The Negative effects of the Syrian asylum on the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Socially, Economically and Humanly

Transcription

1 The Negative effects of the Syrian asylum on the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Socially, Economically and Humanly Abdullah Rashid AL Arqan Al Al-Bayt University Jordan Abstract The study discusses the negative effects of the Syrian asylum on the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan socially, economically and humanly since the Syrian Revolution broke out until the end of the study. This study included, an introduction, the importance of study and the concepts, its questions, approach, and previous studies, as well as included four Studies, and a conclusion. The study was depended on the main two questions, and answer, is the goal of study, which was the most important way to achieve the findings and recommendations of this study, in order to find solutions to these problems and the effects that caused by Syrian crisis. Keywords: Refugee Syrian asylum Syria Jordanian Foreign policy International organizations. Introduction Syrian Refugees file is considered as one of the most dangerous human files in Syrian crisis, because of the serious human, social, economical and educational dimensions that are resulted from asylum on the refugees community, and what will left of similar effects on the host communities, which will give this violation an international and regional dimension, regardless the other violations that are being neglected from the international community, which has affect on the asylum countries such as Jordan. Syrian Asylum crisis on Jordan has become more complicated and difficulty with the increasing of numbers and effects on all different aspects of Jordan s life, where the number of Syrian refugees in Jordan from Jabir and AL- Ramtha to AL-Aqaba has reached to more than One million and four hundred thousand refugees (Ministry of Planning, 2015:3),20% of them resides in camps and the rest of them spreading around the country without any supervision or control, let alone the ways and mechanisms of the escape from the camps officially and unofficially. In this study, the negative effects of the Syrian asylum on the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan socially, economically and humanly will be discussed from the beginning of the crisis to the issuance of this study. Importance of the study The Importance of this study derived from highlights on the economical, social, human and educational effects, of Syrian asylum on Jordan, along with analytical overview on the crisis specially and generally. The problem of the study and questions We saw that, through the study period from 2011 to 2015, the situations happened in the region, and what emerged as a result such as a structural transformations on the Arab and International levels reflected on the situation in the region, that leftist effects, implications and impacts on the issue of Syrian asylum in general and the case of the Syrian asylum on Jordan in particular. Many problems and results had appeared affected on the situations in Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan from all social, economical and human aspects. So, many concerns have been developed that would led to undesirable results if the international community still silent without provision any adequate support for Jordan to bear the burdens of this asylum. Based on the above, the answers of the questions of the study formed the goal of the analysis: In the beginning of the questions, there is a basic question seeks for an actual answer which is: is there a Jordan integrated comprehensive strategy to deal with Multi-Faceted Syrian Asylum and the deep and long range effects on the situations in the kingdom? 161

2 ISSN (Print), (Online) Center for Promoting Ideas, USA The other question is: what are the negative effects of Syrian asylum on Jordan socially, economically and humanly? Methodology of the study The research methodology is a systematic study and logical Formulation of the principles and tools used in searching for the truth in the Field of knowledge to reach to the result. Based on that, the political analytic methodology will be relied upon to study this problem, to analyze this phenomenon from all aspects, being this methodology is the most suitable methodology for this study, which cares about the behaviors of individuals, groups and their directions and expectations in all their social, economical and human aspects and showing the effects resulted from. The study concepts 1- Refugee: who exposed to oppression because of his race, religion, political affiliation, social groups or his political opinions, in addition to wars and refugees fear from staying in their countries and tier desires to migrate to another country (UNHCR, 1951:4). 2- Syrian refugees in Jordan: Syrian citizens who escaped from Syria after Syrian crisis escalation from May 2011, where 1.4 million Syrian refugees have been registered in Jordan and probably there are another ten thousands of Syrian refugees still unregistered. Numbers of refugees who wait for registration are 227 thousand people (Ministry of Planning 2015:3). 3- Syrian Protests: This term has been spread from the beginning of the public protests from Daraa and Homs protesting on the governing regime in Syria. 4- Syrian Uprising: Some books used this term and some of them still use it, because the protests took the form of public uprising that moved to cities and country sides. 5- Syrian Civil War: Many international organizations and European countries use this term. Previous Studies Despite the importance of this subject and its great effect in Jordan from all aspects, but the researchers and observers have discussed it in the form of press articles and opinions especially in websites. When trying to search for the previous studies, many opinions and articles that discuss this crisis dimensions have been noticed, because it were not enough to acquaintance this issue, although many researchers have discussed it, regardless the taxonomic, contradictions, alignments and sorting of all active forces in the region. But it, as referred, this crisis has not followed by any study or analysis at all, so we get benefit from those studies to support this study with numbers and information which served this subject including but not limited to: 1- Social effects on Syrian crisis, Deputy RudinaAl-Atti ( this study has discussed social effects of Syrian asylum briefly. 