868 t prevent Crnelius Vanderbilt frm cntrlling the Erie Railrad. Hw did they attempt t cheat Wall Street investrs? By persuaded Grant t make the federal Treasury refrain frm selling gld. Hw culd they ensure their plan wuld wrk? By cnvincing Grant t name Gen. Butterfield as the assistant treasurer t the United States. Butterfield wuld tip ff Fisk and Guld when gld was t be traded ~ this is INSIDER TRADING! Fisk and Guld wuld then bid the price f gld UP n the market! When Grant realized their scheme, he rdered the release f gld and the bubble burst causing the Panic f SYNTHESIS MOMENT: This is similar t the Crash f 1929 when verspeculatin inflated stck values and the market cllapsed! 5

6 By Frederick Burr Opper Published in Keppler & Schwarzmann, March 29, What is the meaning f this cartn? This print shws Jay Guld bwling n Wall Street using bwling balls labeled "Private Press, General Unscrupulusness, False Reprts, [and] Trickery" t knck dwn pins labeled "Banker, Small Operatr, Speculatr, Stck Dabbler, Brker, Inexperienced Investr, Capitalist, [and] Curb Stne Brker." A slate shws Guld's hldings in varius railrads, "Western Unin, Missuri Pacific, Manhattan 'L', Wabash, New Yrk Metr. 'L', [and] Wabash Preferred" ttaling "53,000,000". 6

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8 Hw did the pst-civil War Republic change? The ppulatin increased by 26.6% in a decade! What caused this ppulatin grwth? Immigratin increased during the pst-civil War perid. At this time in histry, the US was the 3 rd largest natin in the Western wrld behind Russia and France! Did America s civil health keep pace with the physical grwth? NO! Waste, extravagance, speculatin and graft influenced the plitical and scial scene. Americans were disillusined by crruptin and plitical stalemates. Interir Secretary Schurz cleaning huse, Harper s Weekly January 26,

9 Hw many presidents did we have during these years? 4 all elected by very narrw margins! Hw many times did the cntrls f Cngress change? 5 times in the Huse f Representatives alne What ther factrs influenced plitical changes? 7 new states entered the Unin Plitical party cmpetitin was INTENSE Did ANY party really supprt the wrkers r gain a slid backing by this grup? NO Hw did plitical parties wrk during this time? Slidifying the lyalties f their fllwers Demcrats: rebuilt their strength in the Suth Republicans: struggled t maintain lyalty f wrking class & t increase supprt f businesses 9

10 Late 19 th Century: 80%+ f eligible white males VOTED! In tugh electins this percent rse t almst 95% Is vter participatin this high tday? NO! scarcely ½ this % vte tday! Why the higher vter participatin? Attempts by bth parties t address the grwing ecnmic cncerns What created ecnmic cncerns? Strmy pstwar industry Gegraphic expansin Influx f millins f immigrants Explsive grwth f cities Did plitical parties address the issues f the peple? NO! plitical parties ften sidestepped the issues f industrializatin Crprate taxatin and wrkplace safety were excessively verlked 10

11 Did any acts attempt t address the industrial issues? YES! Interstate Cmmerce Act (1887) Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) Hw can parties refuse t address ecnmic cncerns and still have a huge fllwing? The plitical idelgy f the perid! Cncerns ver 3 majr symblic and ecnmic issues: Tariffs Mnetary plicy Civil-service refrm 11

12 Hw d the parties energize vters? Republicans: Supprt high tariffs and Unin Widw benefits Demcrats: Did NOT supprt high tariffs and attacked Republican ideas as use f excessive gvernment frce Clearly the issues dividing these tw parties have been present fr a LONG time! Is there any issue that unifies these parties? YES! Laissez-Faire: the belief that unregulated cmpetitin represented the best path t prgress. In ther wrds: prmte ecnmic develpment BUT d nt regulate industry! 12

13 Where d these parties reign? Demcrats rule the SOUTH, sectins f brder states, and nrthern cities with large immigrant ppulatins. Republicans ruled in rural/small New England twns, Pennsylvania, and the upper Midwest Did any grup rely n their Civil War rle? Yes! The Republicans ften reminded fllwers that they had led the natin thrugh this cnflict. D we find manipulatin r encuragement fr vting? Abslutely! Plitical Bsses: Big Jim Pendergast (Kansas City) and Gerge B. Cx (Cincinnati) wuld take care f cnstituents! Issues (including Prhibitin) drve vting 13

14 What kinds f pliticians emerge during this era? The plitical bss! The bss lead a plitical machine an unfficial rganizatin designed t keep a certain party in ffice. These bsses wielded ENOURMOUS amunts f pwer! Best example: William Magear Tweed (Bss Tweed) Which plitical machine wuld be the mst wellknwn? Tammany Hall the Demcratic machine that cntrlled New Yrk City plitics Is this a trend fr many f the majr cities? YES! Baltimre, Philadelphia, Atlanta, San Francisc and thers had plitical machines. 14

