America s History Eighth Edi(on America: A Concise History Sixth Edi(on

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1 James A. Henretta! Eric Hinderaker! Rebecca Edwards! Robert O. Self! America s History Eighth Edi(on America: A Concise History Sixth Edi(on CHAPTER 29 The Search for Order in an Era of Limits Copyright 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin s

2 Nixon in Person 37 th President of US Born in California ( ) Congressman(HUAC)/Senator/VP US Navy- WWII VP= Spiro Agnew and then Gerald Ford Attack Dog personality; Paranoid; Enemies List Strong on Foreign Policy Struggled Domestically with economy and social issues

3 The Southern Strategy Nixon s Views on Civil Rights Nixon did not support advances in civil rights, believing that to do so would cost him the support of many white southern voters. Hoping to win over white southern Democrats, Nixon sought a southern strategy which would keep his supporters happy. Results of Nixon s Views l Nixon s views resulted in a slowdown of desegregation. l Although Nixon tried to prevent the extension of certain provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Congress went ahead with the extension. l Busing to end segregation in schools was slowed, but not halted entirely, by Nixon s opposition to it.

4 Nixon s Domestic & Economic Policies Stagflation: described as a period of high inflation combined with economic stagnation, unemployment, or economic recession that occurred during the 1970s. Stagflation is thought to occur when there is an adverse shock (a sudden increase, say in the price of oil) Stagflation Response Taxed imports to help balance of trade Helpless to stop OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) from oil embargo in retaliation for Israeli support Issues wage and price controls to reduce inflation and spur job growth Goes off gold standard to lessen dollar and bolster US products overseas

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7 I. An Era of Limits A. Energy Crisis 1. OPEC= US now dependent on foreign Oil =Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 2. Conflict in the Middle East =Israel issues =by 1973 OPEC declares Embargo on oil to US =Speed Limits here and Gas Guzzlers gone =Lines odd and even days

8 Domestic Policy Oil and Inflation

9 I. An Era of Limits C. Economic Transformation 1. Deindustrialization= Income down as Germany and Japan in markets now. Industrialization suffers and suburban white flight continues 2. Rust belt vs Sun Belt

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11 I. An Era of Limits B. Environmentalism 1. Environmental Protection Agency =Based off of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson =Air, Pollution, Endangered Species Act 2. Nuclear Power=Three Mile Island accident

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14 Nixon s Foreign Policy Détente = easing of tensions between US, Soviet Union and China. Nixon visits and plays them China Soviet Union SALT I Vietnam War Vietnamization Peace With Honor Cambodian bombing raids Paris Peace Accords of 1973

15 Nixon s Foreign Policy Détente Goes to both the USSR and China in 1972 becoming first President to visit those nations Plays them against each other (USSR vs China) SALT agreement with the Soviets

16 Nixon in China

17 Is synonymous with the abuse of Presidential power by President Nixon v political burglary v bribery v extortion v wiretapping v conspiracy v obstruction of justice v destruction of evidence v tax fraud v illegal use of government agencies/cia and FBI v illegal campaign contributions v use of public money for private purposes.

18 Nixon s Reelection Campaign Funding The Committee to Reelect the President, led by John Mitchell, aimed to collect as much campaign money as possible before a new law required such contributions to be reported. The money that the Committee collected was intended to fund both routine campaign activities and secret unethical actions. Campaign Dirty Tricks Attempts to sabotage Nixon s political opponents came to be known as dirty tricks. These efforts included sending hecklers to disrupt Democratic campaign meetings and assigning spies to join the campaigns of opposing candidates. One particularly damaging dirty trick involved a faked letter that seriously hurt the candidacy of Edmund Muskie, a leading Democratic presidential contender.

