World Civilizations. The Global Experience. Chapter. The World between the Wars: Revolutions, Depression, and Authoritarian Response

Transcription

1 World Civilizations The Global Experience AP Seventh Edition Chapter 30 The World between the Wars: Revolutions, Depression, and Authoritarian Response

2 Figure 30.1 The most famous link in the chain of Russian department stores known as GUM is the palatial pre-communist era building on the right of this 1935 photograph of Red Square, Moscow.

3 Chapter Overview I. The Roaring Twenties II. Revolution: The First Waves III.The Global Great Depression IV.The Nazi Response V. Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions

4 TIMELINE 1910 C.E. to 1930 C.E.

5 TIMELINE (continued) 1910 C.E. to 1930 C.E.

6 The Roaring Twenties Bouncing Back? Enormous challenges Cubist movement Pablo Picasso Women Lose place in workforce Gain voting rights

7 Figure 30.2 Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912). Using a modified cubist style, Duchamp achieved a dramatic visual effect in an approach characteristic of Western art from the 1920s onward. (Marcel Duchamp (American, b. France ), "Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2," Philadelphia Museum of Art: The Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris/Succession Marcel Duchamp.)

8 Figure 30.3 The skyscraper, developed first in the United States, became a major expression of artistic innovation and was the result of the use of new structural materials that allowed for unprecedented heights and dramatic effects. Buildings like this one the Wrigley Building in Chicago combined the new technology with elements of gothic architecture that recalled the great cathedrals of the Middle Ages, earning them the nickname "Cathedrals of Commerce."

9 The Roaring Twenties Other Industrial Centers Canada, Australia, New Zealand Independence British Commonwealth of Nations United States Isolationism "Red scare" Japan Strong economy

10 Figure 30.4 The interwar decades saw the rise of a succession of dance crazes. Adults as well as young people were caught up in dancing to the new big bands.

11 The Roaring Twenties New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism Rise, late 1800s Benito Mussolini Government, 1922 Suspends elections, 1926

12 Map 30.1 From Dominions to Nationhood: Formation of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand The new states of key settler societies were an important development.

13 Figure 30.5 One of the most ominous acts of Mussolini's fascist regime was the burning of books and other literature deemed "subversive."

14 The Roaring Twenties The New Nations of East Central Europe Authoritarian governments dominate

15 Map 30.2 Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, The Soviet Union regained some territory ceded to Germany in the 1918 peace treaty, but it lost ground to a number of east European states.

16 The Roaring Twenties A Balance Sheet Representative governments Germany, Canada, Japan Social change, economic prosperity Democracy challenged Italy, central Europe American, Japanese powerful

17 Revolution: The First Waves Syndicalism Mexico's Upheaval Porfirio Díaz Ruler since 1876 Economy Foreign control Francisco Madero 1910, arrested Díaz wins election

18 Revolution: The First Waves Mexico's Upheaval Rebellion Madero, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata Díaz removed 1913, Madero assassinated Victoriano Huerta Returns to Díaz's style of rule Forced from power, 1914

19 Revolution: The First Waves Mexico's Upheaval General Alvaro Obregón Civil war over by 1920 Obregón first elected president Mexican Constitution of 1917 Lázaro Cárdenas ( ) Land redistributed Ejidos Education expanded

20 Revolution: The First Waves Culture and Politics in Postrevolutionary Mexico Indian culture influential Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco Cristeros Conservative peasant movement PRI Origins in 1920s

21 Revolution: The First Waves Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism Revolution breaks out, 1917 Alexander Kerensky Provisional government November, 1917 Bolsheviks (Communist Party) Lenin Closes parliament Congress of Soviets

22 Revolution: The First Waves Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism Reaction against communism

23 Figure 30.6 Moscow workers guard the Bolshevik headquarters during the Russian Revolution of 1917.

24 Revolution: The First Waves Stabilization of Russia's Communist Regime Leon Trotsky Red Army Lenin's New Economic Policy, 1921 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1923 Supreme Soviet

25 A Century of Revolutions Factors that account for revolutions Peasant unrest Taxes, population growth Spread of the Industrial Revolution Enraged urban laborers World wars Intellectual climate Belief in perfectability of human society The need to come to terms with Western influence

26 Revolution: The First Waves Soviet Experimentation Gains for workers, women Lenin Death, 1924 Succeeded by Stalin Comintern Collectivization

27 Figure 30.7 Russian children help carry the propaganda for Stalin's campaign for collectivization of agriculture. The banner reads, "Everybody to the collective farms!" These happy faces belie the tragedy resulting from the collectivization program, in which millions fell victim to slaughter or starvation.

