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1 Monday, September 26 th Midterm #1: Monday, Sept. 26 th to Thursday, Sept. 29 th Monday and Wednesday (Regular Period) Wednesday ($5 late fee) Thursday ($7 late fee) Must have test in hand by 11 am Exam in Testing Center. Be sure to go with enough time before Testing Center closes. Note: It is your responsibility to find out when the testing center closes, and how long lines are running, so that you can avoid getting cut short on the time you need to finish your exam. The Review Room will be closed during test week Film #1: A More Perfect Union Monday, October 3rd at 5:00 pm & Tuesday, October 4 th at 7:30 p.m. in B037 JFSB NO CLASS on Monday, October 3 rd (Constitutional Conventional Activity Preparation) First essay prompt no later than this Wednesday, Sept. 28 th.

2 Social Contract in Declaration When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them... it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

3 Natural Rights life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness universality of unalienable rights given by the Creator government exists to protect

4 All Are Created Equal all men are created equal women? persons of color? slaves? does it matter? impact through the ages

5 The Power of Language all nations feared greatly, so powerful was the word of Enoch, and so great was the power of the language which God had given him. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness These are the times that try men s souls [W]hen republican virtue fails, slavery ensues.of more worth is one honest man to society and in the sight of God, than all the crowned ruffians that ever lived.

6 Lincoln Reworks Jefferson Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.

7 The Point of It All The history of American democracy is a gradual realization, too slow for some and too rapid for others, of the implications of the Declaration of Independence. --Ralph Barton Perry

8

9 I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."

10 Note sometimes conflict: Liberty vs. Equality

11 The Revolutionary War

12 The War British Advantages Military strength Economic strength Many loyalists American Advantages Distance Geography Determination

13 The War British Strategy Conquer quickly, restore order. Harder than they thought. Colony Strategy Keep an army in the field and wear the British out. Hard.

14 The War Created divisions within the colonies. 700,000 out of 2.5 million were loyal to British: Tories. Also united the colonies. Soldiers in Continental Army began to see themselves as Americans, not just Virginians or New Yorkers. Citizens pondered much more deeply what they had in common with citizens of other colonies. Summoned great public virtue, from ordinary citizens, as well as the famous.

15 War Chronology 1775, April: War begins at Lexington and Concord. 1775, June: Battle of Bunker Hill. 1776, August: Battle of New York. 1776, December: Washington crosses Delaware and captures Trenton. 1777, October: Battle of Saratoga. France enters in , October: Battle of Yorktown. Effective end of war. 1783: Treaty of Paris officially ends war.

16 The British Challenge What do the British have to do to win the war? What do the Americans have to do?

17 To make war upon rebellion is messy and slow, like eating soup with a knife. --T.E. Lawrence

18 Britain s Vietnam? Superpower vs. insurgency The British lack a strategy for victory. Support in Britain for the war wanes. The Americans don t need to win any battles. They just have to keep an army in the field and wear the British down.

19 George Washington

20 The Indispensable One

21 Icon of Greco-Roman Virtue

22 Icon of Judeo-Christian virtue

23

24 Making the Myth Weems s The Life of Washington... went through 80 editions how-to manual about citizenship serialized in McGuffey readers

25 The Man Behind the Myth physical bearing not an angel (though pretty close) enters the Revolutionary stage

26 George Washington A man of virtue General of the Army An inspiration to Americans Commanded deep loyalty and devotion Did not seek power Deferred to Congress during the War. Resigned his commission after the War. Turned down a third Presidential term.

27 The Travails of Washington problems with Congress competing generals temporary enlistments short, uncertain supply chain unprepared Army... training, artillery, officers British spies and turncoats

28 How Did He Do It? Military Political Spiritual

29 How Did He Do It? Military training and generalship revered by soldiers new warfare hold faith of Americans just had to stay in the game

30 How Did He Do It? Politically underrated understood the world outmaneuver rivals knew how to hold confidence of people

31 Newburgh Conspiracy Coup d état: what is it and what is its value? 1783 Officers threaten to march on Congress to secure back pay Washington s role Secures in America concept of civilian control of the military

32 How Did He Do It? Spiritual classical republican... cultivated areté... sought excellence exemplified classical virtues... wisdom, temperance, courage, justice commonwealthman Plato s integrated soul A Washington Moment

33 Providential Leadership But, by the all-powerful Dispensations of Providence, I have been protected beyond all human probability or expectation; for I had four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me, yet escaped unhurt although Death was leveling my companions on every side of me! GW, letter to his brother, July 1755

34 "I am sure there never was a people, who had more reason to acknowledge a divine interposition in their affairs, than those of the United States; and I should be pained to believe that they have forgotten that agency, which was so often manifested during our Revolution, or that they failed to consider the omnipotence of that God who is alone able to protect them." George Washington to John Armstrong, March 11, 1792

35 Washington: The Indispensable Man First in War Inspirational Commander-in-Chief Trusted with dictator like powers Congressional resolution 1776: Happy it is for this country that the General of their forces can be safely entrusted with the most unlimited power. And neither personal security, liberty, nor property be in the least degree endangered thereby. Architect of victory, 1781

36 First in Peace Washington (cont.) Subordinated military to civilian rule Washington s response 1776: Instead of thinking myself freed from all civil obligations by this mark of their confidence, I shall constantly bear in mind that as the sword was the last resort for the preservation of our liberties, so it ought to be the first thing laid aside when those liberties are firmly established Newburgh Presided over Constitutional Convention Developed the office of President First in the Hearts of his Countrymen A great unifying figure

37 Washington as Symbol first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen fulfilled hopes of friends of Constitution and spiked fear of critics voluntarily gave up power warned against factions cast a long shadow

38 After the War The colonies had an unusual amount of public virtue. The Founders probably overestimated the amount of public virtue that would exist going forward.

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