2- Syrian refugees' crisis in Jordan: Moath Freihat( this study has discussed Syrian refugees` crisis and their suffering in refugees camps without mentioning their effect on Jordan. 3- Dr. Mousa Burayzat, Syrian refugees` crisis article (Adustour newspaper, 3/4/2013:7): This study has discussed Syrian refugees` crisis and their effect on Jordanian local society without mentioning many effects. 4- Hussein Hazza' Al-Majali`s article, Syrian asylum and its effect on Jordan (Alrai Newspaper 13/1/2014:9): the article has discussed security and social effects of Syrian asylum on Jordan only, and expressing a security point of view. 5- Petra agency, Syrian asylum to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Petra.gov.jo): This study has discussed financial burdens that Jordan beard as a result of this asylum,it was mentioned in the economic situation. 6- Slama Al-Darawi, Syrian asylum and its effect on Jordan ( This study has briefly discussed the different effects of the crisis; it was mentioned and based upon in this study. 7- Syrian refugee s crisis and suggestion of exit from the stalemate (h p c promise.org.jo): this study discussed the suggestions and solutions of exit from this stalemate by trying to expand the Asylum to Europe and America, or to establish No-fly zones inside Syrian lands. It has been mentioned in the results of the study. 162

3 8- Khalid AL-Wazni, the economic effects of the Syrian refugees crisis on the Jordanian economy, Economic and Social Council, Oman 2012: this study was distinctive and discussed the economic dimension in figures and analyses mentioned and developed in this study. 9- Carnegie institute issued a study with the title of Syrian Refugee Crisis (sveinerik stave and solveighillesund impact of Syrian refugees on the Jordanian labor market Geneva 2015), this study discussed the conditions of the Syrian refugees in details, but it doesn t discuss the negative effects of this Asylum. This study is distinguished from the previous studies by analyzing all negative Phenomena of the Syrian refugees problem from all social, economic and human aspects, and provides a suggested solutions to resolve this issue in the results and recommendations. First Study The beginning and Motives of the Asylum First: The beginning of asylum: The Asylum and displacement problems begin in the first months of the revolution, when Syrian authorities used the excessive violence toward civilian areas, as it used heavy weapons in Latakia and Daraa in April and May 2011 after about two months of the beginning of the revolution, which forced the civilians to transfer to another places inside their governorate or to adjacent governorates. The increasing violence from the authority led to the first cases of migration outside Syria. The first case of Asylum was in Lebanese lands at the beginning of May 2011, when Syrian Army Forces begin its wide attack on Talkalakh border city, then s hundreds of Syrian families displaced to Wadi Khalid, Lebanese area, aligned to Talkalakh. The number of these families is unknown due to the Lebanese authorities did not announce the number of those refugees, and they are not registered as refugees with any international organization. (The Guardian) In 7th of June 2011, the first case of Asylum to Turkish lands registered when a group of 122 persons reached to Turkey by illegal way, most of them were from Jisr al-shughur city to Carpeaz Que Village, Hatay governorate, southern Turkey, In conjunction with the extensive campaign by the army at that time on Jisr al-shughur city using Helicopters intensively (reuters.com). At the end of the second week of June 2011, the number of refugees in Turkey has reached to 8500 persons. The acceleration of Syrian refugee s arrival to Turkey led to build the first Refugee camp in the first week of June 2011, in Alton ouzo, Hatay, in capacity of (5000) Five thousand person. The camp is filled in the early days, as the number of refugees in Turkey in the second week of this month was 8500 person, which is required to build a second camp in Yayladagi area (Todays Zaman). The press and human rights reports pointed out to asylum of 3000 Syrian refugee to Jordan from May to October 2011, specifically from Daraa after the massive attack by the government forces on the city, at that time; the Syrian refugees in Jordan were not existed in camps, the Jordanian authorities led them to stay in apartments with their relatives, or in apartments provided by some philanthropists, specifically in Mafraq and Ramtha border cities, so this situation still remained until establishment of Al-Zaatari camp on 29 July 2012 (Todays Zaman). Second: Asylum motives: The Asylum and displacement problems begin when Syrian authorities used excessive violence in dealing with areas that witnessed protests against the regime, these areas were bombing randomly which led the civilians to escape to other places inside their areas, another countries or to neighbors countries. But there are another violations practiced systematically helped the increasing of asylum waves significantly. Next, we will present the most prominent practices that led to asylum and replacement waves from Syria since the beginning of protests on 15 March 2011 up to the end of this study. The excessive violence toward the areas which has witnessed protests against the government, using random bombing and heavy weapons of all kinds since the second month of the revolution, and still using until now steadily, as the Asylum associated directly with the volume of used violence and the extent of its continuity, where the continuous bombing led to continuing losses among civilians randomly also destruction of many houses which no longer habitable, as many buildings have become threatened to fall. 163

