IMMIGRATION DATA ON DEMAND 45 Fact sheets for the 45th President of the United States of America: The 26 State Fact sheets

Transcription

1 IMMIGRATION DATA ON DEMAND 45 Fact sheets for the 45th President of the United States of America: The 26 State Fact sheets

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3 45 Immigration Fact Sheets for the 45 th President Going into 2017, and the start of a new presidential administration, our nation faces a number of key issues, not the least of which are those related to immigrants and immigration to the United States. Going forward, It is important that the new administration, and the nation, take an evidence-based approach to these issues. Toward this end, the Institute for Immigration Research's idod team at George Mason University assembled the 45 Immigration Fact Sheets for the 45 th President. To be released during the course of the first 100 days of the new presidential administration, 3 bundles of fact sheets will highlight this comprehensive body of evidence on the important role immigrants have in the nation s economic success. Our hope is that all stakeholders at the national, state, and local levels take this evidence to heart. Each fact sheet highlights the impact of today s New Americans. At the national level, 8 fact sheets provide an overview of the foreign-born population in the United States focusing on employment, place of birth, and educational attainment. At the state level, 26 fact sheets include pairs of states highlighting the contrast between states with large populations of immigrants and those with relatively few New Americans. In the final 11 fact sheets we provide information at the local level on 16 gateway communities. We include metropolitan areas from different types of gateways: Major Continuous Gateways: Boston, Chicago, New York, San Francisco Post-WWII Gateways: Los Angeles, Dallas, Miami, Washington, D.C. Major Emerging Gateways: Atlanta, Phoenix Re-Emerging Gateways: Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Seattle, San Jose Former Gateways: St. Louis, Detroit The time is now to work together to recognize and understand the positive economic contributions of New Americans. We hope you find this information valuable and, if you are in need of more, the IIR is here to serve your immigration data needs. Do not hesitate to contact us (iir@gmu.edu) if there are any further information or data we can provide. Monica Gomez Isaac Executive Director, Institute for Immigration Research George Mason University & James Witte Director, Institute for Immigration Research George Mason University

4 Immigrants Across the U.S.: California (#1) and Wyoming (#51) Sheet #9 California has the largest population of immigrants of all the states in the United States. The most common jobs for immigrants are model makers, machine setters, and construction laborers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 49 percent of immigrants speak over 100 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in California are near major metro areas. 1.1 Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Cantonese Mandarin Armenian Persian, Iranian, Farsi Al l Other Languages (n=97) California 10% 7% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for California Immigrants Model Makers, Pattern Makers and Molding Machine Setters in Crop Production Immigrant Workers 2.9% 2. Cooks in Restaurants and 2. Landscaping Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households 1. Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. Other Food Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers in Truck Transportation Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Carpenters in Construction All Other Occupations and Industries 84. Total Estimated 6,525,504 Wyoming has the smallest population of immigrants of all the states in the United States. The most common jobs for immigrants are construction laborers and cooks. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 50 percent of immigrants speak 43 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Wyoming are near the southeastern portion of the state. 1.3 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Wyoming Immigrants 8.0% 5. Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation % Dishwashers in Restaurants and Other Food 2. Food service managers in Restaurants and Janitors and Building Cleaners in to buildings and dwellings Most Common Languages Spoke n in Immigrant Home s in Wyoming Indonesian 2 50% Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture Secondary School Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools All Other Occupations and Industries 69. Total Estimated 11,754 Persian, Iranian, Farsi (n=34) 10%

5 Immigrants Across the U.S.: New York (#2) and North Dakota (#50) Sheet #10 New York s top jobs for immigrants are nurse aides, construction laborers, and taxi drivers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak at home, yet 69 percent of immigrants speak 102 languages. There are relatively high earning immigrants in all parts of the state, yet the highest earners are in the New York City area. 2.1 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for New York Immigrants Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Home Health Care Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs in Taxi and Limousine Service Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households Childcare Workers in Child Day Care 2.7% % Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. Elementary and Middle School Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools Janitors and Building Cleaners in to All Other Occupations and Industries 83.8% Total Estimated 2,767, Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in New York or Haitian Creole Italian Bengali P olish All O ther Languages (n=93) 7% North Dakota s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, agricultural workers, and maids. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 67 percent of immigrants speak 57 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in North Dakota are in the western part of the state. 2.3 Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in North Dakota Cushite, Beja, Somali Serbo-Croatian, Yugoslavia n, Swahili Nepali (n=48) 8% 27% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for North Dakota Immigrants Immigrant Workers Animal Breeders in Crop Production Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software in Computer Systems Design 8.0% 3.6% Cooks in Restaurants and 2. Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals 1.8% Miscellaneous Office and Administrative Support Workers Including Desktop Publishers in Banking and Related Activities Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Nursing Care Facilities 1.7% 1.7% Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1.7% All Other Occupations and Industries 71.7% Total Estimated 12,359

