1 Chapter 16 Attempts At Liberty 2 Chapter Objectives. SWBAT Evaluate why settlers came to America List key factors leading to the American Revolution

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1 1 Chapter 16 Attempts At Liberty 2 Chapter Objectives Analyze basic principals of the American Constitution Discuss social and economic inequalities in France Outline the French Government from Background Knowledge Absolutism is giving way to Republicanism - the belief that people should be governed by elected representatives People wanted to determine their own religious, economic, and political fate 4 I. American Struggle to Preserve Liberty SWBAT Evaluate why settlers came to America List key factors leading to the American Revolution A. Why did people leave Europe and move to the New World? Most of the people who traveled to the New World were in search of freedoms, freedom from oppression, freedom from poverty, and freedom from an absolutist government. However, MOST of those who came to the New World were primarily in search of freedom from religious persecution they were facing in Europe. B. Religious Liberty is defined as the right to practice religion without interference. (The idea that the founding fathers put into our Bill of Rights that, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof) C. Political Liberty is defined as the state or condition of those who have the right to share in framing and conducting the government under which they are politically organized. D. One of the first groups of people to come to the new world were the Pilgrims in They sought a land where they were free to worship God without government opposition. E.The Pilgrims set out for Virginia on the Mayflower. F. The leaders were aware it would be necessary to maintain order and discipline once landed or the unrestrained liberties would turn into anarchy within the colony. G. The colonists onboard the Mayflower signed a temporary agreement called the Mayflower Compact which

2 8 9 G. The colonists onboard the Mayflower signed a temporary agreement called the Mayflower Compact which detailed civil authority for the colony. This would also become the first type of temporary government within the colonies. H. After the successful settlement of the Plymouth Colony, Settlement of another New England Colony began, specifically in Boston. I. In 1630 more than 1,000 men and women under the direction of Governor John Winthrop settled in the hopes they would establish a state based on biblical principles. J. These Puritans believed the purpose of government was to promote piety and restrain evildoers. K. They also believed the state was to assist the church in molding godly character in the community. L. Throughout the rest of the colonial period, many other ethnic groups began to settle throughout the colonies, developing distinctions M. Distinctions within the colonies developed as a natural result of geography and climatic conditions. N. While there were distinctions - many colonists shared a common background coming from Europe and a broad Protestant heritage. 10 II. British Restrictions 11 A. Britain was faced with a challenge beginning in 1763 that they were unprepared for based on their history of war through the 1500 & B. Suddenly Great Britain was faced with the challenge of building and maintaining a worldwide empire. They had not planned on a worldwide empire nor were they organized to do such a task. C. The French and Indian War between the British and French in the New World ( ). Left the British almost bankrupt. D. Great Britain said the colonist should pay their own way making financial contributions to the mother country in exchange for the benefits that the colonists received under the control of the British. 12 Timeline 13 April 5, 1764: Sugar Act The first attempt to finance the defense of the colonies by British Governmental actions. A levy (tax) was placed on foreign wine and colonial exports of iron, lumber and other goods had to pass first through Britain and British customs. It also established a court to hear smuggling cases under the presumption of guilt. March 22, 1765: Stamp Act

3 March 22, 1765: Stamp Act To help pay for the cost of keeping troops in the colonies on a regular basis Parliament required all legal documents, newspapers and pamphlets required to use watermarks or stamped paper on which a tax was placed. May 15, 1765: Quartering Act Colonial assemblies were required to pay for supplies to house the British troops that weree staying in the colonies October 7-25, 1765: Stamp Act Congress Representatives from nine of the thirteen colonies declared the Stamp Act unconstitutional because it was a tax levied without their consent March 18, 1766: Declaratory Act Parliament repeals the Stamp Act but ultimately declares that they do have the right to tax the colonies because they are under their control and protection. June 29, 1767: Townshend Revenue Act Duties (taxes) on tea, glass, lead, paper and paint to help pay for the administration of the colonies. Condemnation of taxation without representation. March 5, 1770: Boston Massacre Colonists who were angered by the troop presence and Britainʼs policies towards the colonies began gathering and harassing a group of British soldiers. A soldier was knocked down by a snowball and discharged his musket sparking a fight which killed five civilians. May 10, 1773: Tea Act Parliament exempted the East Indian Trading Companyʼs tea from import duties and allowed the Company to sell its tea directly to the colonies. The colonies saw it as an indirect tax subsidizing a British company. December 16, 1773: Boston Tea Party

