Topic 18: An Era of Change

Transcription

1 Topic 18: An Era of Change 1. Video: The Rise of Conservatism Write down 5 things you learned on a separate sheet of paper 2. Topic 18 Lesson 1 Interactive Reading Notepad 3. Topic 18 Lesson 1 Quiz 4. Topic 18 Lesson 2 Interactive Reading Notepad 5. Topic 18 Lesson 2 Quiz 6. Topic 18 Lesson 3 Interactive Reading Notepad 7. Topic 18 Lesson 3 Quiz 8. Topic 18 Lesson 4 Interactive Reading Notepad 9. Topic 18 Lesson 4 Quiz 10. Topic 18 Lesson 5 Interactive Reading Notepad 11. Topic 18 Lesson 5 Quiz 12. Video: Ford, Carter, and Econ... Write down 5 things you learned on a separate sheet of paper 13. Topic 18 Lesson 6 Interactive Reading Notepad 14. Topic 18 Lesson 6 Quiz 15. Topic 18 Primary Sources: Documents A, B, C, and D 16. Topic 18 Test 1

2 Interactive Reading Notepad Topic 18 Lesson 1: The Counterculture of the 1960s Pages: 758 to 761 Key Terms Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Counterculture-- 2. generation gap-- 3. communes-- Academic Vocabulary This is just for reference. contradict: to go against expressed views enclave: an area in which the people inside it are different than the people around it provoke: to cause anger recreational: done for enjoyment or pleasure spontaneity: the quality of doing things in a natural, sudden way without much thought or planning A Counterculture Emerges: Text 1. Use Visual Information Analyze the photograph of a hippie wedding, which shows a young man and woman embracing in unconventional clothes. What values were important to these people? Use information from both the text and the photograph to support your ideas. 2. Paraphrase Explain how the quote from Jerry Rubin illustrates the generation gap of the 1960s. 3. Analyze Interactions Among Events Explain the impact of World War II on the social fabric of the United States. 2

3 4. Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast the environments the baby boomers and their parents grew up with. Include information about major events and how those events impacted each generation. 5. Determine Central Ideas Use the web diagram below to give examples of the main ideas of the counterculture. Include information about how the counterculture distinguished itself through music, politics, education, media, and personal style. The Counterculture Shapes a Generation: Text 6. Draw Inferences What did the music and the art of the 1960s have in common? Make connections between at least one musician and one artist of the time. 3

4 7. Draw Conclusions What criticism do you think the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco drew? Make connections to ways people criticize people with alternate lifestyles today. 8. Draw Inferences Why did the ideas of Buddhism and other eastern religions, as well as the values of the Native Americans, appeal to members of the hippie counterculture? 9. Summarize What events contributed to the end of the counterculture movement of the 1960s? 4

5 Topic 18 Lesson 1 Quiz Directions: You may use the text to answer the following 5 questions. Please clearly write the correct answer on the line next to the number. 1. The generation gap developed as A. baby boomers grew up during a time of greater affluence than their parents. B. baby boomers rejected rock music, which signified turning away from tradition and authority. C. baby boomers adopted the societal values of their parents. D. baby boomers became better educated than their parents. 2. The boomers' social experimentation and defiant rebelliousness was an attack on their parents' values of A. loyalty and political activism. B. conformity and higher education. C. loyalty and a strong work ethic. D. conformity and respect for authority. 3. By choosing soup cans as the subject of a painting, Andy Warhol may have meant to show us that A. soup cans are not the most appropriate subject for a painting. B. soup cans represent an advance for the modern food industry. C. the only things we really value are the things we can consume. D. abstract art is superior to representational art. 4. Baby boomers defined freedom as A. the liberty to pursue free enterprise. B. the absence of government regulation. C. a release from social restrictions. D. a lack of religious affiliation. 5. Which aspect of the counterculture may have had a negative effect on society? A. its objectives that proved to be unattainable B. its ideals that became too abstract and intellectual for average people C. its exclusive pursuit of pleasure and lack of concern for the future D. its interest in spirituality and respect for the environment 5

6 Interactive Reading Notepad Topic 18 Lesson 2: The Women s Rights Movement Pages: 762 to 766 Key Terms Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Feminism-- 2. Betty Friedan-- 3. National Organization for Women (NOW)-- 4. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)-- 5. Phyllis Schlafly-- Academic Vocabulary This is just for reference. discrimination: unfairly treating a person or group differently than others enforce: to cause something to happen galvanize: to bring about excitement for an issue or an idea resonate: to have particular meaning and importance for someone A New Feminist Movement Pushes for Equality: Text 1. Analyze Sequence What events in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s led to the need for a second wave of feminism? 2. Summarize Why did some leaders of the feminist movement use the phrase Jane Crow to motivate people to act? 3. Analyze Style and Rhetoric What aspects of the excerpt from The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan made her writing particularly powerful? Give examples. 6