6 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Texas (#3) and Montana (#49) Sheet # Most Common Immigrant Homes in Texas Chi nese 9% 68% 3.2 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Texas Immigrants Landscaping 3.6% 3.0% 2. Carpenters in Construction 2. Texas top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, cooks, and grounds maintenance workers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 32 percent of immigrants speak over 100 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Texas are near major metro areas like Houston, Dallas, and Austin. Urdu Kru (n=91) 10% Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households Painters and Paperhangers in Construction Elementary and Middle School Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers in Truck Transportation Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 80.8% Total Estimated 2,714,455 Montana s top job for immigrants is postsecondary teacher in colleges and universities. In fact, six of the top ten jobs are either as teachers or healthcare professionals. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 48 percent of immigrants speak 47 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Montana are centered around Billings. 3.3 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Montana Immigrants Elementary and Middle School Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Nursing Care Facilities 3.0% 2.9% Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals 1.9% Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Hospitals 1.7% 3.4 Most Common Immigrant Homes in Montana 1 8% 6% 5 Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture Registered Nurses in Hospitals Carpenters in Construction All Other Occupations and Industries 80. Japanese Telugu (n=38) 10% Total Estimated 10,438

7 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Florida (#4) and South Dakota (#48) Sheet #12 Florida s top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, grounds maintenance workers, and maids. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 45 percent of immigrants speak 98 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Florida are near major metro areas like Fort Lauderdale, Gainesville, Jacksonville, and Tampa. 4.1 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Florida Immigrants Construction Laborers in Construction 2. Landscaping 1.9% Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households Waiters and Waitresses in Restaurants and 1. Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. Miscellaneous Agricultural Workers Including Animal Breeders in Crop 1. Production Carpenters in Construction 1. Elementary and Middle School Teachers in Elementary and 1. Secondary Schools Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation All Other Occupations and Industries 85.7% Total Estimated 2,334, Most Common Immigrant Homes in Florida or Haitian Creole Portuguese (n=89) 7% 9% 19% 5 South Dakota s top jobs for immigrants are meat processing work in animal slaughtering and processing, agricultural workers, and postsecondary teachers. Additionally, the two largest groups of immigrants speak or, yet the remaining 55 percent of immigrants speak 52 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in South Dakota are in the northwest part of the state. 4.3 Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in South Dakota Chine se Amharic, Ethiopian, etc. Nepali African languages Other specified African languages Other Asian languages Swahili Serbo-Croatian, Yugoslavian, Slavonian (n=44) 6% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for South Dakota Immigrants Immigrant Workers Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers in Animal Slaughtering and 5.9% Processing Animal Breeders in Animal Production and 4.9% Aquaculture Universities, 3.7% and Professional Schools 3. Cooks in Restaurants and 2. Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders in Animal Slaughtering and Processing 2. Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers in Forestry Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers in Animal Slaughtering and Processing Food Preparation Workers in Restaurants and 1. Miscellaneous Metal and Plastic Workers, Including Multiple Machine Tool Setters in Motor 1. Vehicles Manufacturing 2 All Other Occupations and Industries 71. Total Estimated 15,085

8 Immigrants Across the U.S.: New Jersey (#5) and Vermont (#47) Sheet #13 New Jersey s top jobs for immigrants are construction laborer, cooks, and registered nurses. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 64 percent of immigrants speak as many as 97 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in New Jersey are in the northern half of the state. 5.1 Most Common Immigrant Homes in New Jer sey Gujarathi Portuguese Polish All Other Languages (n=88) % 5.2 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for New Jersey Immigrants 1.7% Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. Landscaping Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers in Truck Transportation Carpenters in Construction Elementary and Middle School Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households Janitors and Building Cleaners in to All Other Occupations and Industries 87.8% Total Estimated 1,274,441 Vermont s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, agricultural workers, and cooks. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 60 percent of immigrants speak 55 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Vermont are in the far southeast portion of the state, near New Hampshire. 5.3 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Vermont Immigrants Miscellaneous Agricultural Workers Including Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture % 2.9% Registered Nurses in Hospitals 2. Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Hospitals 1.7% Carpenters in Construction 1. Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Hospitals Secondary School Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Nursing Care Facilities All Other Occupations and Industries 80. Total Estimated 15, Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Vermont Nepali Serbo-Croatian, Yugoslavian, Cushite, Beja, Somali (n=46) 9% 7% 20% 40%