4 Parliament exempted the East Indian Trading Companyʼs tea from import duties and allowed the Company to sell its tea directly to the colonies. The colonies saw it as an indirect tax subsidizing a British company. December 16, 1773: Boston Tea Party Angered by the Tea Acts, American patriots disguise themselves as Native Americans, sneak onto an East India Trading Companyʼs ship and dumping 92,000 pounds (340 chests) of tea into the harbor. May 1774: Intolerable Acts Measures which punished Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, stripping them of self-government and judicial independence. The colonists boycotted British goods. April 1775: Lexington and Concord Wither planned or not The Revolutionary War had begun and there was no turning back for either side. 23 Battle Presentations Lexington and Concord Bunker Hill Quebec Charleston Trenton Saratoga Rhode Island Kings Mountain Cowpens Yorktown 24 III. American Independence 25 A. Many Americans were faced with the choice of which side were they going to fight on. Were they going to be loyal to the British Government, thus being deemed a loyalist; or would they fight for the independence cause and be known as a patriot. B. The patriot cause was clearly visible in the writing of the Declaration of Independence C. Declaration of Independence Timeline 1. May John Adams introduces a resolution to the Second Continental Congress calling for the 13

5 C. Declaration of Independence Timeline 1. May John Adams introduces a resolution to the Second Continental Congress calling for the 13 colonies to proclaim self-governance. 2. June Representative from Virginia Richard Henry Lee wrote the first call for independence, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. 3. The Congress accepted the declaration but voted to delay voting on the resolution until July of A five man committee was formed to write the official Declaration of Independence. The committee included: Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman of Connecticut and Robert Livingston of New York. 5. The five man committee ultimately selects Thomas Jefferson to be the primary writer of the Declaration. Thomas Jefferson looked up to John Adams, but Adams was quoted saying to Jefferson, You can write ten times better than I do. 6. For 18 days TJ locked himself into a room and wrote, and rewrote, and rewrote, and rewrote the Declaration. He intended the document to be a proclamation to the world of why the American colonies were justified in their quest to become an independent nation. 7. On June 28, 1776 TJ presented his draft of the Declaration of Independence to the Committee. 8. From July 1-July 4 the Second Continental Congress debates the Declaration of Independence removing sections, reworking some sections, re-writing some sections, and tweaking some sections. 9. On July 2, Although still debating the Declaration, Congress officials declares independence from Britain. 10. On July 4, Congress concludes debate and has the final copy of the Declaration and is ready for adoption. 11. Technically at this point, the document has no legal weight. None of the representatives at the Second Continental Congress have signed the Document. 12. The Declaration of Independence is not signed until August 2, The signers of the Declaration

6 The signers of the Declaration John Hancock - Largest Signature; He served as the President of the Second Continental Congress Prominent Signatures: Sam Adams, John Adams, Ben Franklin, Benjamin Harrison 56 signatures youngest signer was Edward Rutledge at 26 years old oldest signer was Ben Franklin at 70 years old 13. Parts of the Declaration of Independence 6 Parts Introduction Preamble Preliminary Statement Indictment (List of Grievances) a wrong, a cause for complaint or protest Denunciation publicly declaring wrong Conclusion Signatures D. The Treaty of Paris 1. Signed in 1783 after two years of negotiations 2. Acknowledged the US as a free, sovereign, and independent states. 3. Established US boundaries. 4. Established the right to fish off the northern coast. 5. Restitution of confiscated Loyalist property. 6. No further confiscation. 7. Withdrawal of British Troops. 34 V. Constitutional Republic A. After the war was over the newly formed United States had to find a way to organize themselves into a new nation with a new government.