7 The Role of Women s Civil Rights Organizations: Text 4. Assess an Argument Do any aspects of women s rights seem too extreme to appeal to all women? Why? 5. Explain an Argument Phyllis Schlafly argued that the Equal Rights Amendment was harmful to American families. Explain and summarize Schlafly s beliefs. The Impact of the Women s Movement: Text 6. Draw Conclusions Why was Roe v. Wade considered a civil rights decision? 7. Identify Cause and Effect Title IX required colleges to have better opportunities for women in athletics. What mixed consequences did this have? 8. Analyze Interactions Explain the relationship between the pink collar ghetto and the feminization of poverty. 7

8 9. Identify Cause and Effect What hidden causes lead to women getting paid less than men? 8

9 Topic 18 Lesson 2 Quiz Directions: You may use the text to answer the following 5 questions. Please clearly write the correct answer on the line next to the number. 1. What was the primary objective of the National Organization for Women? A. to make personal issues political B. to combat gender discrimination C. to protect traditional family values D. to radically change the legal system 2. Which message did Betty Friedan articulate in The Feminine Mystique? A. Women should have the right to serve in the military. B. Female workers faced discrimination in the workplace. C. The legal system should protect women's reproductive rights. D. Many housewives were dissatisfied with limited opportunities. 3. What was an unintended consequence of Title IX? A. Most women received lower salaries than men. B. A feminization of poverty occurred across the nation. C. Fewer athletic coaching positions were available to women. D. Some women used dangerous methods to end their pregnancies. 4. How did Phyllis Schlafly's activism affect the women's movement? A. It encouraged many women to reject the protests and demonstrations of feminist activists. B. It strengthened conservative opposition and thwarted the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. C. It strengthened feminist activism and helped to bring about the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. D. It encouraged lobbyists to work within the existing political system and compel the government to enforce existing laws. 5. The civil rights movement inspired the women's movement by A. making reproductive rights education more accessible. B. drawing attention to group discrimination. C. highlighting Martin Luther King Jr.'s calls for gender equality. D. offering models of non-violent protest. 9

10 Interactive Reading Notepad Topic 18 Lesson 3: Expanding the Push for Equality Pages: 768 to 773 Key Terms Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Cesar Chavez-- 2. migrant farmworkers-- 3. United Farm Workers (UFW)-- 4. American Indian Movement (AIM)-- 5. Japanese American Citizens League-- Academic Vocabulary This is just for reference deplorable: disgusting, shocking, and awful deportation: banishment; the act of removing someone from a country forcefully, though the law emigration: the act of leaving one s country to live elsewhere implement: to bring about militant: having or showing a willingness to use strong, extreme methods to achieve a goal Latino Immigration Surges: Text 1. Analyze Interactions Among Events Why did the U.S. government change its stance toward the braceros between the 1940s and 1950s? 2. Identify Cause and Effect What events and trends led Latino immigrants to leave their home countries and come to the United States? 10

11 3. Draw Inferences The Immigration and Nationality Act was passed in 1965, and it eliminated quotas for immigrants, allowing many more Latino immigrants to come into the United States. What other events in the United States might have led to the passage of this law? Latino Organizations Fight for Rights: Text 4. Draw Conclusions How was Cesar Chavez influenced by Dr. King and the Civil Rights Movement? 5. Use Visual Information Analyze the mural shown in Latino Organizations Fight for Rights. Use information from this mural and the text to make an inference about at least two things that are important to the Chicano heritage. 6. Compare and Contrast What similarities and differences do you see between the Chicano movement and the Harlem Renaissance? 11

12 Native Americans and Asian Americans Battle Discrimination: Text 7. Draw Conclusions What were the goals of the Native American protests at Alcatraz and Wounded Knee? 8. Determine Central Idea Analyze the excerpt from Dee Brown s influential book, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. What is Brown s central idea? Explain it in your own words. 9. Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast the goals of the Japanese American Citizens League and the American Indian Movement. Activists Win Rights for Consumers and the Disabled: Text 10. Make Inferences If Franklin D. Roosevelt had shown his disability openly, do you think rights for people with disabilities would have been achieved earlier? Explain your answer using evidence. 12

13 Topic 18 Lesson 3 Quiz Directions: You may use the text to answer the following 5 questions. Please clearly write the correct answer on the line next to the number. 1. How did the decision in Mendez v. Westminster relate to Brown v. Board of Education several years later? A. Mendez v. Westminster established social services for minority youths in urban ghettos. B. Mendez v. Westminster strengthened collective bargaining agreements for workers. C. Mendez v. Westminster gave American Indian tribes greater political autonomy on reservations. D. Mendez v. Westminster declared the segregation of students in California public schools to be unconstitutional. 2. How did Cesar Chavez contribute to the Chicano civil rights movement? A. He fought for the rights of exploited Latino farm laborers. B. He denounced the radical political agenda of La Raza Unida. C. He protested the violent tactics of the United Farm Workers. D. He demanded that educators teach more about Chicano heritage. 3. How did Dolores Huerta help to improve the conditions of Mexican Americans in the United States? A. She organized the political party La Raza Unida in Texas. B. She organized unions to help Mexican American farmworkers. C. She became the first Mexican American woman to serve in Congress. D. She fought for the desegregation of Mexican Americans in Texas schools. 4. How did the American Indian Movement convince the United States government to reexamine native treaty rights? A. It organized a march from New York to Los Angeles. B. It occupied the site of the massacre at Wounded Knee. C. It staged a radical demonstration outside of the White House. D. It protested the poor conditions on American Indian reservations. 5. Why did the Japanese American Citizens League seek government compensation? A. for the refusal to recognize the activist occupation of Alcatraz B. for the poor wages and conditions imposed on migrant workers C. for property that had been lost due to internment during World War II D. for the violence of federal authorities that killed activists during a protest 13

