REGENTS REVIEW READINGS BY TOPIC

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1 Index of Topics by Page Number: REGENTS REVIEW READINGS BY TOPIC 2-3 Neolithic Revolution and River Valleys Golden Ages in Greece (Athens), India (Gupta), and China (Tang and Song Dynasties) 6-7 Rome, Byzantine, and Han Empires 8-9 Islam, Mongol, Ottoman, Mughal Empires and West African Trade Empires The Middle Ages and the Crusades The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution The Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther) The Columbian Exchange The Commercial Revolution and the growth of capitalism and mercantilism Absolute Monarchs in Europe The Enlightenment (John Locke) The French Revolution and Napoleon Latin American Independence Movements (Bolivar, L Overture, Hidalgo) The Industrial Revolution Laissez Faire Capitalism vs. Communism (Adam Smith vs. Karl Marx) Imperialism in Africa, India, and China and the Meiji Restoration in Japan World War I The Russian Revolution (Lenin, Stalin) World War II The Cold War The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the End of the Cold War Communism in China (Mao, Deng Xiaoping and the Tiananmen Square Massacre) 51 - Communism in Korea, Vietnam, and Cambodia African Independence, Apartheid in South Africa and Nelson Mandela Indian Independence (Gandhi) and the Partition of Africa 57 - Modern Middle East (Arab- Israeli Conflict) 58 - The Iranian Revolution (Overthrow of the Shah and the rule of Ayatollahs) Social Scientists Review (Archaeologists, Economists, Political Scientists, Geographers) Geography Review Economics Review

2 52 Modern Africa Africa was imperialized by European nations in the late 1800s. The Berlin Conference ( ) was a meeting in which Europeans established rules for colonizing Africa. After World War II ended in 1945, African nations finally began to gain independence from their European colonial rulers. African nationalism (pride in your country/ethnic group) would become the driving force behind these independence movements which ended European rule in Africa. Led by nationalist independence leaders such as Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kenneth Kaunda, many African nations began to break free from European imperialism and form newly independent nations. Pan- Africanism was a nationalist movement to unite all people of African heritage as one. However, this movement has failed because the diverse ethnic groups within Africa have had a difficult time uniting. Tribal customs, cultural traditions, and various governments systems of different ethnic groups in Africa have prevented unity. Although independence was achieved, many of these nations in Africa continued to struggle with unstable governments and ethnic conflicts. The boundaries of most of these new nations in Africa were based on the territorial claims of the European colonial leaders. This means that a variety of ethnic groups with different languages and religions have blended together to form these new African nations. Unfortunately this has led to ethnic violence and even genocide on more than one occasion as opposing groups struggle for control. In Rwanda, in the 1990 s, two major ethnic groups called the Hutus and the Tutsis were responsible for genocide (the killing of an ethnic group) against one another. More recently, the region of Darfur in the Sudan has experienced genocide over religious differences. Africa also suffers with very poor economies and diseases such AIDS as much of the region has remained underdeveloped. Which factor was mainly responsible for the mass killings between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda in the mid- 1990s?

3 53 Apartheid in South African and Nelson Mandela The nation of South Africa was granted independence from the British in Despite gaining independence, the white minority maintained control of the government. In the 1940 s, the ruling white minority officially established the policy of apartheid. This policy racially segregated (separated) the blacks and other non- whites from the white minority. The whites were given the best land to live on and were provided with the best services and resources, especially in the fields of education and health care. Blacks and other non- whites were forced to live in designated areas, use separate public facilities, and carry identity cards which specified their racial group. Society was divided into an unfair, rigid social class structure. A group called the African National Congress began protesting apartheid and was outlawed by the white ruling government. One of the ANC s leaders, a man named Nelson Mandela, was imprisoned for 27 years for protesting against apartheid. While in prison, Mandela became a symbol representing the issue of apartheid. In the 1980 s, diplomatic and economic pressures (sanctions and boycott of South African products) were put on the South African government by countries like the United States in order to end apartheid. South African bishop Desmond Tutu became a spokesperson for opposing apartheid in the 1980s. In the early 1990 s, the South African president, F.W. de Klerk, ended the policy of apartheid and Mandela was finally released from prison. In 1994, Mandela was elected president of South Africa in the first multi- racial democratic elections in the country s history. Mandela took on the enormous task of uniting all races in the country as well as dealing with the severe economic and health issues of the majority of the population. Much of the wealth in South Africa is still controlled by the white minority which has led to ongoing tension in the nation. Ethnic violence has remained a problem in South Africa. Apartheid and the People of South Africa in 1978 Blacks Whites Population 19 million 4.5 million Land distribution 13 percent 87 percent Doctors per population 1 doctor per 44,000 people 1 doctor per 400 people Infant death rate 30% 2.7% Annual spending on education per student $ 45 per student $ 696 per student Teacher to student ratio 1 teacher per 60 students 1 teacher per 22 students 1. Which racial group in South Africa had a higher population? 2. Which racial group held more land? 3. Which racial group had more access to doctors? 4. Which racial group had a higher infant death rate? 5. Which racial group had a better education? 6. What can you infer (guess) about the life for blacks in South Africa?