7 A. After the war was over the newly formed United States had to find a way to organize themselves into a new nation with a new government. B. Articles of Confederation: The first central government of the United States in which the states harbored most of the power and the federal government was ineffective. Delegates to the Constitutional Convention met and decided to form a new government modeled after the Roman Republic. C. After much discussion the delegates decided on three branches of government. The Executive [President], The Legislative [Congress], and The Judicial [Supreme Court]. D. To ensure that those branches did not become too powerful checks and balances were established as was the principal of federalism or delegating specified powers to the national government and reserving other powers specifically for the states/people. E. After determining that they should scrape the Articles of Confederation completely, the delegates wrote the Constitution that we know today. It would take many hours of work and debate to come to the final document. F. The ideas of the Enlightenment were reflected in the Constitution in ideas like popular sovereignty or government based on the consent of the governed and the idea of natural rights for all men. G. Because the Founding Fathers had the Puritan-Protestant heritage they inherently were mistrusting of man and that government would not necessarily protect personal and religious liberties. H. Federalist supported ratification of the Constitution without a Bill of Rights, while the Anti-Federalist did not support ratification without a Bill of Rights. I. In 1789 the Constitution was adopted and the states completed the ratification process in The Constitution was ratified with 10 amendment known today as the Bill of Rights. 38 VI. French Destruction of the Old Regime 39 A. During the s when we discussed French Absolutism and the Bourbon monarchy (Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV) they may not have been the most successful rules booking back historically, however, the Bourbon monarchy was responsible for making France into the cultural center of Europe. Royal courts across Europe were fashioned after Versailles, French fashion, art, and education became the envy of Europe B. Under the absolutist French Government few enjoyed freedom of any kind. Proverbs 29o2 When the righteous are in authority the people rejoice, but when the wicked breath rule, the people mourn

8 Proverbs 29o2 When the righteous are in authority the people rejoice, but when the wicked breath rule, the people mourn C. Throughout the centuries as changes took place outside of France, few changes took place inside France. Governmental spending and oppressive taxation brought the country to the brink of collapse. D. Vocabulary Old Regime: The Political and Social order before the Revolution First Estate: The Clergy of the Roman Catholic Church Second Estate: The Nobility Emigres: The Nobility that fled France when the Revolution turned Third Estate: The class of economic and social diversity with a three group division Feudal System: A peasant received a piece of land in return for serving a lord or king and were expected to preform purities in exchange for their land. E. The First Estate held a majority of the wealth in France and while they did use it for some good [helping the sick and needy, providing for the church] but they kept a majority of the money for themselves for personal use. The clergy was divided into two groups. The wealthy clergy who advised the king and the lower clergy who were poor or destitute. F. The Second Estate or Nobles held some governmental positions, they lived extravagantly and paid people to get as much as they could out of the peasants renting and living on their land. They did nothing yet had a regular outcome. G. The Third Estate was comprised of 98% of the French Population. The peasants of this group held the greatest tax burden despite being the poorest. H. Under the Feudal System Peasants were required to do the following: Pay an annual fee for the land they lived on and worked. Pay a fee to the former owner when the land changed hands. Pay and annual fee for mills, ovens, and wine presses, even if they do not use them. Preform the core or a form of forced labor.

9 Preform the core or a form of forced labor. Respect the Nobles hunting privileges, the nobles had unlimited freedoms and unhindered property rights. 46 VII. Political Inefficiency & Economic Irresponsibility A. Louis XV and Louis XIV failed to continue the absolutist rule as hard as Louis XIV had. Both were more interested in the pleasures that life at Versailles offered verses worrying about the government affairs. B. Both Louis XV and Louis XIV fell victim to being easily swayed by his mistresses or the advising nobles which made them inefficient and incompetent. C. The weaknesses of the central government of France allowed the members of various social classes to begin to rise up. D. The middle class wanted their political power to equal their economic wealth E. The lower class resented the unfair taxes and the oppress taxation along with their feudal obligations. F. Taxes Taille: a tax on real and personal property for military purposes Capitation: a poll tax, a tax on each person Vingtieme: An income tax that most saw as unfair and useless because income was not kept track, only the declared income was taxed, it was easy to fake. G. In 1787 the banks finally refused to continue to loan the French government money as they had continued to spend and spend and spend without a budget - ultimately paving the way for the French Revolution 49 Vocabulary Feudal System: A peasant received a piece of land in return for serving a lord or king and were expected to preform purities in exchange for their land. Emigres: The Nobility that fled France when the Revolution turned 50 Louis XV (15) King from He took the age 5 After the death of his Chief Minister he took more interests in his mistresses than government Ruled over the Polish Succession, Austrian Succession, and Seven Years War At the end of the Seven Years War France lost most of its colonies to Britain and was a new low for France 51 Louis XVI Born 1754