9 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Illinois (#6) and West Virginia (#46) Sheet #14 Illinois top jobs for immigrants are cooks, construction laborers, and truck drivers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 56 percent of immigrants speak at least 96 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Illinois are near the Chicago and Peoria metro areas. 6.1 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Illinois Immigrants Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers in Truck Transportation Landscaping Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Immigrant Workers 2.7% 1.7% Carpenters in Construction 1. Waiters and Waitresses in Restaurants and Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. Food Service Managers in Restaurants and All Other Occupations and Industries 85.0% Total Estimated 1,172, Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Illinois Polish Urdu (n=87) 10% 8% 2 4 West Virginia s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers and healthcare professionals. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 66 percent of immigrants speak 58 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in West Virginia are near Morgantown, Somersville, and Madison. 6.3 Most Common Immigrant Homes in West Virginia 7% 6% 20% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for West Virginia Immigrants 6.6% Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals 4. Physicians and Surgeons in Offices of physicians 3. Cooks in Restaurants and % Persian, Iranian, Farsi Al l Other Languages (n=49) Chefs and Head Cooks in Restaurants and 19% 1.7% 1. Carpenters in Construction 1. Elementary and Middle School Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 72. Total Estimated 14,115

10 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Massachusetts (#7) and Maine (#45) Sheet #15 Massachusetts top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, cooks, and janitors. A small group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 79 percent of immigrants speak at least 97 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Massachusetts are in the suburban area around Boston s beltway. 7.1 Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Massachusetts Portuguese or Haitian Creole (n=88) 6% 1 18% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Massachusetts Immigrants Immigrant Workers Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health 1. Aides in Nursing Care Facilities Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software in Computer Systems 1. Design 1. Carpenters in Construction Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households Painters and Paperhangers in Construction All Other Occupations and Industries 85.8% Total Estimated 669,322 Maine s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, cooks, and registered nurses. The largest group of immigrants speak. However, about 11 percent of the immigrant population speaks, which is indicative of immigration from Canada. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Maine are near Augusta. 7.3 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Maine Immigrants Immigrant Workers 3.8% 2. Registered Nurses in Hospitals 2. Elementary and Middle School Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools 2. Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals 1.8% Physicians and Surgeons in Offices of physicians Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Waiters and Waitresses in Restaurants and Personal Care Aides in Individual and family services Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Nursing Care Facilities All Other Occupations and Industries 81. Total Estimated 24, Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Maine Cushite, Beja, Somali Mon-Khmer, Cambodian (n=59) 1 2 0% 4

11 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Georgia (#8) and Alaska (#44) Sheet #16 Georgia s top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, cooks, and grounds maintenance workers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 58 percent of immigrants speak at least 97 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Georgia are in the suburban area around the Atlanta metro area. 8.1 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Georgia Immigrants Landscaping 3.8% Carpenters in Construction Painters and Paperhangers in Construction 1.9% Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households Miscellaneous Personal Appearance Workers in Nail Salons and Other Personal Care Miscellaneous Agricultural Workers Including Animal Breeders in Crop Production All Other Occupations and Industries 8 Total Estimated 636, Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Georgia Chi nese Kru Gujarathi or Haitian Creole (n=88) 18% 20% 4 Alaska s top jobs for immigrants are food processing workers, cooks, and construction laborers. Alaska is the only state where Tagalog is spoken among a large group of immigrants. Additionally, the remaining 76 percent of immigrants speak 68 other languages. Note that the immigrant incomes are relatively even across the most inhabited part of Alaska. 8.3 Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Alaska Miao, Hmong Llocano, Hocan o All Other Languages (n=59) 8% 1 19% 18% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Alaska Immigrants Food Processing Workers in Seafood and Other Miscellaneous Food Industries 4.7% Cooks in Restaurants and 3. Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation Chefs and Head Cooks in Restaurants and Childcare Workers in Child Day Care 1. Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs in Taxi and Limousine Service Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand in Grocery Stores Teacher Assistants in Elementary and Secondary Schools All Other Occupations and Industries 80.7% Total Estimated 34,823

