Name Class Date. The Industrial Age Section 1

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1 Name Class Date The Industrial Age Section 1 MAIN IDEAS 1. Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction. 2. Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved communications and transportation. 3. A rush of inventions changed Americans lives. Key Terms and People Second Industrial Revolution a period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s Bessemer process Henry Bessemer s invention that made steel production faster and cheaper Thomas Edison inventor who created the electric lightbulb patent an exclusive right to make or sell an invention Alexander Graham Bell inventor of the telephone Henry Ford inventor of the first affordable car and the moving assembly line Wilbur and Orville Wright brothers who made the first piloted flight in a gaspowered airplane Academic Vocabulary Implement to put in place Section Summary BREAKTHROUGHS IN STEEL PROCESSING America s Second Industrial Revolution started in the late 1800s. The new Bessemer process reduced the amount of time it took to make steel. The price of steel dropped because of this innovation. This made the steel industry an important part of the revolution. Cheaper, more available steel led to more railroad building. Other changes made train travel safer and smoother for passengers. Trains helped strengthen the economy by moving people and goods to their destinations quickly and inexpensively. What effect did inexpensive, readily available steel have on the railroad industry? 211 Guided Reading Workbook

2 Name Class Date Section 1, continued USE OF OIL AND ELECTRICITY In the 1850s scientists figured out how to turn crude oil into kerosene. Kerosene was used for both heat and light. As a result, the demand for oil exploded. In 1859 Edwin L. Drake s Titusville, Pennsylvania, oil well started producing 20 barrels of oil a day. Oil quickly became big business in Pennsylvania. Oil was also important in Ohio and West Virginia. In addition to oil, electricity became a source of light and power. Thomas Edison was an inventor interested in uses of electricity. In 1879 Edison and his assistant created the electric lightbulb. To create a market for his product, Edison built a power plant to supply industries with electricity. George Westinghouse developed a power plant that could send electricity over long distances. Thanks to Edison and Westinghouse the use of electricity in homes and business boomed. What made the demand for oil rise in the 1850s? How did Edison and Westinghouse help spread the use of electricity? RUSH OF INVENTIONS Technology also changed the way people communicated. First, telegraphs made long-distance communication possible. Then in 1876 Alexander Graham Bell was given a patent for the telephone. By 1900 almost 1.5 million telephones were in operation. Changes in transportation also occurred. The invention of the gasoline-powered engine made automobiles possible. Henry Ford began producing the first affordable automobile in He also implemented the moving assembly line in manufacturing. The gas-powered engine allowed Wilbur and Orville Wright to invent the airplane. CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Write to Make Judgments Review all of the inventions about which you just read. In your opinion, which was the most lifechanging? Why? 212 Guided Reading Workbook

3 Name Class Date Section 1, continued Bessemer process telephone patent Alexander Graham Bell Henry Ford Orville and Wilbur Wright Second Industrial Revolution DIRECTIONS Write two descriptive phrases that describe the person or term. 1. Alexander Graham Bell 2. Bessemer process 3. Orville and Wilbur Wright 4. patent 5. Second Industrial Revolution 6. Thomas Alva Edison _ 7. Henry Ford DIRECTIONS Answer each question by writing a sentence that contains at least one word from the word bank. 8. The development of what new technique dramatically reduced the amount of time needed to reduce iron ore into steel? 9. Name the Scottish-born speech teacher and his invention which enabled instantaneous communication over vast distances. 10. Name the period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing at the end of the 1800s. 213 Guided Reading Workbook