4 54 Indian Independence British imperialism in India grew in the 1800 s as India became Britain s most valuable colony. The Indians attempted to remove British influence during the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857; however, the British crushed this rebellion with their superior military technology. As the British gained further control, they attempted to convince the Indian people they had good intentions. However, in the Amritsar Massacre in 1919, the British killed hundreds of peaceful Indian protestors. Indian nationalism began to grow, as the people of India began to seek independence from British rule. Mohandas Gandhi played a major factor in Indian Independence. He was trained as a lawyer in the British education system and joined the Indian National Congress which fought for independence against the British. Gandhi believed in nonviolence. He thought that passive resistance was his people s best weapon. This is a form of nonviolent protest used against laws which are unfair. Gandhi also told his followers to disobey unfair British laws. This is known as civil disobedience. One example of passive resistance (non- violent protest) was the homespun movement. India was a valuable British colony because the British sold India a lot of manufactured cloth and goods. In other words, India was a major market for British manufactured goods. Gandhi urged Indians to boycott, or refuse to buy, British cotton goods. He questioned why Britain should be allowed to grow wealthy off of India. So, Gandhi encouraged Indians to spin cotton thread and weave their own cloth. He hoped that this would make India less valuable to Britain and hurt the British economically. The spinning wheel became a powerful symbol for Indian Independence. Gandhi himself wore only homespun cloth in what became known as the homespun movement. Gandhi also told his followers to disobey unfair British laws. This is known as civil disobedience. One of those laws was the Salt Act. The law made it a crime to make salt from the sea water. Instead, Indians had to buy expensive salt from the British government or pay a high tax on salt. In 1930, Gandhi started a Salt March to the sea in protest. He began the 200 mile march to the sea. Hundreds of followers joined Gandhi and when they reached the sea they began to make salt the traditional way, by boiling sea water to get the salt out of it. Thousands of people, including Gandhi, were arrested; however, Gandhi and India brought worldwide attention to Britain s unfair laws because of the Salt March.

5 55 The Partition (Division) of India Under constant political and economic pressure, the British began to change many laws. After World War II ended, Britain was weakened and no longer had the resources to maintain India (and other areas as well) as a colony. In 1947, India gained its independence from the British. Unfortunately, independence did not lead to peace. Religious differences between Hindus and Muslims in India made it difficult for the people to unite. The Muslims were the minority (there were fewer) and therefore feared being under the control of a Hindu dominated government. As a result, the country was divided (The Partition of India). Most Muslims in India formed the separate country of Pakistan, a newly independent Islamic state. When the country was divided there was much violence as the result of a mass migration of Hindus and Muslims who were forced to flee their homes. Gandhi did not want the country to be divided. Unfortunately, he was assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu radical. British imperialism/colonialism left many marks on Indian society. As in Africa, the education system was improved, as well as the development of the infrastructure (roads, bridges, railroads, etc.). Modern technology, transportation and communication systems, and the introduction of industry to India are also the results of British/Western influence. As a result of industrial development, many people in India have migrated to cities which has changed and weakened traditional roles and customs in Indian society. The Indian government was also influenced by the British government. After gaining independence, India became a parliamentary democracy, based on the British political system. Nationalist Jawaharlal Nehru became the country s first prime minister. However, democracy (people voting) has been a major challenge in India due to the extremely large and diverse population (over 1 billion people live in India). The different religions and languages have been a major challenge. Hindus remain the majority; however, there are large numbers of Muslims, Sikhs, and other religions as well. Also, India continues to have problems with their neighbor, Pakistan, and both nations have developed nuclear weapons which are a threat to regional and world peace.