14 Interactive Reading Notepad Topic 18 Lesson 4: The Environmental Movement Pages: 774 to 777 Key Terms Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Rachel Carson-- 2. Earth Day-- 3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-- 4. Clean Air Act-- 5. Clean Water Act-- 6. Endangered Species Act-- Academic Vocabulary byproduct: something that is produced in addition to the main product compel: to force someone to do something luridly: in a way that causes shock or disgust noxious: harmful or destructive percolating: passing slowly through something that has many small holes or openings Environmental Activists Sound the Alarm: Text 1. Analyze Sequence Use the sequence graphic organizer to record the major events that led up to the environmental movement. Include information about what year each event occurred. 14

15 2. Analyze Author s Point of View Based on the quote that the Cuyahoga River oozes, rather than flows, and that a person does not drown but decays, what can you conclude about point of view of the author of the article in Time magazine about the fire? 3. Draw Conclusions What conclusions can you draw about the public sentiment toward the environment in the 1960s, based on the laws Nixon passed as president? Cite evidence to support your conclusions. Impact of Environmental Regulations: Text 4. Identify Supporting Details What details from either primary or secondary sources were most effective in helping you understand the toxic chemicals in Love Canal in New York? 5. Draw Inferences Why did the events at Three Mile Island delay the development of nuclear energy for such a long time? 15

16 6. Summarize What were some of the arguments against environmental regulations? Explain at least two arguments in your own words. 7. Explain an Argument Explain some of the basic assumptions about the environment and human nature that the opponents to environmental regulation believed. 16

17 Topic 18 Lesson 4 Quiz Directions: You may use the text to answer the following 5 questions. Please clearly write the correct answer on the line next to the number What was the purpose of the Environmental Protection Agency? A. to eliminate the use of nuclear power in the United States B. to regulate pollutants that threatened humans and wildlife C. to organize a nationwide protest against toxic industrial practices D. to challenge terms of the Fifth Amendment that damaged the environment How did President Nixon contribute to the environmental movement? A. He became an adamant environmental activist and introduced important reforms. B. He approved the Endangered Species Act in order to protect plants and animals at risk. C. He created the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to monitor the handling of nuclear materials. D. He raised public awareness about the deadly impact of pesticides on plants and animals. Since the 1970s, environmental regulations have become controversial because A. many environmentalists believe more should be done. B. many worry that regulations will hurt business and reduce jobs. C. many argue that regulations are imposed on the wrong industries. D. many are convinced that the environment is not threatened at all. Many oppose the government's environmental regulations because they A. believe it decreases property values. B. think that the states should regulate industry. C. believe it may encourage government corruption. D. think it violates the property rights of individuals. 5. How did Silent Spring shape the environmental movement? A. It influenced environmentalists to establish the Sierra Club. B. It persuaded the chemical industry to willingly alter its practices. C. It empowered environmental activists to launch grassroots initiatives. D. It generated widespread criticism of Congress for approving pesticides. 17

18 Interactive Reading Notepad Topic 18 Lesson 5: The Two Sides of the Nixon Presidency Pages: 778 to 788 Key Terms Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Henry Kissinger-- 2. Realpolitik-- 3. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty-- 4. Détente-- 5. silent majority-- 6. Stagflation-- 7. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)-- 8. affirmative action-- 9. Watergate Twenty-fifth Amendment-- Academic Vocabulary This is just for reference. botched: ruined; done carelessly implicate: to show that someone or something is closely connected to or involved in something such as a crime obstruct: to block pragmatic: practical; having to do with real actions and results rather than ideas and theories pollution: environmental contamination solvency: being able to pay debts Nixon s New Approach to Foreign Policy: Text 1. Summarize Why did Nixon choose to open up trade relations with China and the Soviet Union? 2. Draw Inferences What message did Nixon send by choosing Henry Kissinger as his key advisor on national security and international affairs? 18

19 Opening Relations with China: Text 3. Identify Supporting Details Why did Nixon change his position against China and choose to recognize it as a country? Give at least three reasons. 4. Use Visual Information What do the two photographs in Opening Relations With China help you understand about the relationship between the United States and China during the Nixon presidency? Nixon s Policy of Détente: Text 5. Compare and Contrast How was Nixon s Cold War diplomacy different than that of his predecessors? Why? Nixon s Domestic Policy: Text 6. Draw Inferences How did Richard Nixon s defeats in the 1960 presidential race and the 1962 race for governor of California shape his policy as president? 19

