Chp 23 An Era of Activism. Section 1 = The Women s Movement

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1 Chp 23 An Era of Activism Section 1 = The Women s Movement

2 Issues Facing Women A. Economic and Employment Inequalities 1. Less pay for same job 2. Few women in management positions 3. Restricted educational opportunities B. **Feminism = push by women to be more equal to men and to receive equal pay, equal education, and equal job opportunities. C. Political Involvement 1. By 1957, the number of men & women who voted was about the same. Women were starting to change politics.

3 Issues Facing Women D. Reproductive Rights In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration approved the birth control pill. This gave women more control over their bodies and their lives? Before this, women often had to use abortion to control their bodies. This was a very controversial moral issue. Abortion facilities were illegal and unsafe. E. Roles in Society Role at home? Career vs. staying home? Relationships with men? Do women face similar problems as people of color in this country?

4 II. Issues Facing Women F. In 1966, **NOW (the National Organization of Women) was formed to promote equal treatment of women. It led to the creation of more women s organizations. G. Ms. Magazine Founded by journalist, Gloria Steinem in 1972 Covered issues that were NOT found in traditional women s publications (sexuality, female professional issues, women s health) The term Ms. came to stand for an independent, successful, professional woman Feminism now became a popular part of the curriculum at colleges and universities.

5 Gloria Steinem

7 Women Protesting the Miss America Pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey

9 1968 Miss America Protest

10 Miss America Proud, self-confident woman? OR Pawn to a male operated pageant which presents females as sexual objects?

12 II. Issues Facing Women H. Radical Feminism I. Not all women were part of the movement. Why?

13 III. Response by Congress and the Courts A. In 1971, the National Women s Political Caucus was created to get more women involved in politics. Shirley Chisholm was one of the founders of the caucus. She was also the first African American woman to serve as a Congressperson. Chisholm became the first female candidate for president in 1972!

14 Shirley Chisholm, the first African American Congressperson

15 III. Response by Congress and the Courts B. In 1972, Title IX was added to the 1964 Civil Rights Act. It banned gender discrimination in educational programs that received federal support. This caused colleges to support female sports as fully as male sports and led to expansion of women s sports.

16 Congresswoman Patsy T. Mink who wrote Title IX

17 III. Response by Congress and the Courts C. In 1975, Congress passed the **ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) which would change the Constitution to make discrimination based on gender illegal. 38 states needed to ratify it to pass the amendment. Conservative female leader, Phyllis Schlafly, helped prevent passage of the ERA. D. In the landmark supreme court case of **1973 Roe v. Wade, abortion was made legal in the U.S. Before this decision, individual states made their own decisions whether or not to legalize abortion. This was a very controversial decision and still is today.

18 Phyllis Schlafly, a Conservative Political Activist, Worked to Defeat the Equal Rights Amendment

19 Geraldine Ferraro became the first woman to run for Vice President of the U.S. in 1984 (with Dem. Presidential candidate, Walter Mondale)

Hillary Clinton served as First Lady from 1993-2001, Senator from New

20 Hillary Clinton served as First Lady from , Senator from New York, Candidate for President in 2008 & 2016, and Secretary of State.

21 The Women s Movement Assessment How did the civil rights movement affect the women s movement? (A) It drew supporters away from the women s movement. (B) It argued against the goals of the women s movement. (C) It helped pass the Equal Rights Amendment. (D) It provided inspiration, strategies, and legal tools. What was the significance of Roe v. Wade? (A) It made discrimination based on sex illegal. (B) It legalized abortion in the United States. (C) It gave women positions of political power. (D) It set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

22 The Women s Movement Assessment How did the civil rights movement affect the women s movement? (A) It drew supporters away from the women s movement. (B) It argued against the goals of the women s movement. (C) It helped pass the Equal Rights Amendment. (D) It provided inspiration, strategies, and legal tools. What was the significance of Roe v. Wade? (A) It made discrimination based on sex illegal. (B) It legalized abortion in the United States. (C) It gave women positions of political power. (D) It set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