12 Sheet #17 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Virginia (#9) and Mississippi (#43) Virginia s top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, cooks, and carpenters. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 69 percent of immigrants speak at least 93 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Virginia are in the areas near the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area as well as the coastal areas on the eastern side of the state. 9.1 Most Common Immigrant Homes in Virginia Amharic, Ethiopian, etc. Persian, Iranian, Farsi (n=84) 17% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Virginia Immigrants Immigrant Workers 2. Cooks in Restaurants and 2. Carpenters in Construction Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software in Computer Systems Design Landscaping Childcare Workers in Child Day Care 1. Janitors and Building Cleaners in to All Other Occupations and Industries 85. Total Estimated 656,092 Mississippi s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, construction laborers, and carpenters. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 55 percent of immigrants speak 64 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Mississippi are near the center of the state. 9.3 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Mississippi Immigrants Immigrant Workers 4.0% 3. Carpenters in Construction 3.0% Gaming Workers in Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries 2.7% 1.7% Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals 1. First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers in Grocery Stores 1. Roofers in Construction 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 77. Total Estimated 41, Most Common L anguages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Mississippi Gujarathi (n=55) 7% 1 20% 4

13 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Washington (#10) and New Hampshire (#42) Sheet #18 Washington State s top jobs for immigrants are agricultural workers, software developers, and cooks. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 71 percent of immigrants speak over 95 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Washington are near Seattle and the metropolitan area Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Washington Immigrants Miscellaneous Agricultural Workers Including Animal Breeders in Crop 4.9% Production Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software in Computer Systems 2.9% Design Landscaping 1. Janitors and Building Cleaners in to 1. Carpenters in Construction Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers in Truck Transportation All Other Occupations and Industries 81.9% Total Estimated 582, Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Washington Ukrainian, Ruthenian, Little Amharic, Et hiopian, etc. (n=86) 18% 2 29% New Hampshire s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, software developers, and cooks. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak at home, yet the remaining 69 percent of immigrants speak 72 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in New Hampshire are near major metro areas like Boston Most Common Immigrant Homes in New Hampshire 7% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for New Hampshire Immigrants Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software in Computer Systems Design 2.8% Portuguese Nepali 1. Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation 1. Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals Elementary and Middle School Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools (n=63) 30% Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Carpenters in Construction 0.8% All Other Occupations and Industries 86. Total Estimated 47,122

14 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Arizona (#11) and Delaware (#41) Sheet #19 Arizona s top jobs for immigrants are grounds maintenance workers, cooks, and construction laborers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 38 percent of immigrants speak over 100 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Arizona are near the Phoenix metro area Most Common L anguages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Arizona Chi nese (n=91) 16% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Arizona Immigrants Landscaping Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Animal Breeders in Crop Production Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households 4.0% 2.9% 2.6% 1. Carpenters in Construction 1. Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 81.8% Total Estimated 515,164 Delaware s top jobs for immigrants are janitors, cooks, and economists. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 68 percent of immigrants speak 75 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Delaware are in the northern part of the state near Philadelphia Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Delaware Immigrants Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Economists in National security and International affairs Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households Management Analysts in Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Food Preparation Workers in Restaurants and Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in to Miscellaneous Managers, including Funeral Service Managers (0325) and Postmasters and Mail Superintendents in National Security and International Affairs 11.4 Most Common Immigrant Homes in Delaware All Other Occupations and Industries 75.8% Total Estimated 51, % % 1.9% Chine se Telugu Gujarathi Kru Swahili or Haitian Creole (n=66) 6% 2 2 3

15 Sheet #20 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Maryland (#12) and the District of Columbia (#40) 12.1 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Maryland Immigrants 2. Cooks in Restaurants and Most Common Immigrant Homes in Maryland 28% Carpenters in Construction 1.7% 2 Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Registered Nurses in Hospitals Maryland s top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, cooks, and carpenters. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 72 percent of immigrants speak almost 100 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Maryland are north and west of Washington, D.C. Landscaping Painters and Paperhangers in Construction Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in to All Other Occupations and Industries 84. Kru Amharic, All Other 2 Total Estimated 591,489 Washington, D.C. s top jobs for immigrants are cooks, grounds maintenance workers, and postsecondary teachers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak or, yet the remaining 39 percent of immigrants speak 81 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Washington, D.C. are on the western side of the District Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Washington, D.C. Amharic, Ethiopian, etc. Kru Portuguese (n=72) 7% 6% 16% 3 30% 12.4 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Washington, D.C. Immigrants Landscaping Waiters and Waitresses in Restaurants and Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software in Computer Systems Design 2.6% Registered Nurses in Hospitals Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders in Animal slaughtering and processing Janitors and Building Cleaners in to All Other Occupations and Industries 85.0% Total Estimated 63,124