4 ISSN (Print), (Online) Center for Promoting Ideas, USA Policy of systematic massacres, massacres which were committed around Homs, Daraa and Aleppo led to displacement waves in its adjacent areas fear from similar massacres. Policy of systematic blockade started since the second month of the revolution, when blockade imposed on Daraa on 4 May 2011, following by blockade on Baniyas city, Rastan and Talbisa, then used widely in Homs, Rif Dimashq and Rif Aleppo. This policy increase the civilians living suffer, and led them to search for exit from these blockaded areas. Policy of systematic rape, kidnapping girls, and sexual harassment by Security personnel and Shabiha. This policy used systematically in several areas during 2011 &2012 which led to a large number of families to leave Syria fear from happening these violations against one of their family members, because of this matter is very critical in Syrian community (New York Times newspaper, 17\8\2015). Policy of conscription and calling reserve troops, especially after issuance of decree No.: 104 of 2011, which led a large number of families to leave the country fear from recruiting their sons to the reserved service, which has become a danger on their children s lives from a side or unwillingness of the others to serve in the army direct its guns towards its people. (reuters.com.23\7\2013). General Economic Situation led many people to leave their country without direct danger on their lives and as result of the economic activity stoppage in general and increase the unemployment rate to 80% approx. in parallel with the big increase in prices and stopping the general services (reuters.com). Second Study Social effects of the Syrian crisis on Jordanian society In this study, we will discuss the subject of social and humanitarian effects of this crisis on the Jordanian demographic formative structure, as a state and major incubator of humanitarian defections in this regional crisis. Among those anchors, we will discuss of interactive effects between the Syrian asylum community and the Jordanian local communities in its geographic places, and its effects on the Jordanian society. Sudden and intensive asylum and unregulated flow has led to confusion and shock at the same time to the receiving communities for this flow, which reflected directly and change the pattern and traditional behaviors of these communities. The point here is the local communities which were not prepared psychologically to contain such flow, specially they are hardly breathe from the previous asylum flows particularly the Iraqi crisis, so these communities perplexed and could not organize themselves with its own conditions, so became under the chaos of reception. Some families followed specified types of self-defense of its own behaviors beams which means insularity and isolation from the crisis (reversion to inside) and the other types merged without any immunization against merging. Thus, the main effects which affected on the psychological preparation in the Jordanian local communities will be discussed, because it becomes a real dilemma: First: total aids provided by the local, regional, specialist and international charities were affected directly from the Syrian asylum which reflected directly on the percentage of aids provided to the Jordanian poor families. To remedy this situation the Jordanian government stipulated, with the international charities, to allocate 20% from the aids to Jordanian poor families and the rest will be for the Syrian refugees (Nabulsi ). Despite this action, the aids provided from Jordanian families still decreased and declined. This part set the most sympatric people with the Syrian refugees, the poor people, in a direct confrontation with the Syrian refugees which raise the level of sensitivity and obsessing to the limit of Syrian asylum rejection that reflected on their direct interests. If we look at the picture closely, we will find that the compassion, tolerance and hospitality accumulated by the customs, traditions, religion and national sense over the years have been shocked by a sudden deterioration in a short period of time, so we can imagine the range of the change happened on the collective consciousness concept of a large scale of the Jordanian society which is in direct contact with the asylum waves (that if we take into our account that 48% of the middle class in Jordan heading toward the poverty line). (Nabulsi 6:2014). Second: Syrian asylum waves, particularly in Mafraq governorate at north, affected directly with this waves and its negative effects on the local community especially on the labor market. Non organized Syrian labor replaced the Jordanian labor in general and particularly in Al-Mafraq region which included the international sheltering centers (Zaatari refugees camp) adding a new psychological burden on the Jordanian families which their sons lose their jobs for the Syrian skilled, very cheap, committed and gentleness labor.

5 This is with regard to the effect on the hosted communities for Syrian refugees, but this dimension was not confined on the hosted local communities but it was expanded to the whole country, as it was reflected with its negative effects on the job opportunities for the Jordanian people, which are originally little. This problem have had affected before by the immigrant labor (e.g Egyptian labor) although It was framed by law organizing its job. All the same, the Jordanian government was not able to resolve its problems, In addition to the skilled labor s problems (cheap without any law organizing their job to save its citizen s rights). We also note that there is a wide popular and community discontent from such employment which force the government to take necessary actions to organize existence of this labor and its operation mechanisms, and directed it toward sectors that not desired by the Jordanian labor such as agriculture, sheep grazing and agricultural land reclamation sectors. If we look at a simple static, the Jordanians has lost 38 thousand job opportunities during 2012 (Destor journal-19 February 2013), and 27 million dinar has not been collected, and lost the income of some Jordanian families acquired from the commercial relations with Syria and turned toward the Syrian refugees support. On the other hand, Syrians have benefited from the governmental support on the state-backed goods which forming an additional pressure on the state s financial resources and reflected on the Jordanian families benefited from such support indirectly, which means that the government began to search on a new finance sources, and as usual the pocket of Jordanian citizen was the weakest point (raise in petroleum products and electricity prices recently). So it was necessary to outbreak the crisis and successive Jordanian governments have to develop a sustainable crisis management cells provided that their objectives shall not be limited to deal with the economic negatives only, but also to move to develop its tools to the social and psychological dimension affected on the Jordanian community with all of its attractions from the lowest to the highest and vice versa. It is also believed in the context of the effect of Syrian asylum on the marriage in Jordan, we noticed that there is a decrease in the marriage among Jordanian youth and girls, because of many reasons, such as: 1- Marriage from Syrian girls due to lack of Syrian women dowries comparing with the Jordanian women dowries. 