10 51 Louis XVI Born Married Marie Antoinette 1774 became King France supported the Colonists Marie Antoinette was extravagant and scandalous Dies in 39 Marie Antoinette VIII. Beginning of the Revolution A. Because France was out of money, the only way they could begin to mend the problem was through more taxation. Louis XVI was too weak and would rather please everyone instead of offend them by taxing them. B. After dismissing his advisors and being accused of mismanagement by the Nobles, Louis made the decision to hold a meeting at Versailles. C. Louis asked citizens to give their representative to the meeting a list of grievances also known as the cahiers that they wanted him to consider. D. As citizens were meeting across France a majority of the grievances from the Third Estate were similar across the cities. They called for a written constitution, equal taxation, equal justice, and an elimination of the feudal system. E. While the First and Second Estates had difference grievances, they did call for a written constitution to stop infringement of rights and privileges. F. In April 1789 the representatives from the three estates traveled to Versailles. It didnʼt take long for the representatives to realize that the meeting would not go as they had envisioned. G. Louis kept the representatives of the Third Estate waiting for hours, when they finally entered the chamber, they had to follow special rules and steps. They entered through a side door Kept their hats off Had to dress in all black Louis gave them no formal reception and was silent H. As the meeting official began, Louis instructed the representatives that they would meet and vote as estates, each estate = one vote.

11 H. As the meeting official began, Louis instructed the representatives that they would meet and vote as estates, each estate = one vote. I. As the one estate one vote would severely disadvantage the Third Estate, the objected and wanted an individual vote, which would give them a significant advantage as they outnumbered the First Estate 578 to 291, and the Second Estate 578 to 270 J. When nobody could come to an agreement on how the vote should be counted, the Third Estate took it upon themselves to make a change. K. The National Assembly was formed by the Third Estate as they claimed to represent the people as they formed a majority of the population. The Tennis Court Oath was taken by the Third Estate and the few members of the First and Second Estates who had joined them. L. When Louis called the groups together again he would only agree to meet when the purpose of the meeting was to raise taxes. When Louis left most of the First and Second Estates left, but the Third Estate remind and were defiant. M. The Third Estate remind firm in their stance and when ordered to leave said they would only leave at the point of a bayonet, Louis said, let them stay. N. In late June Louis, at the advise of his advisors, ordered troops to Paris and Versailles with the action of shutting down the National Assembly, however, Louis became indecisive and would rather keep the peace and not offend anybody than make a point. O. On July 12 the citizens of Paris became concerned when rumors spread that Louis troops were coming to kill them. They rushed to find weapons for their protection. The citizens heard arms were stored at the Hotel des Invalides (a hospital for soldiers) and at the Bastille (a royal prison for political prisoners). P. On the 14th, the Citizens laid siege to and captured the Bastille, in the process the governor and his men were all murdered. Q. It was the storming of the Bastille that caused the realization that France was in the midst of a Revolution. 60 IX. Phases of the Revolution A. After the Storming of the Bastille the Third Estate, now known as the National Assembly, began sweeping reforms within France. B. Between the years the National Assembly passed 2,000+ laws. One of the first being the abolition of