20 7. Summarize Explain why oil prices affected the U.S. economy in the 1970s. Nixon s Southern Strategy : Text 8. Explain an Argument Why did people oppose court-ordered busing? Why was Nixon s stance on this issue especially appealing to blue-collar workers and southern whites? The Watergate Scandal Brings Nixon Down: Text 9. Create a Timeline of the Watergate Scandal and its effects. Your first event should happen in June of 1972 and end with the Federal Election Campaign Act of This timeline should have at least 7 events. 10. Paraphrase Explain why the U.S. Supreme Court ordered Nixon to release the White House tapes, in your own words. Use the excerpt from the United States v. Nixon decision, written by Burger, as a source. 20

21 Topic 18 Lesson 5 Quiz Directions: You may use the text to answer the following 5 questions. Please clearly write the correct answer on the line next to the number How did Nixon combine conservative and liberal goals? A. He redirected money to the states but increased spending on Medicare. B. He did not support increased spending on social security, but created the EPA. C. He supported the Clean Air Act, but disagreed with school segregation policies. D. He supported affirmative action plans but decreased spending on social programs. How did the Philadelphia Plan affect minorities in the United States? A. It promoted the election of minorities to prominent political positions such as the Supreme Court. B. It encouraged segregation by outlawing busing policies that helped to achieve racial balance in schools. C. It embraced affirmative action policies that encouraged businesses to hire minorities without discrimination. D. It increased discrimination against minorities by recognizing the political agenda of southern white Democrats. 3. What did the oil embargo reveal about the American economy in the 1970s? A. that it had produced stagflation in the United States B. that it was dependent on the stability of foreign oil supply C. that it had nothing to do with the price of oil D. that war could destroy a nation's economy What happened as a result of the Watergate scandal? A. President Nixon was impeached. B. Many Republicans became Democrats. C. Many Americans lost their trust in the government. D. Political corruption in Congress became more widespread. How did the Watergate scandal activate the system of checks and balances? A. The legislative and judicial branches of government successfully checked the power of the executive branch. B. The judicial branch of government failed to control the corruption of the legislative and executive branches. C. President Nixon claimed executive privilege in order to exercise his power over the legislative and judicial branches of government. D. The FBI and the executive branch worked together to overpower threats from the legislative and judicial branches of government. 21

22 Interactive Reading Notepad Topic 18 Lesson 6: Ford and Carter Struggle Pages: 789 to 798 Key Terms Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Gerald Ford-- 2. Pardoned-- 3. SALT II-- 4. Jimmy Carter-- 5. Christian fundamentalists-- 6. Community Reinvestment Act-- 7. Sanctions-- 8. Camp David Accords-- 9. Ayatollah Khomeini Televangelists-- Academic Vocabulary This is just for reference. contend: to fight détente: an ending of hostile relationships between countries emphasis: special attention repression: the act of suppressing or keeping down resurgence: growth or increase in activity after a period of less growth undercut: to make something weaker or less effective Ford Governs Through Difficult Times: Text 1. Use Visual Information Use the photo in Ford Governs Through Difficult Times that shows a crowd opposing Ford s pardoning of Nixon, as well as information from the text to explain why the public was so upset when Ford pardoned Nixon. Ford Continues Nixon s Foreign Policies: Text 2. Cite Evidence Did Gerald Ford stand behind his endorsement of the Helsinki Accords? Use evidence to support your answer. 22

23 3. Draw Conclusions Why didn t the United States intervene in the Khmer Rouge genocide? A New President Faces Challenges: Text 4. Summarize What were the advantages and disadvantages of Jimmy Carter being an outsider with little previous experience in politics? 5. Analyze Interactions Among Events Explain the pros and cons of the Community Reinvestment Act. Foreign Policy Changes Under Carter: Text 6. Compare and Contrast How was Carter s foreign policy similar to and different from Nixon s foreign policy? 23

24 Success and Setback in the Middle East: Text 7. Identify Cause and Effect Why did the United States support the Shah s rule in Iran from the 1950s to the 1970s? Why did this support cause anger among many Iranians? 8. Draw Inferences Why were 66 Americans taken hostage during the Iranian Revolution? Unease Over Changing Values: Text 9. Identify Supporting Details What factors drew people to the Sunbelt of the South and West during the 1970s? Identify a few examples. 10. Cite Evidence Why did fundamentalist and evangelical Christianity experience a resurgence in the 1970s? Use Jerry Falwell s quote and other information in the text as evidence. 24