2- Rise in the apartment rent amounts as a result of owner s exploit the Jordanian citizen, because the Syrian refugee pays high rents collected by international organizations. (Al-Majali- petra agency: ). 3- General rise in living levels as a result of overpopulation caused by the asylum. 4- Spread of marriage from underage girls. Thus, we can find that the Syrian asylum to Jordan has left its negative social effect on the Jordanian society, so the Jordanian government have to resist these challenges resulting from this crisis urgently, and requires a strict and firm policy to correct and organize the local labor market conditions in a manner that secure the interests of the Jordanian workers/laborers specially what related to the Jordanian woman. In this regard, we have noticed that there is increase in complaining cases among the Jordanian society due to lack of job opportunities, even in the Unorganized or informal sector and increase their suffering to get their lowest international rights as a result of decline the implementation of the appropriate and fair work conditions because of the idleness among the Syrian workers that accept work conditions consistent with some of local employers but breaching the laws and regulations. Third Study The Effect of Syrian Asylum on Jordanian economic Jordanian economic didn't used to any calm period around, where the territory is unstable, since many years, despite all difficulties; it overcomes all the repercussions of the external crises flexibly. The exit from the tunnel of the external crises was by virtue of several reasons mainly; the foreign exceptional aids which were received from friends that contributed to achieve a kind of stability for the national economy. After Iran Iraq War and the blockade imposed by the international community on Iraq, the preferential oil grant from Baghdad have had a positive significant effect on the budget stability. After 2003, it was turned to oil grants from KSA and Kuwait that compensated the preferential Iraqi oil, and then it was replaced with financial aids from GCCSG and USA. 165

6 ISSN (Print), (Online) Center for Promoting Ideas, USA Thus, we see that the total aids received by Jordan in the last ten years is more than Eight Billion Dollars (Ministry of Planning:12), which are a huge numbers for a small economy like Jordan. The importance of these aids that it was contributed in compensation the treasury from this massive downturn in its revenues as a result of the recession that hits an important sectors such as tourism, investment and remittances, all of that due to foreign effects. The correct thing is that the Jordanian economy survived from repercussions of the external crisis on its small economy, but the situation was different with the Syrian crisis which saw interlock by the international situation with no options to end this situation there, which simply means that the continuity of this crisis for a long time, not used by the national economy, will lead to collapse or at least to raise the indebtedness. The effect of the Syrian crisis on the economy extended to the activities of the private sector which export several goods to Syria by more than 225 million dinar annually (the Ministry of planning and international cooperation, 2015), let alone the decline in the movements of several sectors related to the commercial activity in Syria. It is noted that the biggest challenge is the cost of receiving Syrian refugees whose number is more than 4,1 million refugees, as referred above, this number is the number of the registered and unregistered Syrian refugees who have entered illegally. The number of the registered Syrian refugees, according to UN, are 266,629 ( despite that the initial studies pointed to that the cost of their hosting approaching to 300 million dollar per annum and expected to double in the light of the tremendous growth in the number of the refugees who entered Jordan daily. The Jordanian economy which lies beneath the tragedies of the high debt and chronic fiscal deficit will not be able to meet the expenses of these numbers, in any way, without sufficient international aids to share Jordan its responsibilities toward the complex humanitarian situation of the Syrian refugees. Thus, the international community no longer rushes to provide the aids, as it was previously, to Jordan due to the repercussions of the external crisis. Perhaps, some people began to explain that the gradual of granting some aids is a new form of political pressures on the kingdom, and others explain that as deliberate inaction from the international community toward Syria due to lack of a determined decision toward what happening there. The result is that, Jordan still receives thousands of Syrian refugees, provide them the aids, bears their economic burdens and the international community watching the scene and denounces via media only. There is no doubt that, the commitment of countries about the human issues, international commitments of the international conventions related to the refugees issues leaves a lot of direct and Non-direct economic effects on the Jordanian economy. Jordan has faced many challenges in this field. The Crisis of Syrian refugees, despite its humanitarian dimension which is carried out by Jordan under its obligations within the Arab, moral, social and humanitarian frame, is a major economic challenge for Jordan in light of the overall economic conditions experienced although it was not get rid of the consequences of the Global Financial Crisis which gripped the world and region since the end of 2008, and then influenced by the data of popular movement in the region and Jordan, which left severe economic impacts on Jordan which estimated by many studies by amount more than 3 Billion Dinars (Al Wazni, 7: 2012). The fact is that, the attempt to calculate the quantitative effects of the Syrian refugee s crisis on Jordan's economy is a task summons to look at what this crisis left of consequences on several sectors related to the national economy according to discretionary methodology trying to find accuracy in estimation process apart from unreal exaggeration. Also, it is important to study the effects of this crisis on the total economic indicators of the country according to appropriate quantitative estimates dealing with the crisis with the size of its quantitative development related to the number of arrivals to Jordan like explicit asylum by escaping across the border strip extends along 370 km approx. (Al Wazni, 7: 2012) by illegal way without crossing from the official border of Gaber or Al-Ramtha. The result is that the Jordanian economy, as pointed to above, received a huge number of the Syrian refugees which formed a sudden demographic pressure that means simply sudden population increase. The goal here is that we are in front of a new demographic pressures on the country's infrastructure including all of its educational and health facilities, and in the field of transportation, energy and water etc. 166