16 Sheet #21 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Pennsylvania (#13) and Idaho (#39) Pennsylvania s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, cooks, and construction laborers. Additionally, more than 40 percent of immigrants speak or, yet the remaining 56 percent of immigrants speak 94 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Pennsylvania are near major metro areas Most Common Immigrant Homes in Pennsylvania Italian (n=86) 6% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Pennsylvania Immigrants Universities, and Professional Schools Immigrant Workers 2.9% Cooks in Restaurants and % Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals 1. Other Food 1. Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. Animal Breeders in Crop Production Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software in Computer Systems Design Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Nursing Care Facilities Other Food 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 85.7% Total Estimated 481,268 Idaho s top jobs for immigrants are agricultural workers and cooks. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 44 percent of immigrants speak 73 other languages. Note that the immigrant incomes in Idaho are relatively evenly distributed across the state, and only vary near populated areas Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Idaho Immigrants Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture Animal Breeders in Crop Production 9.0% 6.7% Cooks in Restaurants and 2. Landscaping Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers in Truck Transportation Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation 1.9% Carpenters in Construction 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 72.9% Total Estimated 60, Most Common Immigrant Home s in Idaho Serbo-Croatian, Yugoslavian, Nepali Al l Other Languages (n=64) 19% 1 56%

17 Immigrants Across the U.S.: North Carolina (#14) and Nebraska (#38) Sheet #22 North Carolina s top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, cooks, and grounds maintenance workers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 49 percent of immigrants speak at least 94 languages at home. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in North Carolina are near the major metro areas Top Ten Occupations within Industries for North Carolina Immigrants Landscaping 2.8% Carpenters in Construction 2.6% Painters and Paperhangers in Construction Animal Breeders in Crop Production Food Preparation Workers in Restaurants and 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 78.9% Total Estimated 492, Most Common Immigrant Homes in North Carolina Chi nese (n=84) 17% 17% 5 Nebraska s top jobs for immigrants are butchers, construction laborers, and cooks. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 47 percent of immigrants speak 79 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Nebraska are at the far eastern and far western parts of the state Most Common Immigrant Homes in Nebraska Chi nese Other Asian languages Other specified African languages Cushite, Beja, Somali All Other Languages (n=68) 6% 1 16% 14.4 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Nebraska Immigrants Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers in Animal Slaughtering and 7.7% Processing 5 4. Cooks in Restaurants and 3. Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders in Animal Slaughtering and Processing Roofers in Construction 2. Animal Breeders in Animal Production and 2. Aquaculture Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Food Processing Workers in Animal Slaughtering and Processing Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 70.6% Total Estimated 77,012

18 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Michigan (#15) and Arkansas (#37) Sheet #23 Michigan s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, mechanical engineers, and cooks. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak at home, yet the remaining 49 percent of immigrants speak 94 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Michigan are near Ann Arbor Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Michigan Syriac, Aramaic, Chaldean Albanian All Other Languages (n=85) 16 % Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Michigan Immigrants Universities, and Professional Schools Mechanical Engineers in Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing Cooks in Restaurants and 2. Registered Nurses in Hospitals Animal Breeders in Crop Production Other Food 1. Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals 1. Miscellaneous Assemblers and Fabricators in Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing Other Food Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers in Truck Transportation All Other Occupations and Industries 82.8% Total Estimated 346,962 Arkansas top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, machine operators at slaughterhouses, and cooks. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 44 percent of immigrants speak 76 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in California are near major metro areas Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Arkansas Immigrants Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders in Animal slaughtering and processing Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers in Animal slaughtering and processing Landscaping Waiters and Waitresses in Restaurants and % 3.0% 2.7% % Carpenters in Construction 1.7% Roofers in Construction 1.7% Miscellaneous Agricultural Workers Including Animal Breeders in Crop Production All Other Occupations and Industries 75. Total Estimated 87, Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Ar kansas Chine se Other Pacific Island languages Laotian (n=67) 10% 19% 56%

19 Sheet #24 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Nevada (#16) and Rhode Island (#36) Nevada s top jobs for immigrants are maids, cooks, and construction laborers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 45 percent of immigrants speak over 89 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Nevada are near the Las Vegas metro area Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Nevada Immigrants Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation Landscaping Gaming Workers in Other Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation Industries % % 1.7% 1. Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. Carpenters in Construction 1. Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs in Taxi and Limousine Service 1. Food Preparation Workers in Restaurants and 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 80.6% Total Estimated 350, Most Common Immigrant Homes in Nevada Amharic, Ethiopian, etc. Thai (n=80) Rhode Island s top jobs for immigrants are cooks, janitors, and health aides. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 61 percent of immigrants speak 76 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Rhode Island are in the southwestern portion of the state Most Common Immigrant Homes in Rhode Island Portuguese or Haitian Creole Mon-Khmer, Cambodi an Kru (n=67) 17% % 16.4 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Rhode Island Immigrants Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Nursing Care Facilities Landscaping Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Hospitals Dishwashers in Restaurants and Other Food 2.8% % 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 84. Total Estimated 86878