25 Topic 18 Lesson 6 Quiz Directions: You may use the text to answer the following 5 questions. Please clearly write the correct answer on the line next to the number What was the effect of the Wisconsin v. Yoder Supreme Court case? A. It made it illegal to include sex education in public schools. B. It made reproductive health services more accessible to students. C. It prohibited the state from violating students' religious rights. D. It expanded public education standards to include religious materials. Why did President Carter arrange the Camp David Accords? A. to devise a strategy to retrieve U.S. hostages in Iran B. to urge all Middle Eastern nations to recognize Israel C. to help realize a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel D. to encourage Israel to send troops to the Sinai Peninsula Why did many people criticize President Carter's foreign policy? A. for forming dangerous alliances in the Middle East B. for failing to project American strength abroad C. for intervening in foreign conflicts that harmed the economy D. for failing to build up defense against possible Cold War attacks How did the emergence of televangelism shape the conservative religious movement in the United States? A. It increased support for radical social changes and made them mainstream through the use of the media. B. It amended the traditions of Christian preaching to embrace modern values and appeal to the youth. C. It exposed the immorality of politicians and discouraged religious groups from becoming involved in politics. D. It reached millions of viewers and gained support for conservative organizations such as the Moral Majority. How did the decline of northern industries affect demographic patterns in the United States? A. Many people migrated to the Sunbelt seeking jobs in defense plants and oil fields. B. Northern cities dwindled as agriculture took over former industrial regions. C. Suburban populations decreased as more people sought urban jobs and populated cities. D. Many people migrated to the Northeast where the thriving automobile industry offered work. 25

26 DOCUMENT A: Partial Transcript of President Nixon s Reelection Campaign Speech, 1972 Introduction In 1972, President Richard Nixon ran for reelection. That summer, two months after the Watergate break-in, the Republican Party held its national convention and nominated him as its presidential candidate. In this partial transcript of his acceptance speech, Nixon discusses his policy on crime. Primary Source Let me turn now to a second area where my beliefs are totally different from those of our opponents [rivals]. Four years ago crime was rising all over America at an unprecedented [never done before] rate. Even our Nation's Capital was called the crime capital of the world. I pledged to stop the rise in crime. In order to keep that pledge, I promised in the election campaign that I would appoint judges to the Federal courts, and particularly to the Supreme Court, who would recognize that the first civil right of every American is to be free from domestic violence [crime in the streets]. I have kept that promise. I am proud of the appointments I have made to the courts, and particularly proud of those I have made to the Supreme Court of the United States. And I pledge again tonight, as I did 4 years ago, that whenever I have the opportunity to make more appointments to the courts, I shall continue to appoint judges who share my philosophy that we must strengthen the peace forces as against the criminal forces in the United States. We have launched an all-out offensive [aggressive campaign] against crime, against narcotics, against permissiveness [the opposite of being strict] in our country. I want the peace officers across America to know that they have the total backing of their President in their fight against crime. Richard Nixon, Remarks on Accepting the Presidential Nomination of the Republican National Convention, August 23, 1972 Document A Questions: 1. This transcript supports the conclusion that Nixon wanted voters to think of him as the candidate. A. war on drugs B. civil rights C. Supreme Court D. law and order 2. From this speech, one could assume that President Nixon A. displayed a tendency to be arrogant. B. established new laws protecting citizens. C. followed through on his promises. D. prioritized solving controversial issues. 3. Express Ideas Clearly Based on this speech, how would you describe President Nixon s leadership style? 26

27 DOCUMENT B: Excerpt From a Magazine Editorial on the Watergate Scandal, 1973 Introduction By late 1973, there was mounting evidence indicating President Nixon s involvement in the Watergate scandal. The president s staff had resigned, the Senate was holding hearings, and Nixon had refused to turn over his Oval Office tapes to the special prosecutor. This editorial, which appeared in Time magazine in 1973, provides an account of the impact of Nixon s actions on the nation. Primary Source Richard Nixon and the nation have passed a tragic point of no return. It now seems likely that the President will have to give up his office: he has irredeemably [cannot be repaired or corrected] lost his moral authority, the confidence of most of the country, and therefore his ability to govern effectively. The most important decision of Richard Nixon's remarkable career is before him: whether he will give up the presidency rather than do further damage to his country. If he decides to fight to the end, he faces impeachment by the House, for he has indeed failed his obligation under the Constitution to uphold the law. Whether two-thirds of the Senate would vote to convict him cannot be certain. But even if he were to be acquitted [found not guilty], the process would leave him and the country devastated [greatly damaged]. Events have achieved an alarming momentum [as an event progresses, it gains speed]; additional facts that would be brought out under subpoena power [a written order that commands someone to appear in court to give evidence] at an impeachment trial could strike in many unforeseen and dangerous directions. Moreover, a trial would take at least several months, during which the country would be virtually leaderless. The White House would be paralyzed while the U.S. and the world awaited the outcome. The Republic would doubtless survive. But the wise and patriotic course is for Richard Nixon to resign, sparing the country and himself this agony [intense pain]. The Editorial Board, To Our Readers: An Editorial: The President Should Resign, Timemagazine, November 12, 1973 Document B Questions: 1. What does the editorial suggest is the consequence of President Nixon s behavior concerning the Watergate scandal? A. He has left the country leaderless. B. He has lost his ability to govern effectively. C. He has paralyzed Congress. D. He has weakened public confidence in the U.S. Constitution. 2. How might the fact that this magazine endorsed Nixon s campaign during the 1968 and 1972 presidential elections affect the validity of this source? A. It suggests this source is valid because it demonstrates the magazine s willingness to publish balanced points of view on Nixon over time. B. It suggests this source is valid because it demonstrates the magazine s biased point of view on Nixon s involvement in the Watergate scandal. C. It suggests this source is invalid because it demonstrates the magazine s analysis of the effect of Nixon s actions on the American public is biased. D. It suggests this source is invalid because it demonstrates the magazine s inability to form a consistent point of view on President Nixon over time. 3. Identify Bias Identify words and phrases used in this editorial to that show bias and call into question the validity of this source. 27