12 61 62 A. After the Storming of the Bastille the Third Estate, now known as the National Assembly, began sweeping reforms within France. B. Between the years the National Assembly passed 2,000+ laws. One of the first being the abolition of the feudal system. C. August 27, 1789 the National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man. The Assembly used a number of political philosophers along with the English Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Independence as its basis. D. At first Louis refused to give his consent to the new legislation passed by the National Assembly. Even when face to face with protestors who had killed members of the Palace, he wouldnʼt give in too easily. E. Eventually he gave in to the legislation, however, the problem of bankruptcy still existed, France was still broke, and the Revolution was getting worse. F. In order to help France out of the economic situation the National Assembly decided to confiscate the land of the Roman Catholic Church. They issued paper money (assignats), backed by the land, then paid off the national debt. G. July 1790 the Assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy placing the church under state control, providing the elections were by the people and the clergy must take an oath of faith to the state. H. The passage of the Clergy act only created more problems for France as it ostracized the French Catholics, while weakening the power of the church. 63 X. Overthrow of the Monarchy A. Louis XIV (16) fled from France in 1791 fearing his life and loosing power. B. Before he could get past the border, he and his family were recognized and escorted back to Paris. C. In September 1791, the National Assembly finished the Constitution which then limited the Kings power, guaranteed equal taxes, balanced the system of justice, and established the governing body known as the Legislative Assembly. D. The groups formed (like political parties in American society), within the Legislative Assembly. Conservatives: Wanted to maintain limited monarchy and did not want any further changes Radicals: Rid France of the monarchy and establish a Republic (modeled after the newly formed US) Moderates: Sided with both on certain issues E. The public response to the creation of a new government was quite mixed. Some wanted to reinstitute the old regime, some supported the new government, some wanted even more reformed.

13 E. The public response to the creation of a new government was quite mixed. Some wanted to reinstitute the old regime, some supported the new government, some wanted even more reformed. F. A group called the Jacobins formed as a radical group desiring extreme change. These radical goals often stirred up mobs. Members: Jean-Paul Marat, George-Jacques Danton, and Maximilien De Robespierre Influenced by Rousseau and Montesquieu Nicknamed the Incorruptible Supported: equal rights, universal male suffrage, price control, abolition of slavery in colonies G. In April 1792 France declared war on Austria. Shortly after declaring war, Prussia joined the war in favor of Austria. H. In July the Brunswick Manifesto was published calling for the support of King Louis from all of the French citizens. This made the citizens trust the King even less, that he was now working with outsiders. I. A new National Convention was elected, abolishing the monarchy and established a Republic. J. The Republic charged Louis XIV with Internal Disorder and Foreign Invasion - found guilting of reason and was sentenced to death. K. On January 21, 1793 Louis XVI was taken to a square in the center of Paris for his execution by guillotine. His last words, I die innocent, I pardon those who have occasioned my death. L. Once the execution was complete, the crowed cheered shouting Vive la nation! meaning Long Live the Nation. 69 XI. Reign of Terror 70 As the unrest in France continued to grow the National Convention appointed a 12 man team with Robespierre at the head, as the Committee of Public Safety - Charged with creating a new order in France Anybody who was suspected of being in opposition was arrested, tried, and executed August Levee en Masse (Mass Uprising) Young men go to battle Married men provide arms and transportation Old men promote courage, preach unity of the Republic and hatred of the Kings Women make tents and clothes & serve in hospitals Children turn linen into lint

14 71 72 Women make tents and clothes & serve in hospitals Children turn linen into lint The revolution had the potential to be spread across Europe but an alliance of nations, known as a coalition, prevented the spread Many thought the reign of terror could end, however Robespierre made a speech saying traitors to the Republic were still among their ranks, they must be weeded out. Robespierre and his followers were later arrested and executed Proverbs 11o5 The wicked shall fall by his own wickedness A two house legislature was established containing the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients. The two chambers nominated and elected five men who would be called the Directors The Directors faced many of the same problems the previous governments of France had - they placed their hopes for the future in the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte 73 XII. The Napoleonic Era years known as the Napoleonic Era After assuming control of the French forces Napoleon launched a campaign against the Austrians by invading Northern Italy. He played by new rules where he marched at night, fought on Sundays, and fought in the rain Napoleon was VERY successful in his campaigns getting Austria to make pace in 1797 After much success the Directors were fearful of Napoleon and tried to get rid of him by sending him to England. Instead Napoleon invaded Egypt to cut off the trade supply of England. In this campaign Napoleon was not as successful. He abandoned his troops when a new English coalition was formed and went back to France. 75 XIII. Overthrow of the Directory 76 When he returned to France, Napoleon was welcome as a new caesar. The people of France were unaware of his defeats and that he had abandoned his army. Napoleon staged a coup dʼétat, or sudden and illegal seizure of power Under his control a new government rose called the Consulate. Napoleon submitted a constitution to the people and they voted to approve it (the vote was called a Plebiscite)