20 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Colorado (#17) and Iowa (#35) Sheet #25 Colorado s top jobs for immigrants are cooks, construction laborers, and grounds maintenance workers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 49 percent of immigrants speak 96 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Colorado are near the Boulder metro area Most Common Immigrant Homes in Colorado Amhari c, Et hiopian, etc. All Other Languages (n=87) 16% 16% 17.2 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Colorado Immigrants Cooks in Restaurants and % 3. Landscaping Janitors and Building Cleaners in to 1.8% Carpenters in Construction 1.7% Painters and Paperhangers in Construction Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in to All Other Occupations and Industries 8 Total Estimated 327,255 Iowa s top jobs for immigrants are butchers, postsecondary teachers, and cooks. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 64 percent of immigrants speak 82 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Iowa are near Cedar Rapids and other major population centers Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Iowa Immigrants Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers in Animal Slaughtering and Processing 5.6% 3.8% Cooks in Restaurants and 2.8% Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders in Animal slaughtering and processing Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture % 1.8% 1.7% Carpenters in Construction 1. Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand in Animal Slaughtering and Processing 1. Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 76. Total Estimated 94, Most Common Immigrant Homes in Iowa Serbo-Croatian, Yugoslavian, Laotian (n=73) 19% 20% 36%

21 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Connecticut (#18) and Kentucky (#34) 18.1 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Connecticut Immigrants Cooks in Restaurants and 2. Landscaping % Carpenters in Construction Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Nursing Care Facilities Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households Sheet # Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Connecticut Polish Portuguese Italian 27% 2 Connecticut s top jobs for immigrants are cooks, grounds maintenance workers, and construction laborers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak either or at home, yet the remaining 50 percent of immigrants speak at least 93 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Connecticut are near major metro areas. Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Painters and Paperhangers in Construction Registered Nurses in Hospitals All Other Occupations and Industries 84. Total Estimated 329,414 or Haitian Creole All Other Languages (n=85) 2 Kentucky s top jobs for immigrants are cooks, postsecondary teachers, and agricultural workers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak at home, yet the remaining 65 percent of immigrants speak 43 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Kentucky are clustered in the eastern part of the state Most Common Immigrant Homes in Kentucky 20% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Kentucky Immigrants Cooks in Restaurants and 2.9% 2.8% Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture Japanese 1.7% Serbo-Croatian, Yugoslavian, 1.7% Miscellaneous Personal Appearance Workers Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler 1. (n=76) 2 Landscaping All Other Occupations and Industries 81. Total Estimated 92,756

22 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Ohio (#19) and Alabama (#33) Sheet #27 Ohio s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, cooks, and physicians. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak at home, yet the remaining 77 percent of immigrants speak 96 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Ohio are near major metro areas Most Common Languages Spoke n in Immigrant Homes in Ohio Cushite, Beja, Somali (n=87) 6% 6% 17% Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Ohio Immigrants 3.8% Cooks in Restaurants and 2.7% Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals 2. Landscaping Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software in Computer Systems Design Physicians and Surgeons in Offices of 1. Registered Nurses in Hospitals Miscellaneous Personal Appearance Workers in Nail Salons and Other Personal Care All Other Occupations and Industries 83.6% Total Estimated 279,306 Alabama s top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, cooks, and postsecondary teachers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak at home, yet the remaining 54 percent of immigrants speak 73 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Alabama are near Huntsville, Montgomery and Birmingham areas Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Alabama Immigrants % 3. Waiters and Waitresses in Restaurants and 2. Landscaping Miscellaneous Personal Appearance Workers in Nail Salons and Other Personal Care 19.4 Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Alabama 2 46% Carpenters in Construction Roofers in Construction 1. Filipino, Tagalo g Food Service Managers in Restaurants and Drywall Installers, Ceiling Tile Installers, and Tapers in Construction All Other Occupations and Industries 76. Total Estimated 104,927 Gujarathi (n=64) 1

23 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Minnesota (#20) and Louisiana (#32) Sheet #28 Minnesota s top jobs for immigrants are cooks, postsecondary teachers, and janitors. Additionally, more than 40 percent of immigrants speak or, yet the remaining 56 percent of immigrants speak over 100 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Minnesota are near major metro areas Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Minnesota Immigrants Cooks in Restaurants and 3. Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides in Nursing Care Facilities Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software in Computer Systems Design Food Preparation Workers in Restaurants and Miscellaneous Assemblers and Fabricators in Medical Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation 1.8% 1.7% All Other Occupations and Industries 85.6% 20.2 Most Common Immigrant Homes in Minnesota Cushite, Beja, Somali Miao, Hmong Chi nese Amharic, Ethiopian, etc. Laotian (n=86) 8% 7% 2 20% 2 Total Estimated 268,001 Louisiana s top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, carpenters, and cooks. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 54 percent of immigrants speak 84 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Louisiana are around Baton Rouge and near Monroe Most Common Immigrant Homes in Louisiana 10% 17% 46% 20.4 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Louisiana Immigrants 5. Carpenters in Construction 3.6% Cooks in Restaurants and 3.0% Painters and Paperhangers in Construction Miscellaneous Personal Appearance Workers in Nail Salons and Other Personal Care 2.9% Portuguese (n=75) 1 Landscaping Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households All Other Occupations and Industries 74.8% Total Estimated 116,214