28 DOCUMENT C: Excerpt From President Ford s Acceptance Speech, 1974 Introduction On August 9, 1974, Richard Nixon bowed to public pressure over the Watergate scandal and resigned, leading Gerald Ford to become President. Ford, acutely aware that he had not been elected President or Vice President by the American people, characterized his speech as "Not an inaugural address, not a fireside chat, not a campaign speech just a little straight talk among friends." Primary Source "I have not sought this enormous responsibility, but I will not shirk [avoid, evade] it... I believe that truth is the glue that holds government together, not only our Government, but civilization itself. That bond, though strained, is unbroken at home and abroad. In all my public and private acts as your President, I expect to follow my instincts of openness and candor[being open, sincere and honest] with full confidence that honesty is always the best policy in the end. My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over. Our Constitution works; our great Republic is a Government of laws and not of men. Here the people rule. Gerald Ford, Remarks Upon Taking the Oath of Office as President, August 9, 1974 Document C Questions: 1. When President Ford referred to our long national nightmare, he was referring to the A. failure of the U.S. Constitution to protect the American public. B. political controversy over the Watergate scandal. C. cover-up of reasons for U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. D. alleged corruption within the Supreme Court. 2. When President Ford announced, Our great Republic is a government of laws and not of men, he meant A. the President is not above the law. B. there are special circumstances when Presidents may break the law. C. Congress, not the President, has the power to make law. D. the United States is a constitutional Republic, not a democracy. 3. Identify Patterns Cite parts of Document A and Document B to support the claim that the public s response to the Watergate scandal shaped President Ford s characterization of his leadership qualities in Document C. 28

29 DOCUMENT D: Excerpt From a Magazine Editorial on President Ford s Pardon of Nixon, 1974 Introduction When Richard Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974, many Americans assumed that he was going to stand trial. Instead, on September 8, 1974, less than one month later, President Ford granted a full and unconditional pardon to Nixon for any crimes he allegedly committed while in office. This editorial, which appeared in Time magazine, in 1974, provides an account of the impact of Ford s action on the nation. Primary Source There was as yet no evidence that Ford's motives were other than high-minded and merciful. Indeed, some of the criticisms of his action were overwrought[overdone, exaggerated] and hysterical. Suggestions that justice was dead in the U.S. or that Ford's Administration had been irrevocably [cannot be repaired or corrected] compromised were exaggerations. Nevertheless, Ford's first major decision raised disturbing questions about his judgment and his leadership capabilities, and called into question his competence [ability to do the job]. He had apparently needlessly, even recklessly, squandered [to throw away in a wasteful or foolish way] some of that precious public trust that is so vital to every President. By associating himself so personally with the welfare of his discredited predecessor [the person who has previously occupied the position], he had allowed himself to be tainted [damaged by something dirty] by Watergate a national scandal that the courts, prosecutors and Congress had labored so long and effectively to expose and resolve. Thus, barely a month into his presidency, Gerald Ford found himself jeered by a crowd of pardon protesters outside a hotel in Pittsburgh, where he addressed a conference on urban transportation. They waved signs bearing such taunts as THE COUNTRY WON'T STAND FOR IT a mockery [to make fun of] of Ford's declaration about a pardon [a release from the legal penalties of an offense] for Nixon, which Ford made during the Senate hearings to confirm him as Vice President. In an otherwise pleasant outing to help dedicate a World Golf Hall of Fame in Pinehurst, N.C., Ford faced more banners: IS NIXON ABOVE THE LAW?... The protest was not of Nixonian or Johnsonian proportions or acidity, but it was in sharp contrast to the near-universal era of good feeling that characterized Ford's first four weeks in office. A Gallup poll commissioned by the New York Times last week showed an alarming drop in Ford's popularity. From a rating of 71% approval three weeks before the pardon, he had skidded so that only 49% rated him as doing either a "fair" or "good" job. The Editorial Board, THE ADMINISTRATION: The Fallout from Ford s Rush to Pardon, Timemagazine, September 23, 1974 Document D Questions: 1. What point of view on the effects of Ford s pardon does this editorial suggest is unfounded? A. It weakened the credibility of the office of the President. B. It broke the justice system beyond repair. C. It absolved former President Nixon of his presumed guilt. D. It strengthened calls for reforming the impeachment system. 2. Which of Ford s behaviors does this editorial refer to in order to support its critical analysis of President Ford s judgment and competence? A. Ford misused public trust by suspending Congress s investigation into Nixon s actions. B. Ford attempted to manipulate public opinion by lying about Nixon s guilt. C. Ford associated himself with a previously discredited public official. D. Ford refused to respond to pardon protestors accusations. 3. Contrast How does this document present a different point of view on President Ford s leadership qualities compared to the view that Ford himself presents in Document C? 29