23 Chapter 23 - Section 2 Ethnic Minorities Seek Equality 23

24 The Latino Population The Latino population began to rise in the 1960s & 1970s. a. Cubans fled Fidel Castro s Communist Cuba & settled in Florida. Many were educated professionals. b. Puerto Ricans moved to the Northeast & Chicanos (Mexican-Americans) moved to the West and Southwest. Both groups were less educated than Cubans & had a harder time succeeding in America. 24

25 The Latino Population Chicanos have always been the largest group of Latinos in the U.S., but are often regarded as outsiders by Americans. In the 1960s, Chicano activists encouraged Mexican- Americans to: a. take pride in their Spanish & Mexican culture b. take control of their own neighborhoods Some activists claimed that Whites had exploited (taken advantage of} Chicanos through economic pressure & through institutions like the Catholic Church, the media, and schools. 25

26 Chicano Student Movement of Aztlan 26

Latino Protests March 1968 10,000 Chicanos walked out of 5 Los Angeles high schools to protest discrimination and

27 Latino Protests March ,000 Chicanos walked out of 5 Los Angeles high schools to protest discrimination and unfair treatment. Students demanded culturally sensitive courses, better facilities, and more Latino teachers & counselors. 27

28 {Left} Jaime Escalante, AP Calculus teacher at Garfield H.S. in Los Angeles. In 1982, all 18 of his students passed the AP Calc Test and the College Board claimed they cheated. They were forced to take the test again and all passed!! 28

Latinos Organize to Fight Discrimination The United Farm Workers **Migrant farm workers were the country s most exploited workers. They move from state to state to harvest different crops.

29 Latinos Organize to Fight Discrimination The United Farm Workers **Migrant farm workers were the country s most exploited workers. They move from state to state to harvest different crops. **Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta organized what became the United Farm Workers (UFW). Using nonviolent action, the UFW won collective bargaining rights for Latino migrant farm workers in California. 29

Latinos Organize to Fight Discrimination Political and Legal Approaches In 1970, Texans created the political party known as La Raza Unida {the United Race}.

30 Latinos Organize to Fight Discrimination Political and Legal Approaches In 1970, Texans created the political party known as La Raza Unida {the United Race}. This party pushed for better housing, better jobs & provided money to support Latino political candidates. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund encouraged Mexican American students to become lawyers. 30

31 Dolores Huerta, coorganizer of the **United Farm Workers 31

32 **Cesar Chavez grew up in Yuma, Arizona. His father was a successful farmer until the Great Depression hit. When Chavez was 10, his family lost their farm because they could not pay the property taxes. The family became migrant workers in California. Cesar attended over 30 different schools while working part time in the fields!! One of the key challenges faced by migrant workers was the fact that their children were deprived of a quality education. 32

When the grape growers of California refused to grant more pay, better working conditions, and

33 **Cesar Chavez moved from field to field to organize farm workers into the **United Farm Workers (UFW) Union. When the grape growers of California refused to grant more pay, better working conditions, and recognition of the UFW union, Chavez organized a successful national boycott of grapes picked on nonunion farms! He later organized boycotts of nonunion lettuce and other crops. 33

34 These posters helped rally Latinos for better wages, better working conditions, and greater equality. 34

35 Write a two paragraph letter thanking Cesar Chavez for three things he did to improve the lives of farm workers (migrant workers, child laborers, illegal immigrants) in the United States. HS.1 Assessment = 40 pts 3/16/17 Dear Mr. Chavez, Sincerely, Your Name, Period 35

36 Native Americans Native Americans have always had a unique social and legal position in the United States. One big issue is the theft of Native lands and resources. In treaties, the American government tried to make Natives live in one place and become farmers. Many Natives were nomads that followed herds of buffalo. They did not adapt to living in one place, on reservations. Government treaties offered money payments and other benefits, but these payments did NOT restore tribal hunting and fishing lands, homes, or sacred sites. **American Indian Movement (AIM) 1968: a. enforcement of treaties b. better living conditions c. more opportunities for Native Americans d. legal rights, including **autonomy, or self-government 36