24 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Oregon (#21) and Kansas (#31) Oregon s top jobs for immigrants are agricultural workers, cooks, and grounds maintenance workers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 57 percent of immigrants speak over 91 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Oregon are near the major metro area of Portland Most Common Immigrant Homes in Oregon Chine se Japanese (n=82) 18% 17% 4 Sheet # Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Oregon Immigrants Miscellaneous Agricultural Workers Including Animal Breeders in Crop 5. Production 3. Landscaping Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Carpenters in Construction Miscellaneous Agricultural Workers Including Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture All Other Occupations and Industries 8 Total Estimated 248,847 Kansas top jobs for immigrants are cooks, construction laborers, and postsecondary teachers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 49 percent of immigrants speak 81 other languages at home. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Kansas are in the Kansas City metro area Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Kansas Immigrants Cooks in Restaurants and 3.7% 3. Universities, and Professional Schools Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers in Animal Slaughtering and Processing Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Other Food 2.7% 2.7% 1.9% 1. Roofers in Construction 1. Painters and Paperhangers in Construction Landscaping 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 78.9% Total Estimated 126, Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Kansas Laotian Swahili All Other Languages (n=72) 1 16% 5

25 Sheet #30 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Indiana (#22) and New Mexico (#30) 22.1 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Indiana Immigrants 4. Cooks in Restaurants and Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Indiana 18% 4 2. Landscaping 1. Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers in Truck Transportation 1. Indiana s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, cooks, and construction laborers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 58 percent of immigrants speak 88 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Indiana are near Indianapolis and Evansville. Food Preparation Workers in Restaurants and Miscellaneous Assemblers and Fabricators in Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Manufacturing Carpenters in Construction Registered Nurses in Hospitals All Other Occupations and Industries 81. Total Estimated 188,676 Burmese, Lisu, Lolo Panjabi All Other Languages (n=79) 2 New Mexico s top jobs for immigrants are cooks, construction laborers, and carpenters. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 34 percent of immigrants speak 74 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in New Mexico are near Albuquerque Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in New Mexico Chine se (n=65) 0% 10% 6% 76 % 22.4 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for New Mexico Immigrants 4.7% 3.7% Carpenters in Construction 2. Miscellaneous Agricultural Workers Including Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households Miscellaneous Agricultural Workers Including Animal Breeders in Crop Production Landscaping % Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 76.6% Total Estimated 124,193

26 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Tennessee (#23) and Oklahoma (#29) Sheet # Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Tennessee 23.2 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Tennessee Immigrants Immigrant Workers 18% 4 3. Cooks in Restaurants and 2.9% Landscaping Universities, and Professional Schools 2.8% 2. Carpenters in Construction % Tennessee s top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, cooks, and grounds maintenance workers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 57 percent of immigrants speak over 88 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Tennessee are near major metropolitan areas. All Other Languages (n=79) 20 % Painters and Paperhangers in Construction Other Food Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation Roofers in Construction 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 78.7% Total Estimated 196,300 Oklahoma s top jobs for immigrants are cooks, construction laborers, and grounds maintenance workers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 45 percent of immigrants speak 84 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Oklahoma are northwest of Tulsa Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Oklahoma Immigrants Cooks in Restaurants and % Landscaping 2.6% Carpenters in Construction 2.6% Roofers in Construction Most Common Immigrant Homes in Oklahoma Painters and Paperhangers in Construction 1. Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 75.9% Kru Total Estimated 139,509 All Other Languages (n=75) 1