6 56 Directions: Decide whether the statements below represent Nelson Mandela, Gandhi, or both. 1. Attempted to gain more political rights for the majority of the people in their country 2. Went to jail for protesting against the policies of the ruling minority 3. Nationalist leader in India 4. Nationalist leader in South Africa 5. Believed non- violent protests were the best way to achieve freedom for their people 6. Boycotted British made cloth and made their own clothes during the homespun movement 7. Became president of his country in the country s first free elections for all races in Led the Salt March in protest of the Salt Act/Tax 9. Was assassinated after his country was portioned due to religious differences between Hindus and Muslims 10. Was in prison for 27 years for protesting the racist policy of apartheid 11. Economic pressures were placed on the ruling minority within their country to make changes 12. His country faced racial segregation until 1990, where the white minority controlled the best land and had access to better education and healthcare Continue on to Next Page

7 57 The Middle East Jerusalem is a holy city in the modern day Middle East country of Israel that has religious importance for Jews, Muslims, and Christians. For centuries (hundreds of years), the religions have fought over who should control that land and religious differences still continue to lead to violence today. Today, Arab Muslims call the surrounding area Palestine while the Jews call this land Israel. Each side has historic claims to the land and declares sovereignty (control) over that land. Nationalism has been a driving force behind the desires by the Palestinian Arab Muslims and the Jews who each claim to have historical ties to the land. Arab nationalists were part of the Pan- Arab movement which hoped to free Arabs from foreign rule during the early 1900 s and unite all Arab lands into their own country. Around the same time (late 1800 s/early 1900 s), a Jewish nationalist movement known as Zionism began in which Jews hoped to reclaim Palestine and create their own independent Jewish homeland (country) of Israel. In 1917, the area was placed under British control after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The British supported the Jewish claim for their own land by issuing the Balfour Declaration in Many Arabs were angered by this because the British had previously promised the land to the Arabs. After World War I and during the 1930 s, many Jews looked to escape the anti- Semitism (hatred for Jews) that existed in Europe as a result of Hitler and the Nazi policies and they began to settle in the area of their ancient ancestors surrounding Jerusalem in the Middle East. This angered many of the Muslim Arabs who believed the land belonged to them and the two groups could not get along. In 1948, after World War II ended, the United Nations tried to create order in the area by dividing the land. The Jewish homeland country of Israel was created and the area of Palestine was given to the Arabs. The surrounding Arab nations (Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt, Syria) refused to recognize Israel s independence and invaded Israel in Several other wars were fought over the land in the years that followed including the Six Day War (1967) and the Yom Kippur War (1973). Egypt became the first country in the Middle East to recognize Israel s existence when they signed the Camp David Accords in This was a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt; however, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat was assassinated shortly after by an Egyptian radical. Despite several attempts at peace, the conflict still exists today and terrorist acts and assassinations have been common to the region. The Palestinian Liberation Organization (P.L.O.) hoped to create an independent state for Palestinian Arabs and has used terrorism

8 58 Iran Iranian Islamic Revolution Another major issue facing Israel today is an increasing threat from the country Iran. In the 1950 s Iran was ruled by a dictator named Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi since the 1950 s. A Shah is a monarch (king). The Shah modernized/westernized and industrialized Iran. He gave more rights to women and limited the influence of Islamic culture on the government and society. His actions were similar to those of Kemal Ataturk in Turkey. Many Muslims were angered by the Shah s decision to limit Islamic influence. The Shah used cruel and repressive methods to maintain control. As a result, he began to be criticized by many, especially Islamic religious leaders. They felt that traditional values were being undermined by the new Western ideas introduced by the Shah. This would eventually lead to a revolution in Iran in 1979 which would replace the Shah with Muslim leaders. In 1979, a political/religious revolution, led by religious leaders, overthrew the Shah and created a theocracy. A theocracy is a government based on religious laws and ruled by religious leaders. The leader of the revolution was the Ayatollah Khomeini. The Ayatollah turned Iran into an Islamic Fundamentalist State. Islamic Fundamentalism rejects all western ideas and seeks to return Muslims to a more traditional Islamic way of life. They hope to eliminate any foreign influence in their nation which might threaten traditional values. Iran under the Ayatollah banned all western books, music, and movies. They have also limited the rights of women. The government limited freedoms and restricted many rights of people within Iran. Today, Iran continues to remain a threat in the region to western ideas, especially the democratic country of Israel. Iran has openly threatened Israel s right to exist causing tensions in the region. The threat has increased over the past decade as Iran has begun to develop a nuclear program which could eventually be used to create nuclear weapons. Countries, like the United States, have been putting economic pressure on Iran by placing economic sanctions on Iran in order to get them to stop their nuclear proliferation/production (similar to the pressure put on the South African government to end apartheid in the 1980s).