37 Native Americans Confront the Government 1972, demonstrators protested the violation of treaties in Washington, D.C. In 1973, **AIM took over the Sioux village of **Wounded Knee, South Dakota. They were protesting poor treatment by the government, corruption in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and horrible poverty that existed on the Pine Ridge Reservation that surrounded the town. Government soldiers and AIM members traded gunfire for 71 days! In 1890, the U.S. Cavalry massacred 300 Sioux men, women, and children at The Wounded Knee Massacre. Natives used this as an example of mistreatment by the government. 37

38 1973 AIM occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota 38

39 I grew up here in Bridgeport, Nebraska. 39

40 Wovoka had a vision during a solar eclipse. The vision said the world would end and all evil (Whites) would be eliminated. Native Americans and all their ancestors would be brought back to life if they: lived in peace with one another worked hard were honest avoided alcohol did the Ghost Dance Wovoka, the Paiute that first created the Ghost Dance This dance scared White soldiers who feared it would unify all Natives and bring back the ghosts of their ancestors. During ghost dances, there appeared to be a big increase in numbers of people, without seeing anyone new arrive. 40

41 Native American Ghost Dance 41

42 Ghost Dance Shirt 42

43 Ghost Dance Shirts 43

44 The 7 th Cavalry had 4 Hotchkiss Guns {like the one shown here} at Wounded Knee. This gun fires either a 2.6 pound explosive shell OR a 2.8 pound cannister which contained 30 ½ inch lead balls! 44

45 Miniconjou Chief Big Foot lies dead in the snow. He was among the first to die on December 29,

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50 Native Americans Confront the Government Response Kennedy and Johnson administrations encouraged industries to locate on reservations Indian Education Act of 1972 Indian Self- Determination and Educational Assistance Act of

51 Ethnic Minorities Seek Equality Assessment Which of the following was a situation shared by Latinos, Asian Americans, and Native Americans? (A) Poor conditions for migrant farm workers (B) Desire for compensation for property lost during internment (C) A need for organizations to work for legal rights (D) Violation of earlier treaties made with the federal government How did the federal government respond to Native American concerns? (A) It encouraged businesses to move to reservations. (B) It agreed to compensate those interned during World War II. (C) It granted migrant farm workers collective bargaining rights. (D) It founded the American Indian Movement (AIM). 51

52 Ethnic Minorities Seek Equality Assessment Which of the following was a situation shared by Latinos, Asian Americans, and Native Americans? (A) Poor conditions for migrant farm workers (B) Desire for compensation for property lost during internment (C) A need for organizations to work for legal rights (D) Violation of earlier treaties made with the federal government How did the federal government respond to Native American concerns? (A) It encouraged businesses to move to reservations. (B) It agreed to compensate those interned during World War II. (C) It granted migrant farm workers collective bargaining rights. (D) It founded the American Indian Movement (AIM). 52

53 Chapter 23, Section The Counterculture Movement 53

A Time of Change In the 1960s, the counterculture had an enormous impact on America a. Hippies represented youth, spontaneity, and individuality b.

54 A Time of Change In the 1960s, the counterculture had an enormous impact on America a. Hippies represented youth, spontaneity, and individuality b. long hair was common for both men and women c. colorful, loose-fitting clothes Art in the 60s reflected counterculture ideas (abstract ideas) a. Andy Warhol b. Roy Lichtenstein 54

55 Tune in, Turn on, Drop out The Sexual Revolution Freedom of personal choices New living patterns: a. communal living b. unmarried couples More open discussion of sex in the media. The Drug Scene Drugs, especially marijuana, became widespread among youth **Timothy Leary, claimed drugs could free the mind 55

Helen became the editor of Vogue Magazine and

56 In 1962, Helen Gurley Brown published a bestselling book called Sex and the Single Girl. This book is an example of the new, open attitude toward sex which was part of the Counterculture. Helen became the editor of Vogue Magazine and claimed that women could have it all - - sex, love, and marriage. 56

In 1966, Masters and Johnson shocked people by publishing Human Sexual Response, a book that reported on their scientific studies of sexuality.