19 PLUMBERS v Nixon established a secret group known as the plumbers to plug leaks v Started campaign of dirty tricks that included IRS harassment and derailing of DemocraPc frontrunner Edmund Muskie. v Used methods as calling New Hampshire voters in the middle of the night and claiming to be from Harlem for Muskee or puung signs around Florida stapng Help Muskee in busing more children now v Funded by CommiXee to Re- Elect the President (CREEP) which used highly quesponable fund raising tacpcs and raised over $20 million

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21 IMPEACHMENT v In summer of 1974, a commixee of the House convened to consider impeachment v On July 30, 7 Republicans joined DemocraPc majority to vote three arpcles of impeachment obstrucpon of juspce abuse of power subverpng the ConsPtuPon v 2 days later, Supreme Court ruled that Nixon had no right to claim execu/ve privilege as juspficapon for turning over addiponal tapes v On August 5 Nixon released the unexpurgated tapes which contained shocking evidence that he had ordered the cover up as early as 6 days aeer the break in

22 RESIGNATION v A delegapon of the most senior members of Congress, led by Barry Goldwater, informed the President that no more than 15 Senators spll supported him v On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned v Vice President Gerald Ford became President and a month later pardoned Nixon

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25 II. Politics in Flux, A. Watergate and the Fall of a President 1. Watergate Babies= Ford pardons Nixon =Dems voted into Congress 2. Political Realignment =Conservatives not as bad as it seems and Sun Belt continues growth

26 Response to Imperial Presidency v 26 th Amendment gave 18 year olds the right to vote. If 18 year olds young men could fight and die this country, than they should have the right to vote. v In middle of crisis, Congress, over Nixon s veto had passed the War Powers Resolution that limited presidential commitment of troops overseas to 60 days, after that required to get congressional approval v 1974 strengthened Freedom of Information Act gave citizens greater access to files that federal government agencies had on them v Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1974 limited campaign contributions and provided for stricter accountability and public financing of presidential campaigns v Independent Counsel Act of 1978 required Attorney General, in cases of suspected criminal activity in the executive branch, to call on three federal judges to appoint a special prosecutor v American distrust of its government, credibility gap

27 II. Politics in Flux, B. Jimmy Carter: The Outsider as President I will never lie to you = Washington Outsider who will try and ease that Credibility Gap But being a Washington Outsider also means you don t know how to run gov and have no connections Can t solve Economy and will be ruined by international crisis

28 Jimmy Carter s Presidency v Americans were attracted to Carter Washington outsider and Homespun Honesty! Peanut farmer and Governor from Georgia Unwilling to participate in consensus politics, alienates key Democrats (MORALIST) v Human Rights Diplomacy v Camp David Accords (1978) v Iran Hostage Crisis (1979) v Afghan Invasion (1980) v Inflation v Rising Interest Rates v Gives crisis of confidence speech reflecting what voters see in him v Loses re-election campaign to Reagan

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30 III. Reform and Reaction in the 1970s A. Civil Rights in a New Era 1. Affirmative Action=way to help historically disadvantaged. 2. White Backlash= Bakke v UC California

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32 III. Reform and Reaction in the 1970s B. The Women s Movement and Gay Rights 1. Women s Activism= Huge swath of areas 2. Equal Rights Amendment= ERA Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on the basis of sex -Phyllis Schlafly- Conservative Activist argues it will take away from Women= Fails in states

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35 III. Reform and Reaction in the 1970s B. The Women s Movement and Gay Rights 3. Roe v. Wade= 1973; legalizes first trimester abortions Becomes polarizing issue 4. Harvey Milk -Leading openly gay activist and politician from SF. -Killed in 1978

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37 III. Reform and Reaction in the 1970s C. After the Warren Court 1. The Burger Court= Nixon names four to bench =Warren Burger replaces Earl Warren as Chief =Conservative turn doesn t happen as court stays centrist and continues to increase rights of people

38 IV. The American Family on Trial A. Working Families in the Age of Deindustrialization 1. Women Enter the Workforce =Need for two working incomes =Divorce and single parent rates double 2. Workers in the National Spotlight =Rustbelt and deindustrialization =Blue Collar Blues =All in the Family, Sanford and Son =Bruce Springsteen, John Cougar Mellencamp

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41 IV. The American Family on Trial B. Navigating the Sexual Revolution 1. Sex and Popular Culture =Birth Control Pill in 1960 =Literature and Media push into spotlight

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43 IV. The American Family on Trial C. Religion in the 1970s: The Fourth Great Awakening 1. Evangelical Resurgence =Push of Born Again = Billy Graham =A reaction to the Moral Decay of society =Use of television and marketing 2. Religion and the Family =Focus on the Family and traditional structure

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