4 Name Class Date The Industrial Age Section 2 MAIN IDEAS 1. The rise of corporations and powerful business leaders led to the dominance of big businesses in the United States. 2. People and the government began to question the methods of big business. Key Terms and People corporations businesses owned by stockholders Andrew Carnegie business leader who concentrated his efforts on steel production vertical integration owning the businesses involved in each step of manufacturing John D. Rockefeller business leader who concentrated on oil refining horizontal integration owning all of the businesses in a certain field trust a legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies under a single board of directors Leland Stanford business leader of mining equipment and railroads social Darwinism belief that Charles Darwin s theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest holds true for humans monopoly total ownership of a product or service Sherman Antitrust Act law that made it illegal to monopolize a business Academic Vocabulary acquired to get Section Summary DOMINANCE OF BIG BUSINESS In the late 1800s entrepreneurs began to form corporations. A corporation is owned by people who buy shares of stock in that corporation. Stockholders share the corporation s profits. But if the corporation fails, stockholders lose the money that they invested. Entrepreneurs could spread the risk of loss across all the stockholders. One successful entrepreneur of the late 1800s was Andrew Carnegie. He made money in several Why did entrepreneurs form corporations in the late 1800s? 214 Guided Reading Workbook

5 Name Class Date Section 2, continued industries, but he focused on steel. Carnegie acquired all of the businesses involved in making steel. This process is called vertical integration. John D. Rockefeller made his fortune in oil. Like Carnegie, he used vertical integration. He also used horizontal integration, buying out most of his competitors. He grouped his companies into a trust in an effort to control oil production and prices. Leland Stanford was another successful business leader of the time. He made money selling mining equipment to miners. He also helped found the California Central Pacific railroad. QUESTIONING THE METHODS OF BIG BUSINESS In the late 1800s many business leaders believed in social Darwinism. Charles Darwin proposed that in nature, the law was survival of the fittest. Social Darwinists believed the same was true of humans those who got rich were the fittest. Other wealthy business leaders claimed that the rich had a duty to help the poor. As a result, some leaders gave millions of dollars to charities. Big business caused problems for smaller ones. A big business would lower its prices until small businesses, unable to offer the same low prices, went bankrupt. Consumers then had to pay higher prices because there was no longer any competition. Americans demanded that Congress pass laws to control monopolies and trusts. Congress finally passed the Sherman Antitrust Act. However the act did little to reduce the power of corporations. What is social Darwinism? Why did some people think trusts were bad for society? CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Evaluate You are an adviser to the president. Voters are complaining about big discount stores putting small, family-owned stores out of business by lowering prices. Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of large stores. Write a summary of your list and advise the president. 215 Guided Reading Workbook

6 Name Class Date Section 2, continued DIRECTIONS On the line provided before each statement, write T if a statement is true and F if a statement is false. If the statement is false, write the correct term on the line after each sentence that makes the sentence a true statement. 1. A trust is a legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies under a single board of directors. 2. Passed by Congress in 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was largely ineffective because it did not clearly define in legal terms the type of organization it was seeking to regulate. 3. Corporations are businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares. 4. Owning the businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process is called horizontal integration. 5. John D. Rockefeller became successful through combining, or consolidating, businesses. 6. Rockefeller s ownership of 90 percent of the oil refining business in the United States by 1880 is an example of vertical integration. 7. In 1873 Andrew Carnegie focused his efforts on steelmaking and expanded his business by buying out his competitors when steel prices were low. 216 Guided Reading Workbook

7 Name Class Date Cartoon 23 Political Cartoons The Power of Trusts The people s entrance is closed and locked. This sign mocks the American ideal of a government of the people, for the people, and by the people. Library of Congress Senators are shown at work. Note, how the larger men resemble money bags. ANALYZING POLITICAL CARTOONS Study the political cartoon, and then answer the questions that follow. 1. What does the entrance for the trusts, or monopolists symbolize? 2. How has the cartoonist drawn the trust men? What message is expressed? Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 23 U.S. History Political Cartoons Activities