28 Revolution: The First Waves Toward Revolution in China Last Qing emperor abdicates, 1912 Yuan Shikai Heads coalition Japan invades

29 Revolution: The First Waves China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative Sun Yat-sen Revolutionary Alliance Elected president, 1911 Parliament Resigns, 1912 Yuan becomes president

30 Revolution: The First Waves China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative Japan Twenty-one demands to Yuan Yuan refuses Control confirmed by Versailles May 4, 1919 Mass demonstrations Call for Western political reform

31 Revolution: The First Waves China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative Li Dazhou Marxism adopted to Chinese situation Influences Mao Zedong Communist Party of China, 1921

32 Revolution: The First Waves The Seizure of Power by China's Guomindang Guomindang (Nationalist Party of China) Sun Yat-sen Allies with Communists Supported by Soviet Union Whampoa Military Academy, 1924 Chiang Kai-shek, first leader

33 Map 30.3 China in the Era of Revolution and Civil War Political reform was constrained by the nationalist communist dispute and by Japanese invasion.

34 Revolution: The First Waves Mao and the Peasant Option Chiang Kai-shek Succeeds as head of Guomindang, 1925 Begins civil war, to 1949 Mao Zedong Long March to Shanxi, 1934

35 The Global Great Depression Causation Recession, The Debacle October, 1929 New York Stock Market crash Depression deepens,

36 Figure 30.8 This famous photograph of a tenant farmer and her children in the American South was published in the book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. It exemplifies the hardship and poverty endured by many during the Great Depression.

37 The Global Great Depression The Debacle Soviet Union Immune West Welfare programs Escapism

38 The Global Great Depression Responses to the Depression in Western Europe Governments have little impact Radicalism attractive Popular Front, 1936 Liberals, Socialists, Communists The New Deal Franklin Roosevelt, 1933 Direct aid

39 The Nazi Response The Rise of Nazism Fascism, 1920s Adolf Hitler National Socialist party 1932 elections Anti-semitic 1933, takes power Totalitarian state Gestapo

40 The Nazi Response The Rise of Nazism Rhineland Occupied, 1936 No response Anschlutz, 1938 Sudetan Land, Invasion of Poland, 1939

41 Figure 30.9 The adulation that the German masses felt for Adolf Hitler in the mid-1930s is evident in this rally photo. Hitler's popularity rested primarily on his promises to rebuild Germany's deeply depressed economy and restore its world power status by reversing the 1919 treaty ending World War I.

42 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War Mussolini Ethiopia, 1935 Spanish Civil War, Germany, Italy support right Russia, Western volunteers support left

43 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War Japan invades China, 1937 Axis, 1940 Germany, Italy, Japan

44 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions Economic and Political Changes in Latin America Economic expansion Reaction to liberalism

45 Visualizing the Past Guernica and the Images of War Pablo Picasso's Guernica. (Pablo Picasso ( ), "Guernica," Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain Estate of Pablo Picasso/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. John Bigelow Taylor / Art Resource, NY.)

46 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions The Great Crash and Latin American Responses Conservatives Corporatism Fascism Lázaro Cárdenas ( ) Reform Cuba Revolution, 1933

47 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions The Vargas Regime in Brazil 1929 Election Civil war Getúlio Vargas, president Vargas Reform New constitution, 1937 Influenced by Mussolini Suicide, 1954

48 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions Argentina: Populism, Perón, and the Military Economic collapse, 1929 Nationalists Take control, 1943 Juan D. Perón Wife, Eva Duarte Coalition government

49 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions Argentina: Populism, Perón, and the Military Juan D. Perón Driven from power, 1955 Maintains influence Death of Perón, 1974 Return of military rule

50 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions The Militarization of Japan Nationalists Revolts, 1932, 1936 Military gains power Tojo Hideki Influence over prime ministers

51 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions The Militarization of Japan War with China, 1937 Military ascendant By 1938 Control of Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan Industrialization and Recovery Industrialization from 1931

52 Map 30.4 The Expansion of Japan to the Outbreak of World War II Two stages of Japan's attacks on China are clearly shown.

53 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions Stalinism in the Soviet Union From 1927 Industrialization

54 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions Economic Policies Collectivization, 1928 Mechanization Kulaks resist Suppression Five-year plans Factories

55 Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions Toward an Industrial Society Welfare services surpassed the West Communist policy No outlet for worker grievances Totalitarian Rule Harsh suppression of criticism Socialist realism 1939, ally with Hitler

56 Figure In his 1949 painting Creative Fellowship, Soviet artist Shcherbakov shows the cooperation of scientists and workers in an idealized factory setting. The painting exemplifies the theories and purposes of socialist realism.