57 In 1966, Masters and Johnson shocked people by publishing Human Sexual Response, a book that reported on their scientific studies of sexuality. These studies were done in a laboratory setting and talked openly about male and female sexuality. This was one of the first comprehensive studies of human sexuality and their books were published in over 30 languages. 57

58 Timothy Leary was a professor and researcher at Harvard University. He and a colleague did research on psychedelic drugs such as LSD. Psychedelic drugs cause people to have hallucinations and experiences that are not real. Leary said that drugs could help free the mind to look at things in a new way. He was fired from his job in 1963, for involving college students in his drug research. 58

59 The Music World Music reflected and contributed to cultural change Folk music emerges a. Protest songs b. Songs of ordinary people 1964s British Invasion began: a. The Beatles b. The Rolling Stones 59

60 Rock Festivals in the 1960s **Woodstock August 1969, a large pasture in Bethel, New York Police avoided enforcing drug laws The festival remained peaceful and under control Altamont December 1969, Altamont Speedway in California Contrast to the peaceful gathering at Woodstock Hell s Angels provided security a. beat a man to death for approaching the stage with a gun 60

Reactions to the Counterculture Chapter 23, Section 3 Many adults were disgusted by the drugs, sex, and nudity at the Woodstock festival and around

61 Reactions to the Counterculture Chapter 23, Section 3 Many adults were disgusted by the drugs, sex, and nudity at the Woodstock festival and around the country Adults viewed the counterculture as a childish reaction to the problems of the time and a rejection of traditional morals and values 61

62 The Counterculture Assessment Which of the following was characteristic of hippies? (A) Short hair for both men and women (B) Communal living (C) Opposition to illegal drug use (D) Traditional attitudes toward sexual conduct How did Woodstock and Altamont differ? (A) Woodstock remained peaceful while Altamont involved violence. (B) Altamont remained peaceful while Woodstock involved violence. (C) Altamont was an art festival while Woodstock was a music festival. (D) Woodstock received adult approval while Altamont did not. 62

63 The Counterculture Assessment Chapter 23, Section 3 Which of the following was characteristic of hippies? (A) Short hair for both men and women (B) Communal living (C) Opposition to illegal drug use (D) Traditional attitudes toward sexual conduct How did Woodstock and Altamont differ? (A) Woodstock remained peaceful while Altamont involved violence. (B) Altamont remained peaceful while Woodstock involved violence. (C) Altamont was an art festival while Woodstock was a music festival. (D) Woodstock received adult approval while Altamont did not. 63

64 Chp 23, Section Environmental and Consumer Movements 64

Protecting the Environment The environmental movement demanded honesty and accountability from industry and government 1962 Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson drew attention to the lasting

65 Protecting the Environment The environmental movement demanded honesty and accountability from industry and government 1962 Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson drew attention to the lasting effects of DDT (cancer causing pesticide) and other chemicals ~ the government placed tighter controls on pesticides ~ lawmakers called for more research into lasting effects of chemicals 65

66 Protecting the Environment Concern over non-renewable energy sources caused many Americans to favor nuclear power Many others were opposed to nuclear plants ~ dangerous accidents that leak radiation ~ environmental damage from nuclear waste ~ Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 1974, aimed to ensure that nuclear power plants operated safely ~ Hanford, Washington Nuclear Site = World s largest environmental clean up site! 177 underground containers. 6 tanks are leaking an estimated 1,000 gallons of toxic waste per year! 1971 Oregon Bottle Bill - - Oregon was the first state in the U.S. to pass a bottle bill to reduce litter beside roads. This example was followed by most other states. Placed a 5 cent return on each can or bottle. 66