15 76 77 Napoleon submitted a constitution to the people and they voted to approve it (the vote was called a Plebiscite) The Consulate was modeled after the Roman Government with three men at its head. The real power, however, laid in the hands of the man at the top, Napoleon himself. One of Napoleonʼs first actions was to establish peace with Franceʼs enemies - Austria and Britain Second he focused on Domestic reforms including public work programs and a stabilization of the banks through the creation of the Bank of France. He set up equitable tax system stabilizing the national debt, created public education, and established codified laws (Code Napoleon). Third he looked at increasing his popularity by restoring certain rights to the Catholic Church. He reached an agreement with the church allowing them certain lands to operate seminaries and church services to be held openly. The agreement also stated the state would nominate the bishops and pay the salaries Later, Napoleon would establish laws that violated his agreement and were hostile to the Catholic Church 78 XIV. Creation of Napoleonʼs Empire In 1802 Napoleon convinced the people to make him the first Consul for life and in 1804 he was made the emperor of France This action crumbled every step taken forward during the French Revolution. Napoleon now held the crown as a strong ambitious absolute ruler. After taking power Napoleon set his sights upon Great Britain. Napoleon was once again defeated by the British Admiral Lord Nelson, who would die in the battle off the Cape of Trafalgar Instead of a direct attack on the British again, Napoleon laughed a campaign against itsʼ allies throughout Europe (Austria, Russia, and Sweden). Napoleon then again found his success defeating Austria and Russia, then defeating and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. the Confederation of the Rhine was established and composed of German states under Napoleon In 1808 Napoleon reached his height in power. While Napoleon controlled the land, Great Britain still controlled the sea. Napoleon developed the Continental System, which was an attempt to close Europeʼs ports to British ships, blockading trade, causing economic collapse. 81 XV. Napoleonʼs Downfall

16 Napoleon developed the Continental System, which was an attempt to close Europeʼs ports to British ships, blockading trade, causing economic collapse. 81 XV. Napoleonʼs Downfall Napoleonʼs plan seemed successful, sweeping through Europe, being welcomed with open arms, only to replace one absolute ruler with another. Nationalism (love of oneʼs country) began to spread across Europe and people wanted freedom from French control Portugal and Spain created conflict when revolting against French control. When French troops were sent to put down the uprising they were attacked by Spanish guerrilla forces, British troops soon landed in Portugal and easily drove the French out The Russians soon began to reject French control as well. France declared war on Russia. Napoleon sent 600,000 troops to invade Russia. As the Russians realized they were outnumbered they began retreating burning everything of value (a strategy known as scorched-earth policy) Napoleonʼs goal was to reach Moscow, take the city in hopes that the Czar would surrender. When Napoleon reached Moscow, the city was abandoned. Napoleon waited for a month in hopes the Czar would return, however, with winter approaching, Napoleon was forced to call a retreat The Russians used the harsh winter to their advantaged and picked off the French stragglers one by one. Napoleon returned to France ahead of his troops, without the citizens knowing what had happened. Fewer than 100,000 men would return from Russia Napoleon tried one more time to fight Great Britain. He would be defeated at the Battle of Nations at Leipzig Germany in After his defeat Napoleon was excited to the island of Elba, given the title of Emperor of the Isle of Elba and he spent the rest of his life on the island. Napoleon was determined to not give up. He escaped the Island, and went back to Paris, raised and army and clashed with the British and Prussian armies at Waterloo in Belgium. After a final defeat, Napoleon was sent to St. Helena, a tiny island, where he lived the rest of his life under guard. In 1840 his body was moved to Paris.

17 After a final defeat, Napoleon was sent to St. Helena, a tiny island, where he lived the rest of his life under guard. In 1840 his body was moved to Paris.