9 59 Social Scientists Review History is the study of the past and how it relates to humans. Historians, or people who study the past, have to look at every piece of information available to them in order to understand the past. This includes studying primary sources and secondary sources. A primary source is an artifact, a document, or a recording created at the time of a particular event. These include letters or personal correspondences, a diary entry, or a video or audio recording. Secondary sources are documents created after an event. These include textbook or encyclopedia explanations of an historic event, biographies written about another person, documentaries, or magazine articles describing an event long after it occurred. One job of historians is to understand different perspectives, or points of view. Two people may view or explain the same event in a different way. Sometimes people s viewpoint of an event may be based on bias (favoritism) or opinion. Historians have to look at all the evidence to determine the actual truth. This includes looking at primary and secondary sources, as well as understanding the circumstances surrounding the events. Historians must look at multiple perspectives (points of view) in order to accurately understand history. 1) Use a variety of evidence Analyze primary documents Compare societies and regions These actions help historians reconstruct a record of a society by a. focusing on traditional interpretations b. making use of multiple perspectives c. separating history from science d. relying on a single argument 3) Which item would be considered a secondary source on World War I? a. map used by General Lanrezac in planning for the Battle of the Marne b. diary of a soldier who fought in the Battle of the Somme c. rifle instruction manual used by a Russian soldier on the Eastern Front d. magazine article on the 75th anniversary of the poem, In Flanders Fields" 2) Opinion and bias in written historical sources illustrate the need to be aware of a. plagiarism b. turning points c. human rights d. points of view Social scientists are people who study society and the relationship amongst individuals within a society. Social scientists include historians, archaeologists, economists, political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists. Below is a list of social scientists with an explanation of what they do: 1. Archaeologists Archaeologists are responsible for recovering and analyzing data from the past. They mostly deal with studying artifacts. An artifact is an object made by humans from the past (such as a tool, a weapon, a pot, etc.). Archaeologists often have to excavate, or dig up, these artifacts from settlements or societies that disappeared long ago. Archaeologists will also use radiocarbon dating to figure out how old certain objects are. 5. What is an artifact? 4) Keeping field notes from excavation sites Excavating and locating Tombs Examining and cataloging artifacts Which social scientist directly engages in these activities? a. political scientist b. archaeologist c. historian d. sociologist 6. What does it mean that archaeologists must excavate artifacts from past societies? 2. Economist An economist studies economics. Economics is the study of the production, distribution, and use of goods and resources by a society. Different economic systems and societies have tried to deal with the issue of scarcity. Scarcity means that there is a limited supply of resources available. Every resource that a society uses is limited, or scarce. Some of these resources are in higher demand than others which affects their value. These include oil, coal, water, etc. These resources may be purchased with money, they may be traded, and they may be used by the people who own them. All of these decisions are related to economics. 7) Which social scientists primarily study the scarcity of resources and the distribution of goods and services? a. anthropologists b. political scientists c. economists d. historians 10) An economist who focused on ancient societies would most likely study the a. development of trade b. evolution of family patterns c. effect of fire on the lives of the people d. role of religion in river valley civilizations