15 Thmas Nast 15

16 What was the Credit Mbilier scandal? Credit Mbilier was a railrad cnstructin cmpany frmed by insiders f Unin Pacific Railway. Hired themselves t build the railrad and paid themselves huge fees. Paid dividends f 348% in ne year. Distributed shares f stck t cngressmen t avid interference. A New Yrk newspaper expsed the scandal in 1872 Charges were cnfirmed by a subsequent Cngressinal investigatin that censured 2 members & the Vice President -- Grant s reputatin tarnished althugh mst crruptin befre his presidency. 16

17 Whiskey Ring Scandal 1875, public discvered Whisky Ring had rbbed millins in excise-tax revenues. -- Grant: "Let n man escape" Yet, ne f Grant s wn cabinet members part f the scam. Grant persuaded the jury nt t cnvict. Secretary f War Belknap pcketed $24,000 fr selling the privilege f disbursing supplies t Indians; supplies ften wrthless. Huse vted t impeach him and he resigned the same day. Grant accepted resignatin "with great regret." 17

18 What were the causes f the Panic f 1873? Overprductin f railrads, mines, factries and farm prducts. Bankers made t many risky lans t finance grwth. Many lans went unpaid and the banking system cllapsed (e.g. Jay Cke) 15,000 businesses went bankrupt. Depreciatin f Greenbacks resulted in hard-mney advcates seeking t increase dllar s value. Treasury withdrew $100 millin decreasing mney available t $350 millin Hard-mney advcates pleased; sft-mney advcates dismayed. 18

19 Hw d yu create mre mney withut causing inflatin? This was the single greatest argument f this era. Mst Americans believed that gld, silver r certificates were trustwrthy frms f mney nt paper! By 1860, ALL mney in circulatin was either gld r silver cin r treasury ntes. What event is ging t encurage paper mney? The Civil War! REMEMBER: Greenbacks were first issued during the Civil War Why the argument ver type f mney supply? Inflatin! Printing mney randmly leads t a decreased value! Panic f 1873 was still fresh in the memry f mst Americans wh were NOT eager t repeat this event! Hw d silver advcates apprach changing the backing f US currency? Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) 19

20 1874, t stimulate ecnmic grwth Cngressinal Demcrats sught inflatin by printing mre Greenbacks int circulatin. Grant was persuaded by hard mney supprters t vet the bill t print mre paper mney. -- Cnservatives feared uncntrlled grwth f mney supply and inflatin. Specie Resumptin Act f 1875: Further withdrawal f Greenbacks and redemptin f all paper currency in gld (nt silver) at face value in Deflatin resulted due t less mney in circulatin. Wrsened impact f depressin Yet, bsted natin s credit rating; brught Greenbacks up t full face value. 20

21 Debtrs sught t cause inflatin which wuld increase mney supply, making it easier t pay debts. In the early 1870s silver was 1/16 the value f gld silver prices were actually higher in the market Silver prducers stpped ffering silver fr sale t federal mints Cngress stpped cinage f silver dllars in 1873 U.S. is nw ff the bimetal standard. Westerners cried that the dwnward trend in silver prices was the Crime f 1873" Silver mining states demanded return t earlier silver prices in rder t bst inflatin. Republicans refused and Grant maintained hard-mney plicy. 21

22 Bland-Allisn Act f 1878 Cmprmise where gvernment wuld buy and cin between $2-4 millin per mnth. Yet, gvernment stuck t legal minimum and inflatin did nt ccur. -- Althugh ecnmy grew, currency in circulatin didn't keep pace resulting in lwer prices. In 1878 the Greenback Labr Party frmed (seeking sft-mney) and elected 14 members t Cngress while plling ver a millin vtes. -- After the depressin ended in 1879, the currency issue did nt cme back t center stage until the 1890s. 22

23 Hw d we transitin frm appintment f psitins t earned psitins? Each natin in the wrld has had t address Civil Service refrm Befre and during the 19 th Century, the spils system was in effect ( T the victr belng the spils ). The gvernment was in need f a prfessinal civil service system t ensure fairness and equitability! Wh begins civil service refrm? Rutherfrd B. Hayes (wh was elected thrugh cmprmise!) Hayes rdered the investigatin f the New Yrk City custms ffice and fired tw fficials! Chester A. Arthur was ne f these fficials! 23

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25 Hw des Arthur g frm being fired fr crruptin t the White Huse? POLITICAL MACHINE! Arthur was chsen t appease the New Yrk Republicans! Garfield was elected in 1880 (ends in a -0-)! In 1881, Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau Chester A. Arthur becmes president. By 1883, Cngress passes the Pendletn Civil Service Act Cmpetitive examinatins Standards f merit were established Plitical candidates culd NOT slicit cntributins frm gvernment wrkers! Des Arthur stay in ffice? NO Grver Cleveland will win the 1884 electin. 25

26 Puck Magazine (Granger Cllectin) 26