7 We noticed that, the outcome must reflect on the macroeconomic and the real growth rates in the country according to the result on the internal and external gaps along with consumption and investment levels of the national economic. The following table refers to the distribution of the Syrian refugees in Jordan, up to the date of 19 November 2014, and who registered in UNHCR (United Nations Commission 4: 2014) The table showing the number and distribution of the Syrian refugees in Jordan up to the date of 19 November 2014 Region Number amman Mafraq Irbid Zarqa Al-Balqa' Jerash Madaba Ajloun 9775 Karak 9588 Ma an 7221 Albadya and other regions 3205 Aqaba 3059 Tafilah 2445 The above table clearly illustrates that the number of the registered Syrian refugees in UNCHR is about (629,266), not less than 50% of the total number of the Syrian refugees, whose number is more than 1,4 million, thus the international organizations do not recognize to support the refugees but those registered, this matter constitutes, in a direct and indirect ways, an additional burdens on the national economy and the state budget due to the inability to register the rest of them as official refugees and the result that the UNHCR and the international community will bear their responsibilities about them. First- The effects on Education sector The official numbers indicate that Jordan has received during the school year 2014/2015 in education schools 129 thousand students and more than 23 thousand students in Zaatari, Emirati Jordanian and Azraq refugee camps. (UNICEF, 2015:3) It has been noticed that these numbers are increasing with the fifth year of Syrian crisis and the continuance of the flow and increasing of the refugees whether inside the refugees' camps or in different governorates. Therefore, Jordan is responsible for building schools in refugees' camps, opening night schools in the most densely populated of Syrian refugees, providing school books, bags and stationeries for the students in refugee schools and night schools in addition to rent other buildings in the favor of Ministry of Education for the same purpose and at that time which the ministry's strategy aims toward cancel the two periods system as it constitutes a strain on the ministry and school infrastructure, and the same applies to parents, teachers and workers in the Ministry of Education. These procedures resulted in the necessity of providing educational and administrative cadres to work for extra hours and in the difficult work conditions. The data of Ministry of Education indicate to accommodate the setup aforementioned from Syrian students and as referred by the ministry data, the cost of the students is varied between 850 Dinars and 1100 Dinar according to the basic or secondary educational level. (AL Wazani, 2012:8) On the other hand, the official numbers of Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research indicate that approximately 1990 Syrian students are enrolled in university education, Bachelor level, inpublic and private Jordanian universities including 755 students in the official state universities (AL Wazani, 2012:8). It should be noted that the Jordanian government had taken a decision to treat the Syrian student as Jordanian student in respect of tuition fees which constitutes an additional expense on the budget of universities and direct support for Syrians students. 167

8 ISSN (Print), (Online) Center for Promoting Ideas, USA Jordanian government has made a plan called Jordanian response to Syrian crisis plan of In relation to the education sector, the aim of this plan is ensuring the sustainability of the high quality educational services for all people especially the most vulnerable and poorest groups and allocated the Jordanian host society US $ 177,672,696 and US $ 79,230,750 to provide educational services for Syrian refugees (Ministry of Planning, Jordan, Jordanian response to Syrian crisis plan, 2015:7) Second: Heath sector Syrian asylum has negatively affected on the health sector due to the increasing of health services applicant more than the case was before the asylum. The data of Ministry of Heath indicate that the cure cost for each citizen in public and private hospitals is amounted 270 Jordanian Dinar ( The support directed to a non- Jordanian citizen of this amount is 130 Dinars in 2011 and approximately 132 Dinars in 2012 i.e. regardless of the amounts collected from the supported authorities for the costs, the support amount is the direct cost to be borne by the state for any citizen or non-citizen has to have treatment. Accordingly, the Syrian asylum forms a major strain on the sector in terms of the consumption of drugs, and receiving health services in government hospitals and health centers. In this context, Jordanian Minister of Health Dr. Ali Hyasat (Amman Net Station News, 2014) pointed that the government has raised the drug consumption during one year by 30% from previous years for the asylum, as well as increasing the setting is set for doctors and nurses to parallel the large numbers of Syrian refugees. The records of Ministry of Health have estimated the number of Syrian patients who attended the Ministry of Health hospitals approximately 14 thousand Syrian patients, while health centers see nearly 27 thousand until the end of 2013 (moh.gov.jo). Accordingly, the cost of health care and according to the methodology of the study as it is considered supported by the government will constitute additional cost for the state budget, thus the government has applied Jordanian response to Syrian crisis plan which aims generally to improve Syrian refugees` and Jordanian hosted communities` health conditions through enhancing national heath`s systems and services and allocated 177,834,600 American Dollars to the Jordanian hosted community and 55,689,446 American Dollars for providing health services to Syrian refugees (Ministry of Planning, Response plan:8). Third- Energy