The American Revolution & Confederation. The Birth of the United States
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1 The American Revolution & Confederation The Birth of the United States
2 Essential Question Evaluate the extent to which the Revolution fundamentally changed American society.
3 The First Continental Congress 12 Colonies meet in Philadelphia (Sept. 1, 1774) Delegates Objectives & Resolutions: Declaration of Rights and Grievances Obtain repeal of Coercive Acts (Suffolk Resolves) Created Continental Association boycott
4 Fighting Begins Lexington and Concord (April, 1775) Minutemen Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775) British tactical victory, American moral victory
5 Lexington and Concord Commander of British Troop, Thomas Gage, led an army into the town of Concord to seize colonial military supplies British troops also traveled to arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams Shot Heard Around the World
6 Bunker Hill June 17, 1775 British troops attacked the colonists position and took the hill, but suffered over a thousand casualties Americans succeeded in inflicting heavy losses on the attacking British army showed the British that American military was organized and determined, and more than a local conflict
7 The Second Continental Congress May, 1775 Radicals vs. Moderates Actions & Resolutions George Washington selected as commander-in-chief of Continental Army Olive Branch Petition (July) George s Response (Prohibitory Act August) Paine s Common Sense -push for independence -break all ties with British monarchy
8 Olive Branch Petition Goal: seek reconciliation with the Crown by stating colonial grievances Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the King to intercede with Parliament to secure peace and the protection of colonial rights King George ignored the colonists plea and instead agreed to the Prohibitory Act, which declared the colonies in rebellion
9 M/C Question King George III s Speech AMSCO p. 97 Read stimulus and answer questions #1-3 3 minutes
10 Common Sense written by Thomas Paine; published in January 1776 was used to gain support for the idea of independence from Great Britain used clear and forceful language to convince colonists to break all political ties with the British monarchy
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12 The Second Continental Congress Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Articles of Confederation (1777) - Lack of Centralized Power - Power= Legislative Branch
13 Second Continental Congress Additional Info Congress was divided One group of delegates wanted to declare independence and others wanted to negotiate by creating a new relationship with Great Britain Delegates from all colonies met, EXCEPT from Georgia
14 M/C Question Virginia Declaration of Rights AMSCO p. 98 Read stimulus and answer questions #4-6 3 minutes
15 Enlightenment Political philosopher Believed it was the government s responsibility to secure life, liberty, and property John Locke
16 Declaration of Independence Drafted by Thomas Jefferson Greatly influenced by Enlightenment ideas like those of John Locke Listed specific grievances against George III s government and justified the Revolution Derived from other local colonial declarations of independence adopted on July 4, 1776
17 The Revolutionary War Profile of Colonies: Population: 2.6 million 40% actively participated 20-30% loyalists Patriots Center: New England & Virginia Continental Army: Poorly equipped, short of supplies, rarely paid African Americans 5,000 Loyalists (Tories) Center: NY, NJ, GA 60,000 fought w/british American Indians Largely sided w/british
18 M/C Question Alexander Hamilton AMSCO p. 99 Read stimulus and answer questions #7-8 2 minutes
19 Major Events & Crises Siege of Boston (April 1775-March 1776) British Capture New York and Philadelphia ( ) Battles of Trenton & Princeton (December 1776 & January 1777) Winter at Valley Forge ( ) Paine s The Crisis Von Steuben & Lafayette Economic Woes 95% decline in trade Rampant inflation (continentals)
20 The Turning Point British Strategy Cut off New England Howe from NY Burgoyne from Champlain Courting France Benjamin Franklin Saratoga (Oct. 1777) Arnold and Gates vs. Burgoyne Franco-American Alliance (1778) France lends Navy
21 Battle of Saratoga October 1777; American troops were victorious in Saratoga and it served as a turning point for American revolutionaries After Saratoga, France and America created an alliance France helped the colonists with military and financial assistance during the American Revolution
22 Victory Patriot forces move from North Capture Illinois and Ohio ( ) Britain s Southern Strategy Gain Loyalist support Secure Chesapeake Yorktown (1781) Surrender of Cornwallis
23 Battle of Yorktown Last major battle of the Revolutionary War Showed the significance of French aid to the Americans effort Washington s army forced the surrender of a British army led by Charles Cornwallis
24 Tories replaced by Whigs in England Support for war becomes unpopular Provisions of Treaty 1. Britain recognizes United States as independent 2. Mississippi River becomes western boundary 3. Americans granted fishing rights off the coast of Canada 4. Americans would pay debts/claims to British merchants and Loyalists Treaty of Paris, 1783
25 Organization of New Governments State Governments By 1777, 10 had new constitutions Common Traits: Bill of Rights Separation of Powers Suffrage» White, male, landowners Republican The Articles of Confederation Ratification (1781)
26 Structure: Unicameral Legislation 9 of 13 (Unanimity to amend) Committee of States Powers: Wage War Make Treaties Conduct Foreign Diplomacy Borrow Money Prohibitions: Regulate Commerce Collect Taxes Weaknesses: No formal executive No judiciary The Articles Success - Resolution of Western land issues in the Northwest Territory
27 Under the Articles Accomplishments: Winning the War Land Ordinance of 1785 Settled boundary disputes Established provision for public education Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Established rules for statehood (promoted expansion) Prohibited slavery in territories
28 Problems: Financial War debt; no power to tax States had own currencies Interstate trade Foreign Policy Threats from Britain and Spain States could form own treaties Domestic Protection Shays Rebellion (1787) Under the Articles
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31 Shay s Rebellion Farmers rebellion against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money Strengthened the movement to produce a new national constitution State militia of Massachusetts broke the rebellion in January 1787
32 Women Revolutionary Women: Molly Pitcher, Deborah Sampson Second-Class Stature: Abigail Adams Remember the Ladies Slavery North vs. South Manumission policies varied by region Social Change
33 Abolition of Aristocratic Titles Elimination of titles of nobility and primogeniture Confiscation of Loyalist estates Separation of Church and State Virginia Statutes (Jefferson, 1786) Social Change
34 Women & Slaves Women The revolution had a significant effect on women because of their roles as teachers of republican virtue to their children They also provided food and clothing for the war effort Still remained in second-class status Slaves Slavery contradicted the spirit of the Revolution and the idea that all men are created equal For most African Americans, the Revolution had little significance Many Northern states ended slavery
35 American Revolution or Evolution? How radical were the changes made by the American Revolution? Was the revolution a radical break from the past or a conservative attempt to safeguard traditional liberties?
36 Past Essay Topics Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period Analyze how the ideas and experiences of the revolutionary era influenced the principles embodied in the Articles of Confederation. Evaluate the extent to which the Articles of Confederation were effective in solving the problems that confronted the new nation.
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