10 60 8) Which social scientist is most concerned with analyzing the relationship between the supply of and the demand for goods and services? a. an anthropologist b. an economist c. a sociologist d. a political scientist 9) An economist is a social scientist who focuses on the study of the a. development of spiritual practices b. establishment of legal systems c. creation and implementation of social class systems d. production and exchange of goods and services 11) Which topic is central to the study of economics? a. tracking the development and spread of diseases b. understanding the causes of ethnic rivalries c. examining the distribution and use of limited resources d. studying the growth and role of political parties 12) In almost every society, the problem of scarcity must be dealt with because a. resources are limited b. governments tend to overspend on the military c. farmers tend to overestimate their crop yields d. goods are distributed evenly 3. Geographer A geographer is someone who studies geography. Geography is the study of the land or environment and how it affects the people who live there. Geographers usually study the physical features of a particular region and determine how it affects society. Topographic maps help geographers determine the physical features and surface shapes of the earth. Mountains, deserts, rivers, forests, plains are all aspects of geography. Climate and weather patterns are also part of geography which affects people and societies. People have had to learn to adapt to their geography depending on the region they are living in. For example, the Japanese and the Inca both adapted to living in the mountains by creating terraces (steps) in the mountains to increase agricultural production. 13) One reason that many historians study geography is to a. help predict changes in government b. show connections between people and places c. tell when events took place d. explore the value systems of early people 15) What does a topographic map show? a. climate regions b. ethnic distributions c. pattens of trade d. physical features 14) What would a geographer conducting research be most likely to do? a. use carbon- 14 to determine the age of artifacts b. analyze the reasons women vote for certain candidates c. observe the effects of wind patterns on regional trade d. design a survey to determine the online spending habits of young people 16) Use of terracing is an example of a society s reaction to a. religious beliefs b. social stratification c. geographic conditions d. political situations 4. Political Scientists Political scientists study politics. Politics deals with the study of governments. Societies have developed different types of governments in order to create order and laws for the people. For example, a monarchy is a government ruled by a single leader such as a king or emperor. Similarly, totalitarian governments are governments ruled by single dictators who control all aspects of people s lives. Totalitarian governments usually limit people s rights and freedoms and use terror, fear, and censorship to maintain control. Totalitarian dictators are usually able to gain power due to economic, social, and political instability (unrest). The dictator usually promises to restore order at the expense of people s rights. Another form of government is a democracy. Democratic governments are based on the will of the people and look to protect the civil liberties/freedoms of its citizens. 17) Which form of government is best characterized by one- party rule, censorship, and the use of terror to maintain power? a. feudal b. limited monarchy c. parliamentary democracy d. totalitarian 18) Which statement represents a characteristic of democracy? a. Religious leaders control government policy. b. Citizens are the source of power in government. c. The government limits the thoughts and actions of the people. d. The laws of the government are made by influential military officers. 19) A totalitarian government would most likely develop in a country where a. economic prosperity has been increasing b. people are unwilling to form alliances with other nations c. concern for human rights is an important value d. economic anti- social stability is rapidly declining 22) Which generalization about democracy is most valid? a. Democratic political systems require a highly industrialized society. b. Democratic governments first evolved in North America. c. Democratic governments prevent their citizens from traveling abroad. d. Democratic governments protect basic civil liberties.

11 61 Directions: Decide whether each of the following statements most likely represents the work of an archaeologist, an economist, a geographer, or a political scientist. 1. Studying the trade of oil between a country in Asia and a country in Europe 2. Analyzing the developments of Hammurabi s Law Code in the Ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon 3. Excavating (digging up) coins and rings from an old village that was destroyed hundreds of years ago 4. Researching the growth of democracy as a form of government in Ancient Greece 5. Finding and studying the use of a sharp object found at the site of a war 6. Analyzing the distribution of food amongst the people living on a manor in Europe during the Middle Ages 7. Studying the growth of business in China over the past thirty years 8. Investigating how a group of people adapted to freezing cold temperatures in Alaska thousands of years ago 9. Discovering the use of a bowl used by an ancient Egyptian in a recently discovered settlement 10. Researching the impact mountains have on a society living in the Andes Mountains