sector Syrian asylum to Jordan has constituted an additional heavy cost on the energy sector, although this sector originally suffers from several crises before the asylum as it is considered one of the supported sectors greatly in Jordan and its invoices are amounted 4 billion Jordanian Dinar annually for different purposes (AL Wazani, 2014). It is worth mentioning that the generation electricity and fuel has been supported greatly in Jordan over the previous periods, and as a result of these high costs and reaching energy bill in Jordan in 2013, 6.48 billion dollars make up 21% of gross domestic product, compared with 3.66 billion dollars for the year 2011 and by 13.3% of gross domestic product, it has been changed in the middle of the second month of November of Subsequently, the partial support of fuel and following the policy of raising energy prices, which formed an additional cost on the Jordanian citizen ( It is noted that the costs of the energy bill have increased due to the Egyptian gas outage, which Jordan depends on often to generate electrical power since the successive bombings suffered by gas tube, in addition to rising domestic consumption on various energy types due to Jordan harboring more than 1.4 million Syrian refugees. In this context, the Jordanian government has sought by all means to reduce the burden of high energy by accelerating the implementation of renewable energy projects and oil shale projects, and import gas from different origins. Jordanian Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation has announced that the kingdom needs international support by $ 4.5 billion for the years 2014/2016 for enabling the Jordanian host society and to mitigate the effects of the Syrian crisis asylum so that it can be spent on a variety of sectors, the most important energy sector (Jordanian Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation Website). As a result of the growing demand for energy in Jordan and increase the expense of this, and for the reduction of the energy bill the Jordanian, the government has placed the general objective of the energy sector under Jordanian response plan to the Syrian crisis which is to increase and speed up responses to alleviate the energy crisis in Jordan and in a sustainable manner, which reduces the pressure increased demand caused by the crisis, and it has allocated US $ million to Jordanian society host and the amount of US $ 68,101,500 to provide energy services for Syrian refugees(ministry of Planning, Jordanian response plan:7). 168

9 Forth- Water sector The asylum of hundred thousand Syrian to Jordan to escape from the violence in their country has constituted a new burden to their poor Jordanian neighbor with water which has led to draining his scarce water sources at the discretion of officials and experts. high number of these refugees whose number exceeded 1.4 million imposes growing pressure on infrastructure and water resources in Jordan on a daily basis, which is the poorest of the five countries of the water in the world and its desert constitutes about 92% of its area.( In this context, the official spokesman in the name of Ministry of Water and Irrigation Omar Salama pointed that every Syrian refugee needs at least 80 liters of water per day (Jordanian Ministry of Water and Mineral Soil website), and it costs the state and constitutes a growing pressure on its water resources and infrastructure. The kingdom which is increasing its population of 6.7 million people by 3.5% annually depends largely on rain water to satisfy its needs, while the annual deficit exceeds 500 million cubic meters (Former Ministry of Water website). On the other hand, the water authority confirms that Syrians cause a great pressure on water resources especially in north governorates: Irbid, Mafraqand Al-Ramtha which originally suffer from scarce water and barely satisfy its citizens' needs (Former Ministry of Water website). Depending on this, any surprise increase of the number of individual refugees would be a fundamental challenge for large water resources and citizens' needs of it. It is worth mentioning that Jordan offers heavily subsidized water to consumers in all segments. Atthe discretion of the joint relief statement between Jordan and the United Nations organizations, that the per capita share of water support to Jordan is around Jordanian Dinars annually ALWazani, previous reference)and according to the methodology of the study, the cost borne by the Jordanian government's budget due to hosting refugees in shelters or in different governorates in 2014reachesto about 21,210,000 million Dinars for the year 2014 only. In the context of a plan Jordanian response to the Syrian crisis, the government has developed enhancements to meet the increase in demand for water and Sanitation services, and its general goal for the sector is strengthening the Jordanian government's ability, especially in the host communities to apply the increase in demand for water and sanitation services, as it allocated the amount of $ 219,360,000 for the host community and the amount of $ 87,390,000 to provide services in this sector for Syrian refugees (Ministry of Planning, Jordanian response plan:12). Fifth- Infrastructure and Public Services sector: The flow of large numbers of Syrian refugees to the Kingdom especially to the northern governorates since the beginning of the Syrian crisis in all regions causes a great pressure on all life aspects of the infrastructure such as roads and public services. There is no doubt that it is difficult to reach an accurate estimate of the impact of Syrian refugees on infrastructure and public services, due to the absence of the data of general spending on infrastructure in its various forms. However, in the context of the methodology of this study, we see that the Jordanian state has shouldered the financial expenses of providing these structures and developing them. Therefore, these expenses caused large burdens on the Jordanian economy, which has exacerbated the debt, which has basically formed a weakness for the state, which in turn has affected all life aspects in Jordan. Thus, this research of the study focused on an accurate impact of the Syrian refugee issue, whether they are within the accommodation centers or outside them, on the main macroeconomic indicators for Jordan, noting that the methodology here was limited to the impact of refugees not on the impact of the popular movement in Syria on the national economy. Accordingly, it has been focused on indicators related to the impact of refugees on the indicator related to the relationship of the economy to the residents on its territory. In light of the aforementioned, the table below refers to the Jordanian response plan for 2015 to the crisis of Syrian refugees on national economy sect orally and entirely, including the following: 1- The figures referred to are estimates, according to official data and represent, in the opinion of the study, logical approaches related to the situation and the possible incarnation to the nearest possible limit. 