8 Name Class Date The Industrial Age Section 3 MAIN IDEAS 1. The desire to maximize profits and become more efficient led to poor working conditions. 2. Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions and pay. 3. Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals. Key Terms and People Frederick W. Taylor author of The Principles of Scientific Management Knights of Labor large labor union that included both skilled and unskilled workers Terence V. Powderly Knights of Labor leader who made it the first national labor union in the United States Samuel Gompers leader of the American Federation of Labor American Federation of Labor group that organized individual national unions of skilled workers collective bargaining workers acting together for better wages or working conditions Mary Harris Jones union supporter who organized strikes and educated workers Haymarket Riot a union protest in Chicago where strikers fought with police Homestead strike violent 1892 strike of Carnegie steelworkers ended by state militia Pullman strike strike of Pullman railroad workers that ended in 1894 when federal troops were sent to stop it Section Summary MAXIMIZING PROFITS AND EFFICIENCY During the Second Industrial Revolution, machines did more and more work. The unskilled workers who ran the machines could not complain about conditions, for they knew they could be replaced. In the early 1880s Frederick W. Taylor wrote a book that took a scientific look at how businesses could increase profits. One way was to ignore workers and their needs. As a result, conditions for workers got worse. What impact did Frederick Taylor s book have on America s workers? 217 Guided Reading Workbook

9 Name Class Date Section 3, continued WORKERS ORGANIZE Workers began to form labor unions. The Knights of Labor started out as a secret organization. However by the end of the 1870s, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, the Knights became a national labor union. The Knights included both skilled and unskilled members. The American Federation of Labor, under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, was different from the Knights of Labor. It organized national unions, and its members were all skilled workers. Workers hoped that if they acted together that is, if they used collective bargaining they might actually be able to improve pay and working conditions. Many women participated in unions. Mary Harris Jones, for example, helped organize strikes and educate workers. LABOR STRIKES In 1886 thousands of Chicago union members went on strike. After police killed two strikers, workers met at Haymarket Square to protest the killings. Someone threw a bomb, and officers fired into the crowd. The Haymarket Riot ended with more than 100 people killed or wounded. On June 29, 1892, at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, the Homestead strike began. Workers protested the introduction of new machinery and the loss of jobs. It ended in violence and death, and the union was defeated. Two years later, the Pullman strike over layoffs and pay cuts also ended in bloodshed. President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to break the strike. Which union would have more power a union of unskilled workers or a union of skilled workers? How did workers benefit from collective bargaining? Why do you think labor strikes often ended in violence? CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Write to Explain Explain why workers sometimes use strikes as a strategy. 218 Guided Reading Workbook

10 Name Class Date Section 3, continued DIRECTIONS Read each sentence and fill in the blank with the word in the word pair that best completes the sentence. 1. In 1879 became the leader of the Knights of Labor and removed the secrecy surrounding it, making it the first truly national labor union in the United States. (Mary Harris Jones/Terence V. Powderly) 2. The, which occurred in 1892 at a Carnegie steel plant in Pennsylvania, resulted in the loss of sixteen lives and the defeat of the union. (Homestead strike/collective bargaining) 3. Union leaders tried to secure better wages and working conditions for all workers in a factory or industry through. (collective bargaining/homestead strike) 4. worked for better conditions for miners. (Mary Harris Jones/Samuel Gompers) 5. In 1886, two Chicago union members were killed while striking. When union members met to protest these killings, a clash known as the was the result. (Pullman strike/haymarket Riot) 6. As an efficiency engineer, sought ways to raise production and lower costs. (Frederick W. Taylor/Terence V. Powderly) 7. Unlike other labor groups that allowed both skilled and unskilled laborers to join, the led by, limited its membership to skilled workers. (American Federation of Labor/Knights of Labor) (Mary Harris Jones/Samuel Gompers) 8. During the, workers refused to work on trains carrying Pullman cars, stopping traffic on many midwestern rail lines. (Homestead strike/pullman strike) 9. The was founded in the 1870s as a secret society. (Knights of Labor/American Federation of Labor) 219 Guided Reading Workbook