12 62 Objective: To determine the impact of geography on cultures and society A geographer is someone who studies geography. Geography is the study of the land or environment and how it affects the people who live there. Geographers usually study the physical features of a particular region and determine how it affects society. Topographic maps help geographers determine the physical features and surface shapes of the earth. Mountains, deserts, rivers, forests, plains are all aspects of geography. Climate and weather patterns are also part of geography which affects people and societies. 1) One reason that many historians study geography is to a. help predict changes in government b. show connections between people and places c. tell when events took place d. explore the value systems of early people 2) Which aspect of social science would a geographer most likely study in depth? a. how beliefs influence the behavior of a group of people b. how economic events influence history c. how location influences the way people live d. how people influence governmental decisions 3) What would a geographer conducting research be most likely to do? a. use carbon- 14 to determine the age of artifacts b. analyze the reasons women vote for certain candidates c. observe the effects of wind patterns on regional trade d. design a survey to determine the online spending habits of young people 4) What would most likely be included in a description of an area's physical geography? a. customs and traditions b. distribution of goods and services c. systems of government d. landforms of continents and currents of oceans The role of geography on culture and society Geography plays a major role in developing people s culture and way of life. The clothes people wear, the materials they use to make goods and products, the amount of contact with other cultures, their belief systems are all often influenced by the geography of the land. Rivers provide favorable geography for people because the fresh water provides fertile soil for farming/agriculture. Rivers also provide a means for transportation of goods and people. The world s earliest/ancient civilizations developed along the Indus, Tigris, Euphrates, Nile and Yellow Rivers because of the benefits the river provided. Many of Africa's traditional musical instruments are made of gourds and shells. Ancient Egyptians wrote on papyrus, a reed found growing near the Nile River. A major feature of Japanese art is the relationship between humans and nature. 5) Which concept is illustrated in these statements? a. role of education in the ancient world b. development of traditional government c. effect of artistic expression on religion d. impact of geography on cultural development 6) A study of the Indus, Nile, Hwang Ho, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers would be most important in understanding the a. causes for the decline of the Mayan Empire b. role of geography in the development of early civilizations c. reasons that ancient empires were based on nomadic civilizations d. rise in power of the Muslim empire 7) In China, regional differences in food crops, types of homes, and clothing are most likely the result of a. social mobility b. nationalism and colonialism c. government directives d. geography and climate 8) Which factor influenced the development of ancient civilizations along river valleys? a. fertile soil b. dry climate c. oil- rich tundra d. dense rain forests Adapting to Geography Societies often must learn to adapt (get used to) to their physical surroundings. Societies that developed around rivers built irrigation systems to move water to areas and people who did not live directly next to the river. The Inca and the Aztec were advanced civilizations in the early Americas that had to adapt to their environment in order to grow food and survive. The Inca were located in the Andes Mountains and developed terrace farming. These are steps which were carved out in the side of hills or mountains to farm on in order to increase agricultural production (grow more food). 9) A study of Aztec, Maya, and Inca agricultural systems would show that these civilizations a. relied on mechanized agricultural techniques b. carried on extensive food trade with each other c. adapted to their environments with creative farming techniques d. relied on a single- crop economy 10) The use of terrace farming by the Inca and Japanese cultures is an example of a. economic improvement through trade b. social change through assimilation c. adaptation to the surrounding geography d. destruction of the environment

13 63 Geography s Impact on creating diversity As mentioned earlier, geography has played a major role in the development of people s cultures. Geography has played a major role in leading to the development of various cultures and ethnic groups. The continents of Africa and South America are filled with mountains, deserts, rain forests and other geographic features that act as natural barriers. This means they have acted as a natural wall, separating groups of people. As a result, Africa and South America have developed many different cultures and ethnic groups with their own customs and traditions. The word DIVERSITY means variety. Since there are a variety of different cultures and ethnic groups in places like Africa and South America as a result of the geography, we can state that the geography of these continents has helped lead to a diverse population (a variety of different people). Eastern Europe also has a lot of ethnic/cultural diversity due to the topographic/geographic factors of the region. 11) The geography of Africa has generally led to a. social cohesion b. cultural diversity c. widespread democracy d. political unity 12) The cultural diversity found throughout much of South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia is due in large part to a. geographic factors b. political unity c. traditional religious practices d. a market economy 13) Which statement best describes an impact of topography on eastern Europe? a. Many different languages, religions, and customs developed. b. A Russian czar ruled the area as a single empire. c. An extensive single- crop agricultural system emerged. d. Neighbors who were more powerful could not invade the region. 14) Which factor most influenced the development of diverse cultures in pre- Columbian South America? a. trade agreements b. geographic features c. imported religious ideas d. peasant revolts Answer the questions below to the best of your ability. Some of these may be more difficult than others, but use your knowledge of geography to help make the best choice: 16) Which heading best completes the heading for the partial outline below? I. A. Seafood makes up a large part of the Filipino diet. B. Africans built hydroelectric plants along the Zambezi River. C. The majority of Russians live west of the Ural Mountains. D. The most densely populated area of India is the Ganges River Valley. a. Rivers are Barriers to Interdependence b. Economic Issues Influence National Goals c. Geography Affects Human Behavior d. Governments Control the Actions of Citizens The fertile soil of river valleys allowed early civilizations to develop and flourish. In the 1500s and 1600s, control of the Strait of Malacca determined who traded in the Spice Islands. Because Japan is an island that is mostly mountainous, people live in densely populated areas along the coast. 19) Which conclusion is best supported by these statements? a. Major urban centers are found only along rivers. b. The geography of a nation or region influences its development. c. Without mountains and rivers, people cannot develop a culture. d. The spread of new ideas is discouraged by trade and conquest. 17) The Ottoman Empire disrupted overland trade between Europe and Asia. Peter the Great established St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea. Mesoamericans relied on terrace farming. These statements illustrate the a. impact of geography on human activity b. failure of people to adjust to their environment c. effect of geographic isolation on different societies d. movement from a traditional to a command economy 20) Separated the cultures of Europe and Asia Hindered, but did not prevent, invaders from entering India Terraced to increase food production in South America Which geographic feature is being described in these statements? a. river valleys b. steppes c. mountains d. tundra 18) Which heading best completes the partial outline TO THE RIGHT à? a. Causes for Military Conflict in History b. Unsuccessful Military Expeditions in History c. The Role of Geography in Military History d. Technological Advances in Military History