2- The data below did not discuss what provided or committed by international bodies in accordance with international refugee conventions, and the costs of establishing Zaatari refugee camp or any other camp have not been included, due to High Commissioner for Refugees undertaking construction or management costs. The study dealt with a clear form to calculate charges related to the Jordanian economy, whether directly or indirectly according to the data available as per the plan referred to until the end of 2015 (Jordanian Ministry of Planning, the Jordanian response). 169

10 ISSN (Print), (Online) Center for Promoting Ideas, USA Sector Supporting host communities budget requirements (American Dollar) Response refugees budget requirements (American Dollar) Overall total of budget requirements (American Dollar) Education Energy Environment Not applicable Health Justice Livelihoods and food security Local government and municipal services Not applicable Refuge Social Protection Transportation Not applicable Water and Sanitation Management Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Total amount: Jordanian response program Syrian refugees share of resources and subsidized goods Security charge Increasing infrastructure consumption Losses in treasury income Total amount: required direct support to the treasury Total sum for Jordanian response to Syrian crisis requirements The above table indicates the losses in treasury income for 2015, which amounted to US $ 164,280,000, and the total sum to the requirements of the Jordanian response to the Syrian crisis plan amounted to US $ , and these figures assume the stability of other factors which means that the change of preparing the refugees or transformation of the sect oral and overall economic conditions will affect the change of the numbers indicated. Forth Study Human dimension Of course, it is not possible to separate the human dimension of Syrian refugees' crisis in Jordan from the broader picture of the Syrian crisis. The two crises are inseparable and overlapping for Jordan, and the reasons, considerations and phenomena are well known for all. For Jordan, both crises have acute and complex and wide dimensions, but no one can deny that these complex and difficult dimensions have intensified because of the absence of a comprehensive and effective strategy among the authorities who took over management and planning with an approach and methodology to deal with the Syrian asylum crisis, but upon exceeding the strategic and political framework of the crisis and considering their administrative and logistics elements. Here the observer or the controller in the Syrian refugee issue only to take the following notes: 1- The inadequacy of Zaatari main camp has been noticed and the overall housing refugees in the border areas and the camps location process is not because of environmental factors that many talk about at the time, but for other reasons related to get in and out of them easily, whether by militants, wounded or deserters and their families. 2- The easiness of getting out of it whether to the local market by controlled legal ways or through circuitous routes which facilitates the process called unofficial integration of refugees in the local society very early". It raises concerns and causes a contact that has undesirable consequences with the local society in a manner that may change the hospitable and tolerant mood according to Jordon's guests. 170

11 3- As for the other aspect of the human dimension of Syrian refuge crisis, such crisis is represented in the absence of humanitarian arm of the state in the management of this crisis which is Jordanian Red Crescent due to many charitable organizations that take over aids without having obvious reference. Red Crescent in any country in particular Jordon is distinguished with its trained staff since it becomes reasonable for the management of international movement of Red Crescent and International Red Crescent for a long time until the near past. So it can't neglect the fundamental specifications of refugee camps in terms of location, organization of accommodation inside the camp, the suitable size of each typical camp (usually 25 thousand at most), requirements of infrastructure, the role of supporting international authorities like UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF, and humanitarian associations like Save The Children, Care International and etc., accordingly; there are no manipulate references as the case presently is in terms of the treatment with international humanitarian support of Syrian refugees whether in Zaatari Camp or other accommodation places of refugees. The most important matter is that the absence of Jordanian Red Crescent undoubtedly hinders the efforts of collecting donations and the intensification of universal responsibility since its absence has lead to the absence of the reference known to donors and contributors that works under world management, distribution and supervision basics and more importantly that can be accountable and its performance can be supervised easily by donors and contributors without refraining from or doubting the donation or alleging the fear from misusing the donations in particular at the time in which resources allocated for humanitarian work due to the universal financial crisis besides the political considerations towards the Syrian crisis that emerged after Russian and Iranian interference as well as many international parties that fighting each other by way of what is called " Proxy War" among Syrian People. Hence, it's necessary to find an exist from this international hesitancy towards support provision whether politically or financially or alleging the absence of work based on the international approach grounds of accountability and supervision and to maintain not to add expensive burdens on the shoulder of very limited economic, financial and natural resources of the state. It's further important to maintain the Jordon image as hospitable