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31 Topic 18 Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What were some of the negative consequences of the hippies free, uninhibited lifestyle? A. The international community began to take the American government less seriously. B. Some drug abuse and crime were associated with large hippie populations. C. So many people living in communes meant American industrial production dropped significantly. D. So much media attention was given to the hippie movement that the civil rights movement was largely ignored. 2. Phyllis Schlafly s views are most likely shared with members of which group? A. the silent majority B. the Democratic Party C. the hippie movement D. the Weather Underground 31

32 3. From November, 1969 to June, 1971, a group called Indians of All Tribes, Inc., occupied Alcatraz Island. This group, made up of American Indians relocated to the Bay Area, was protesting against the United States government s policies that affected them. They were protesting federal laws that took aboriginal land away from American Indians and that aimed to destroy American Indian cultures. The Alcatraz occupation is recognized today as one of the most important events in contemporary Native American history. It was the first intertribal protest action to focus the nation s attention on the situation of native peoples in the United States. Because of the attention brought to the plight of the American Indian communities, as a result of the occupation, federal laws were created which demonstrated new respect for aboriginal land rights and for the freedom of American Indians to maintain their traditional cultures. "Alcatraz Occupation," the National Park Service The American Indian civil rights movement differed most from the women s rights movement and the African American civil rights movement in that it A. sought to draw attention to historical inequalities. B. demanded land and mineral rights from the government. C. wanted equal access to education and other public services. D. focused on gaining increased representation in government. 4. How did the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 affect Mexican immigrants in the U.S.? A. It required that all illegal immigrants register for temporary worker visas or risk deportation. B. It tightened immigration restrictions and reduced the number of immigrants coming into the U.S. dramatically. C. It eliminated national quotas for immigrants and led to a surge in immigration from Mexico in the 1960s and 1970s. D. It led to the deportation of thousands of Mexican immigrants who had come to the U.S. under the bracero program in the 1940s and 1950s. 5. In the text, you read this about Nixon's campaign strategy: During the campaign for President, Nixon cast himself as the spokesperson for those he called Middle Americans, or the silent majority. As Nixon put it at the 1968 Republican convention, he sought to speak for the nonshouters, the non-demonstrators, the men and women who work in America s factories... run America s businesses... serve in the Government... provide most of the soldiers... [and] give life to the American dream." What did Nixon hope to achieve by reaching out to this silent majority in the 1968 presidential election? A. He wanted to distance himself from the Republican hawks in Congress. B. He hoped to attract moderate Democratic voters, particularly in the South. C. He needed to gain support from the increasingly powerful antiwar movement. D. He felt that aligning himself with the military-industrial complex was the key to victory. 6. What did the oil embargo of 1973 reveal about the U.S. economy? A. The United States was heavily dependent on foreign oil. B. The economy was stronger than anyone had realized. C. The economy was trapped in "stagflation." D. The United States was producing more oil than it needed. 32

33 7. In the text you read this about the effects of the Watergate scandal: The Watergate scandal created a crisis in the relationship among the three branches of government. How far would Congress go to investigate the President? Would the courts demand that the President turn over information that might implicate him? And if the courts sided with Congress, would the President comply with its decisions? How did the Watergate scandal eventually play out amongst the three branches of government? A. The Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must turn over his tapes while Congress voted to impeach him. B. Congress voted to impeach Nixon while the Supreme Court decided whether it was on constitutional grounds. C. Nixon was able to exercise executive authority to avoid consequences from either the Supreme Court or Congress. D. Congress demanded Nixon s tapes while he claimed executive privilege and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Congress. 8. One of the outcomes of the Camp David Accords was that A. Israel agreed to withdraw its troops from the Sinai Peninsula. B. Israel agreed to restore Palestinian lands to their pre-1948 levels. C. Egypt agreed to restore its borders with Iraq to their pre-1967 levels. D. Egypt agreed to withdraw its troops from the Palestinian-controlled West Bank. 9. How might President Ford s WIN plan best be described? A. an ultimately unsuccessful economic initiative to battle inflation B. an ambitious plan to reduce the country s dependence on foreign oil C. an agreement with the Soviet Union to reduce the countries nuclear stockpiles D. an affirmative action policy intended to get banks to reinvest in their communities 10. What effect did the post-world War II baby boom have in the United States? A. It led to ongoing economic instability in the 1960s. B. It resulted in a massive student population in the 1960s. C. It put a huge strain on government programs such as welfare. D. It led to widespread unemployment among the older generation. 11. What did rock acts like the Beatles, Bob Dylan, and the Grateful Dead represent to members of the baby boom generation? A. a rejection of the status quo B. a return to traditional values C. a society that had lost its way D. a manifestation of their worst fears 33