14 64 Objective: To evaluate the various economic systems that have existed throughout history Economics Introduction Economics deals with the production, distribution, and use of goods and services. Economic systems developed by societies throughout history have dealt with the issues of what to produce, how to produce it, for whom it should be produced, and how many should be produced. Economics also examines how resources are used and distributed by a society. Economic systems developed by societies throughout history have had to deal with the problem of scarcity. Scarcity means that there are a limited number of resources available. All resources (oil, water, coal, etc.) are limited, or scarce. 1) An economist is a social scientist who focuses on the study of the a. development of spiritual practices b. establishment of legal systems c. creation and implementation of social class systems d. production and exchange of goods and services 2) Which topic is central to the study of economics? a. tracking the development and spread of diseases b. understanding the causes of ethnic rivalries c. examining the distribution and use of limited resources d. studying the growth and role of political parties 3) Which social scientists primarily study the scarcity of resources and the distribution of goods and services? a. anthropologists b. political scientists c. economists d. historians 4) In almost every society, the problem of scarcity must be dealt with because a. resources are limited b. governments tend to overspend on the military c. farmers tend to overestimate their crop yields d. goods are distributed evenly Traditional Societies A traditional society is a society based on customs, habits, and traditions from the past. In a traditional society, a person s social class or standing is usually determined at birth and depends on a person s parents standing in society. There is usually limited opportunity for social mobility. For example, if you were born a poor farmer, you most likely stayed a poor farmer your entire life. Men and women usually perform the same jobs/occupations as their parents and traditional societies place a heavy emphasis on family values and traditions within the family. Most traditional societies have been located in rural areas, or areas outside the city in the countryside. As people move from rural to urban (city) areas (urbanization), traditional roles and customs tend to be weakened by the influences of people outside the family. 5) Which activity would be most characteristic of people in a traditional society? a. serving in government assemblies b. working in an industrialized city c. having the same occupation as their parents d. establishing a mercantile system of trade 7) In most traditional societies, the teaching of values is mainly the responsibility of the a. judicial system b. government c. educational system d. family 6) Which generalization is characteristic of most traditional societies? a. People move from city to city seeking new jobs. b. Sons learn the same trades as their fathers. c. A high degree of social mobility exists. d. All people have the same economic opportunities. 8) In most societies, urbanization has a. weakened traditional values and life patterns b. strengthened the influence of the extended family system c. discouraged economic growth d. promoted population growth Traditional Economy Traditional societies tend to follow traditional economies. Traditional economies are usually based on living a subsistence lifestyle. A subsistence economy means that only an adequate amount of goods and resources are produced to allow the family to survive. Hunters and gatherers would gather just enough food to survive. Subsistence agriculture means that a family would grow (farm) just enough food to survive. Traditional economies are NOT based on money. Goods and resources can be bartered. Bartering is when one good is exchanged for another good. For example, a necklace could be traded for food. 9) What is one characteristic of a society that practices subsistence agriculture? a. growth of surplus crops for export b. production of crops mainly for its own use c. establishment of large state- owned farms d. dependence on the use of slave labor for the production of crops 12) What is a major feature of a traditional economy? a. nationalizing foreign- owned businesses b. determining prices using a free market c. establishing quotas based on five- year plans d. bartering for goods and services