country and has an experience and works through organizations of jurisdiction. Perhaps; this exist from the dilemma of the municipality of references and questions about the application of standards of accountability and supervision and the mechanism of universal accountability on the absence of humanitarian relief role of the state (Red Crescent) is the creation of position of Minister of State for Humanitarian Affairs and bearing the responsibility for the management of this file and joining Jordanian Red Crescent to Consultants Authority and giving him his role to treat with the like international authorities through known connection channels, to coordinate the efforts of national management with all state's bodies in third humanitarian respect, to supervise communications with countries and international authorities, to contribute to place the problem in its normal size and to reassure the Jordanian public opinion that seems fidgeting as a result of the effects of this file and state's refugee file in whole on the weak Jordanian reality in many aspects. (Brezat, 2015:4). Conclusion This study contributes to focus on the answer of main study of the question analytically and point out the negative effects of Syrian asylum on Jordon in social, economic and humanitarian aspects, it is difficult for Jordon in one place to separate these dimensions and effects from each other as they are overlapping and causes, features and considerations are obvious for whom are prudent and have experience. As for Jordon, These two aspects have severe, complicated and wide dimensions but no one can ignore that the severity of such complicated and difficult dimensions increases due to the absence of comprehensive and effective strategy at the beginning of the crisis besides the absence of the single reference of management of and planning for placing method and approach of dealing with Syrian asylum crisis that has been thereafter remedied by way of the establishment of Syrian Refugee Affairs Directorate. This was the answer of the last study question in this regard. By analytical view, beyond the strategic and political frame of the crisis, and taking into consideration its managerial and logistic elements, this study must achieve the following summary and recommendations: 171

12 ISSN (Print), (Online) Center for Promoting Ideas, USA 1- Seeking to enter into special international agreement with the concerned international aid organizations that are interested in Syrian refugees in order to raise the roof of aids provided for affected Jordanian families from 20% to 50%. 2- Charging international organizations and bodies the actual costs of hosting refugees not just the costs that are provided for reducing the burdens on Jordanian budget. 3- Unifying the reference of refugee s affairs with regard to the distribution of relief supplies which is Jordanian Charitable Organization for Rescue, Development and Islamic Arabic Cooperation and preventing charitable organizations from working in the context of Syrian asylum and for Jordanians only. 4- Taking rapid procedures to regulate the Syrian manpower and mechanisms of their operation and directing it towards sectors in which Jordanian manpower has no desire originally such as agriculture, grazing sheep and land reclamation. 5- Supporting Refugees Affairs Directorate in the manner that secures the stability and continuance of its works in order to get rid of the seasonal and sudden work. 6- Restudying sponsor system in order to get out of its negative effects on Jordanian family and society and on refugees themselves. 7- Resolving the problems that are getting worse in Jordanian society through local and international authoritative programs. 8- Resorting to universities for conducting research studies enabling to find resolutions for psychological, behavioral and social problems that are resulted from this crisis and developing prospective resolutions for the prospective problems because of its effects. 9- Establishing physiological support centers for the local community in quartering areas and spreading the physiological culture in connection of the receipt of refugees who suffered shocks as well as the awareness on the way of dealing with them. 10- Directing the interest for the support and the care of infrastructure that affects, directly or indirectly, on the education, health and other aspects that prejudice to the security and safety of the society. 11- Creating developmental and operative projects in North areas. 12- Following the policy of the progressive reduction of refugees in Zaatari camp in terms of numbers and spreading them in locations far from population centers and strategic locations of security and military nature. 13- Rejecting the concept of incorporating Syrian refugees in Jordanian society as called by some international organizations. 14- Determining the humanitarian cases who are only allowed to enter like women, children, the elders, patients and the injured. 15- Rejecting the entrance of age group from 18 years to 50 years at all. 16- Following, controlling, and counting the Syrian existence in Jordanian cities to reach accurate digital data and define places of residence. 17- Suspending the employment of Syrian manpower on Jordanian land without obtaining work permits from the concerned ministry and attempting to limit this type of employment as it competes Jordanian workers. 18- Imposing residence tax on everyone who exists out of the certain frame of camps. 19- Cancelling the ownership of lands and real-estates and not allowing the same although it has an influence on the investment but at the same time it has great political effects. 20- Improving services levels in asylum locations which are the afflicted governorates: Irbid, Lowaa Al Ramsa, AlMafrak, North, west, and east of Lowaa Al Badia. 21- Providing Humanitarian aids and improving the standard of living of Jordanians in the areas affected by Syrian existence. Finally, the most important matter I want to discuss is that the accumulation and the repetition of errors in dealing with regional crises and the lack of advance preparation of its effects has put the Jordanian social awareness between two contradictions: The first: The nature of this awareness that mixed with the national burden and relief of one who seeks the asylum, hospitality, customs and traditions that distinguish this awareness throughout ages to which we refer, Second: The reflection of negative aspects of the regional crises and its social dimensions on Jordanian society on one hand. 172