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68 Hanford, WA Nuclear Site 68

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Public and Government Response Public Response 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, CA, captured public attention Environmental movements oppose building of dams and nuclear power plants April 22, 1970,

71 Public and Government Response Public Response 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, CA, captured public attention Environmental movements oppose building of dams and nuclear power plants April 22, 1970, the first Earth Day Government Actions **1970 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created as the top government environmental department. a. **1970 Clean Air Act: controlled the pollution caused by industries and car emissions b Clean Water Act: regulated the discharge of wastewater 71

The Consumer Movement The consumer movement gained strength and popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 1. Ralph Nader is an attorney who is known for protecting consumer rights A.

72 The Consumer Movement The consumer movement gained strength and popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 1. Ralph Nader is an attorney who is known for protecting consumer rights A. Drew attention to the hazards of automobiles ~ Congress passed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966 B. Continued to report on the safety of products. Examples: baby food and insecticides 72

73 The Environmental and Consumer Movements Assessment What concerns did industry leaders have about environmental protection laws? (A) They were concerned about automobile safety. (B) They were afraid added costs would force them to cut jobs. (C) They were worried that Alaskan wildlife might be damaged. (D) They were upset about the lasting effects of DDT. Which of the following did Ralph Nader s actions help create? (A) the Clean Air Act (B) the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (C) the Clean Water Act (D) the Nuclear Regulatory Commission 73

74 The Environmental and Consumer Movements Assessment What concerns did industry leaders have about environmental protection laws? (A) They were concerned about automobile safety. (B) They were afraid added costs would force them to cut jobs. (C) They were worried that Alaskan wildlife might be damaged. (D) They were upset about the lasting effects of DDT. Which of the following did Ralph Nader s actions help create? (A) the Clean Air Act (B) the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (C) the Clean Water Act (D) the Nuclear Regulatory Commission 74

75 Chapter Short Answer Test Questions Instructions Pick two questions and answer each in a well developed paragraph. 1. In what ways was President Johnson s Great Society a continuation of President Kennedy s New Frontier? Please give at least two specific examples. 2. In your opinion, do women have it better today than they did in the 1960s? Support your answer by providing at least two examples. 3. Compare and contrast two of the following movements: The Women s Movement, The Latino Movement, The Asian American Movement, and The Native American Movement. How were they similar and/or different? Please give at least two specific examples. 75

76 How was President Johnson s Great Society a continuation of President Kennedy s New Frontier? Economy Kennedy s New Frontier 1. Pressured U.S. Steel to eliminate its price increase. 2. Biggest defense build up in history 3. Area Redevelopment law to help poor neighborhoods 4. Expanded Social Security to include 5 million more people and retirement age to 62 Help the Poor 1. Increased minimum wage 2. Housing Act - $4.9 Billion urban renewal 3. Equal Pay Act th Amendment outlaws poll tax 5. Surplus food to unemployed Space Program 1.Goal to put man on the moon before Funding for NASA increased 3. John Glenn orbits earth 3 times in Neil Armstrong walked on moon in 1969 Economy Johnson s Great Society 1. Cut taxes while cutting gov t spending {Kennedy tried to do this but Congress refused} 2. Tax cut stimulated U.S. economy 3. Economic Opportunity Act = $950 million for ten projects including education and work training programs like the Job Corps Help the Poor 1. Economic Opportunity Act 1964 addresses illiteracy and unemployment 2. Head Start 3. VISTA volunteers in service to America 4. Elem. & Second. Educ. Act $1.3 billion to states with high poverty 5. Medicare 6. Medicaid 7. Immigration Act

77 Compare & contrast the Women s Movement and the Latino Movement 1. Similarities 1. Differences 77

An Era of Activism ( )

An Era of Activism ( ) 23 An Era of Activism (1960 1975) Vocabulary Development You can learn about a word by studying familiar words inside it, its part of speech, and a context sentence. You can then use the remaining word