11 Name Class Date The Industrial Age Primary Source Samuel Gompers, Testimony before Congress, 1900 ABOUT THE READING Samuel Gompers was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to He lobbied for shorter working hours, safer working conditions, and collective bargaining rights. Gompers believed that unions would not only protect workers interests, but would also lead to opportunities for workers to educate themselves and to improve their lives. In this passage, Gompers discusses the barriers that workers faced in the struggle for better working conditions. VOCABULARY arbitration settlement of a dispute by a third party enjoined prohibited by court order jug jail injunction a written order granted by a court As you read think about how Gompers describes the relationship between employers and workers. We ask for State legislation, and we are told to go to the Federal Government; we come to the Federal Government and it is contended that these things rightfully belong to the States. It does not make a particle of difference. If we come here to the Federal Government and ask for remedial legislation, we are told that these things will come when they become a custom, and not by legislation. And then we go to employers, to their companies, and ask them to confer with us in order to inaugurate that custom, and they tell us, If you do not get out of here we will put a boot in a place where it will feel uncomfortable. If we strike or ask that the matter be submitted to arbitration, we are told there is nothing to arbitrate. If we strike in order to enforce what we believe to be our rights, we are enjoined; and if we exercise what we believe to be our rights in spite of Neither the state nor the federal government wants to help the unions. Each insists the welfare of workers is the other s responsibility. If the labor union asks for someone to help settle the dispute, then the union is told there is no dispute. Source: Vol. 5: Testimony, U.S. Congress, House Committee on Labor, Apr. 12, Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 16 The Industrial Age

12 Name Class Date Samuel Gompers, Testimony before Congress, 1900, continued Primary Source the injunction, we are guilty of contempt of court and are put in the jug during his honor s pleasure. There is not anywhere we can go for the purpose of trying to bring about some remedy, some change, some improvement but we are met by the same opposition, prompted by the same cause, prompted by the same motive, and that is to leave the workingman helpless to the mercy of the employing class. I think, though, I may say that that time has gone by. The workingmen of our country have learned somewhat of their rights, and they propose to stand by them, and they have the courage to do so, too. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. According to the federal government, how would the improvements the workers wanted be achieved? 2. Why did Gompers think labor legislation was necessary? Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. 3. Judging by this testimony, do you believe that the labor unions were trying to follow the law? Explain your answer using details from the excerpt. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 17 The Industrial Age

13 Name Class Date The Industrial Age History and Geography Pullman s Company Town In 1880 George Pullman, the founder of the Pullman Palace Car Company, built a town named after himself near Chicago, Illinois. The company s workers who lived in the town of Pullman paid high rents. When an economic depression began in 1893, Pullman cut his workers wages, but he did not lower their rent. In reponse, the workers began a bitter labor dispute that became known as the Pullman strike. Theater Stable ILLINOIS CENTRAL R.R. Hotel School Housing Pullman Cargo Works Lumberyard Playground Public Arcade Square Market House Church Gasworks Dock Dock Dock Dock Athletic Course to Kansas City ILLINOIS to St. Louis WISCONSIN to Minneapolis to Omaha/ San Francisco to Memphis Milwaukee Chicago Lake Michigan Pullman INDIANA MICHIGAN to Detroit/ Cleveland/ New York to Pittsburgh/ Philadelphia/ New York N MAP ACTIVITY 1. Use a bright color to trace the railroad routes that pointed south from Pullman. 2. Use a different color to shade the shortest route that one would travel from Pullman to Minneapolis. 3. Shade the area that shows where visitors might stay in Pullman. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 18 The Industrial Age

14 Name Class Date Pullman s Company Town, continued History and Geography 4. Circle the area on the map that shows where Pullman workers might have shopped. 5. Draw a square around the area where the Pullman Company stored wood. ANALYZING MAPS 1. Location Describe the location of the town of Pullman. 2. Identifying In what part of Pullman did the company produce its goods? 3. Movement Why do you think a railroad line ran alongside the town of Pullman? What other features of the town may have been used for transportation? 4. Evaluating During the Pullman strike, many rail lines around Chicago shut down. Use the map to evaluate how the strike may have affected the nation s transportation system. 5. Human/Environment Interaction List the advantages and disadvantages of living in Pullman as an employee of the company. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 19 The Industrial Age