34 12. "The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction.... Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at night she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question Is this all? " Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963 What best describes the thesis Betty Friedan presents in The Feminine Mystique? A. Higher education has a negative effect on women s abilities to raise families. B. Women s rights have barely advanced in the decades since the 1920s and 30s. C. Women in the 1930s tended to be more financially well-off than those in the 50s. D. Strict gender roles have a negative effect on women s health and careers. 13. What did Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers accomplish through their workers strike and demands for a nationwide boycott of California grapes? A. They increased demand for grapes grown outside of California and crippled the industry. B. They induced California to pass the nation s very first minimum wage laws for farmworkers. C. They compelled California to pass legislation requiring collective bargaining between growers and unions. D. They caused a new wave of illegal immigrants into California who were willing to break the strike. 14. Which event suggests that there was growing public support for people with disabilities during the 1960s? A. the publication of Ralph Nader s Unsafe at Any Speed B. the establishment of the Special Olympics C. public awareness of President Franklin Roosevelt s disability D. public debate over the passage of an Equal Rights Amendment 15. What major long-term effects did the Three Mile Island accident have on American energy policy? A. It led to the creation of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to oversee the nuclear power industry. B. It forced the government to reconsider its energy policy and invest billions of dollars in renewable forms of energy. C. It compelled Congress to pass a bill ordering the shutdown of all nuclear power plants near heavily populated areas. D. It negatively affected public opinion about nuclear energy and few new plants were ordered for nearly a quarter century. 16. How did the idea of realpolitik shape the United States' handling of the Cold War? A. It allowed President Nixon to use military force to end worldwide communist movements immediately. B. It gave President Nixon the option to engage any nation depending on U.S. commercial interests. C. It allowed President Nixon to discontinue alliances with nations the United States could no longer help economically. D. It justified President Nixon's establishing relations with nations that the United States opposed ideologically. 34

35 17. As his presidency progressed, Nixon grappled with an increasingly troublesome economy. After decades of strong growth and low inflation, the U.S. economy experienced both recession and inflation at the same time. These symptoms began during the Johnson administration, but they grew stronger during the Nixon years. The combination of recession and inflation baffled economists and led them to coin a new term, stagflation, to describe the dual conditions of a stagnating economy and inflationary pressures. What cause was at the root of the rising inflation the country experienced in the 1970s? A. OPEC s oil embargo on countries allied to Israel B. Nixon s removing the U.S. dollar from the gold standard C. decreased consumer confidence after the Watergate scandal D. federal budget deficits from increased defense spending 18. What is this political cartoon, published in October 1973, most likely referring to? A. the OPEC oil embargo on the United States under Nixon B. Nixon removing U.S. currency from the gold standard C. the expansion of social programs such as Medicare under Nixon D. Nixon s attempts to obstruct justice during the Watergate scandal 19. Why did Nixon publicly criticize the practice of court-ordered busing of children to schools outside their neighborhoods? A. He believed it promoted inequality in education. B. He wanted to gain the support of the teacher s unions. C. He wanted to win over Southern white voters and blue-collar voters. D. He felt African American students would perform better closer to home. 35

36 20. In opposing some Supreme Court rulings and what they believed were the negative effects of social change, evangelical ministers used the media to gain a broader following. Those who preached on television, such as Jerry Falwell, Oral Roberts, and Marion Pat Robertson, became known as televangelists. These preachers reached millions of television viewers. Falwell s weekly television show, for example, was broadcast to 1.5 million viewers. What major impact did the growing popularity of evangelical Christianity have on American politics? A. It pushed the Republican Party further to the right and alienated many voters over the next decade. B. It offered the first real alternative to the two-party system that had dominated American politics for decades. C. It brought about the reversal of many of the civil rights gains made by women and minorities over the past two decades. D. It led to a conservative coalition with Republicans that would dominate American politics in the next decade. 21. What explains the American public's reaction to President Gerald Ford s pardon of Richard Nixon? A. People were fearful that Nixon was still pulling the strings behind the scenes. B. People were relieved that the country would be spared a prolonged investigation and trial. C. People were angry because some suspected that Ford had made a secret deal with Nixon to gain the vice-presidency. D. People were impressed by their new president s ability to rise above the petty and vindictive sentiments surrounding the scandal. 22. Why did radical Iranian students storm the U.S. embassy in Tehran and take 66 Americans as hostages? A. They were protesting the United States military involvement in Vietnam. B. They were protesting the United States continued support of Iran s former dictator. C. They were protesting the United States refusal to intervene during the genocide in Cambodia. D. They were protesting the United States role in the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt. 23. The counterculture in the 1960s promoted the values of A. capitalism, materialism, and big business. B. obedience, conformity, and respect for authority. C. nonconformity, personal freedom, racial equality, and self-fulfillment. D. hard work and the postponement of pleasure. 24. Although Native Americans used various means of protest to expand their rights, perhaps their most successful action in the 1970s was A. reducing unemployment on the reservations. B. gaining permanent control of unused federal land. C. passage of the Indian Self-Determination Act of D. the confrontation at Wounded Knee. 36