15 65 10) Hunting and gathering, subsistence agriculture, and the barter system are characteristics of a a. market economy b. command economy c. traditional economy d. mixed economy 11) The basic characteristic of subsistence agriculture is that farmers a. produce mostly staple crops to sell b. sell large portions of their crops at the market price c. produce crops mainly for their own immediate use d. produce crops according to government orders 13) In a traditional economic system, which type of goods is most often produced? a. agricultural products b. heavy industrial machinery c. military supplies d. electronics and computers 14) The term subsistence farmers refers to people who grow a. enough food to feed an entire village b. food to sell in village markets c. just enough food to meet the needs of the immediate family d. a single cash crop Market Economy and Capitalism A market economy is an economic system in which the value of goods and services are based on the law of supply and demand. In a market economy, ultimate power rests with the consumer, or buyer. If the consumers (the buyers) have a high demand for a product, the value/price will increase. The supply, or amount, of the product or service available also affects the value/price. A limited supply and a high demand lead to a higher price. This is called the law of supply and demand. Capitalism refers to a system in which goods and services are privately owned and people invest their personal money/resources in order to earn a profit. The goal of capitalism is for the businesses to make money. In a pure market/capitalist economy, there is minimal (little or no) government interference in determining the production or price of goods and services. The term laissez- faire means that there is no government involvement in the economy and businesses operate privately. An important aspect of capitalism and market economies is competition. Competition allows businesses to work hard to produce the best products at the lowest price available for the consumer. 15) In a pure market economy, who determines which goods and services are produced and in what quantities? a. government agencies b. consumers and producers c. church hierarchy d. banks and cartels 16) In a market economy, ultimate power rests with a. the government b. the military c. consumers d. union leaders 17) The main features of a capitalistic economic system are a. powerful labor unions and fixed prices b. export quotas and state ownership of basic industries c. private ownership and the profit motive d. central planning by government and full employment 18) Which statement is a description of a market economy? a. Government planning agencies make some economic decisions and private businesses make others. b. Individual decision making and supply and demand greatly influence basic economic decisions. c. The national government controls all resources, labor supply, and means of production. d. Customs, religions, and traditions determine most economic decisions. 19) Which factor is most characteristic of a market economy? a. frequent shortages of consumer goods b. prices determined by supply and demand c. government control of heavy industry d. lack of free enterprise 20) Which phrase best illustrates the theory of laissez- faire capitalism? a. businesses operating with little government regulation b. the state establishing production quotas c. central planning committees setting prices on goods d. decisions related to distribution being based on community traditions Command Economy and Communism A command economy is NOT based on the demand of the consumers. Instead, the government or a central authority determines which goods to produce and how many goods to be produced for a society. All economic decisions are determined by the government. Socialism and communism are economic systems in which the goal is to create economic equality. The amount of goods and services produced are based on the needs of the entire society. Communism and socialism developed during the Industrial Revolution (1800 s). The goal was to eliminate social classes (no rich, no poor) in order to create economic equality. Countries that have developed communist economies have established command economies because a central authority/the government has always determined which goods and services are necessary to create an equal society.

16 66 21) Which statement best describes an aspect of a command economy? a. Profit motivates individuals to set up private businesses. b. Tradition, religion, and customs heavily influence economic decisions. c. Supply and demand regulate the economy. d. Government directs and controls the means of production. 22) In a command economy, economic decisions are mostly influenced by a. consumer demands b. government policies c. private investors d. banking practices A Mixed Economy Today, economies around the world are mixed economies. This means there are some aspects of a market economy and some aspects of a command economy. Usually, the government regulates or controls some industries/businesses which they deem to be essential or necessary for society. Other businesses are privately owned and prices are determined by the laws of supply and demand. 23) Which statement best describes a mixed economy? a. The government determines the production and distribution of goods and services. b. The products that consumers demand determine what goods are produced. c. Some industries are owned by the state, and others are privately owned. d. People produce the same goods, but in different amounts, every year. "Reliance on Imported Oil Raises Concerns in China, Europe, and the United States" "Coca- Cola Accused of Wasting Precious Water in India" "Competition for Control of Cobalt Mines Causes Violence in Congo" These headlines best illustrate the economic concept of a. inflation b. embargo c. boycott of goods d. scarcity of resource