27 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Wisconsin (#24) and South Carolina (#28) Sheet # Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Wisconsin Immigrants Cooks in Restaurants and 4. Animal Breeders in Animal Production and Aquaculture Most Common Languages Spoken in Immigrant Homes in Wisconsin Miao, Hmong 8% 19% 38% Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Wisconsin s top jobs for immigrants are cooks, postsecondary teachers, and agricultural workers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 62 percent of immigrants speak as many as 88 languages at home. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Wisconsin are near Milwaukee. Elementary and Middle School Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers in Animal Slaughtering and Processing All Other Occupations and Industries 83. Total Estimated 166,959 Telugu (n=79) 2 South Carolina s top jobs for immigrants are construction laborers, cooks, and grounds maintenance workers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 53 percent of immigrants speak 85 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in South Carolina are near major metro areas Most Common Language s Spoken in Immigrant Homes in South Carolina Gujarathi (n=76) % 24.4 Top Ten Occupations within Industries for South Carolina Immigrants Landscaping % 3.9% Carpenters in Construction 3.0% Painters and Paperhangers in Construction Miscellaneous Agricultural Workers Including Animal Breeders in Crop 1. Production Roofers in Construction 1. Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Private Households 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 75.0% Total Estimated 144,294

28 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Hawaii (#25) and Missouri (#27) 25.1 Most Common Immigrant Homes in Hawaii Sheet # Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Hawaii Immigrants Immigrant Workers Hawaii s top jobs for immigrants are maids, cooks, and restaurant servers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak Tagalog at home, yet the remaining 80 percent of immigrants speak as many as 83 languages. Note that the immigrant incomes in Hawaii are relatively similar geographically. Llocano, Hocano Japanese Other Pacific Island languages Cantonese (n=74) 20% 19% 1 6% 8% 6% 1 Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation Cooks in Restaurants and Landscaping Food Preparation Workers in Restaurants and Cashiers in Restaurants and Other Food Animal Breeders in Crop Production % 1.9% Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. Janitors and Building Cleaners in to 1. Carpenters in Construction All Other Occupations and Industries 81.7% Total Estimated 152,978 Missouri s top jobs for immigrants are postsecondary teachers, cooks, and restaurant servers. Additionally, the largest group of immigrants speak, yet the remaining 63 percent of immigrants speak 92 other languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Missouri are near St. Louis Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Missouri Immigrants Universities, and Professional Schools Immigrant Workers 3. Cooks in Restaurants and % Physicians and Surgeons in Hospitals Landscaping Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers in Truck Transportation Registered Nurses in Hospitals 1. Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers in Animal slaughtering and processing All Other Occupations and Industries 82.9% Total Estimated 146, Most Common Immigrant Homes in Missouri Chine se Serbo-Croatian, Yugoslavian, (n=83) 6% 19% 2 7% 2 6%

29 Immigrants Across the U.S.: Utah (#26) Utah holds the 26th position of the most immigrants in any state. Half of the states have more immigrants, and half have fewer. The top jobs immigrants are cooks, construction laborers, and Tongan grounds maintenance workers. Additionally, the majority of immigrants speak, yet the P ortuguese remaining 44 percent of immigrants speak at Nepali least 82 languages. Note that the highest immigrant incomes in Utah are around Salt Lake City. All Other Languages (n=73) 26.1 Most Common Imm igrant Homes in Utah ABOUT THE INSTITUTE FOR IMMIGRATION RESEARCH 17% 16% 5 6% Sheet # Top Ten Occupations within Industries for Utah Immigrants Cooks in Restaurants and 3.7% Landscaping 2.9% Carpenters in Construction Janitors and Building Cleaners in to Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners in Traveler Accommodation Food Preparation Workers in Restaurants and 1. All Other Occupations and Industries 82. Total Estimated 158,675 IIR works to refocus the immigration conversation among academics, policy-makers and the public, including the business community and media, by producing and disseminating unbiased and objective, interdisciplinary academic research related to immigrants and immigration to the United States. The Institute for Immigration Research is a joint venture between George Mason University and the Immigrant Learning Center, Inc. (ILC) of Massachusetts. To learn more about the Institute for Immigration Research call (703) , iir@gmu.edu, or visit us online iir.gmu.edu. If you are interested in your own Immigration Data Please see our idod Service: IMMIGRATION DATA ON DEMAND (idod) The idod service is offered free of charge to help individuals and institutions examine the immigrant populations of their particular geography. Recipients of this data will see how immigrants provide vital contributions to the economy and society of the U.S. Ultimately, the goal of the idod project is to create collaborations and connect people with data from their particular region or sector of interest on immigrant populations. Coming Soon the final 11 fact sheets we provide information at the local level on 16 gateway communities. We include metropolitan areas from different types of gateways: Major Continuous Gateways: Boston, Chicago, New York, San Francisco Post-WWII Gateways: Los Angeles, Dallas, Miami, Washington, D.C. Major Emerging Gateways: Atlanta, Phoenix Re-Emerging Gateways: Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Seattle, San Jose Former Gateways: St. Louis, Detroit

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