MANAGING CHANGE IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

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Matthew Fisher
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1 MANAGING CHANGE IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

2 POPULATION CHANGE Birth Rate- the number of people born per thousand per year Death Rate- the number of people who die per thousand per year Infant Mortality Rate- the proportion of babies who die before the age of 1. Life Expectancy- the age which a person can expect to live to Natural Increase- birth rate- death rate Immigration- the movement of people into a country Emigration- the movement of people out of a country POPULATION PYRAMID These show the STRUCTURE of the population i.e. the number of men/women & different age groups. Different shaped pyramids indicate whether the country is an MEDC or LEDC. Population pyramids can also show the percentage of the population, which is described as being "dependant". Population pyramids can be used to help planning for the future also, as they can used to project the percentages of certain age-groups in the population over the next 50 years.

3 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION This is a four-stage model of a country's population change. Stage 1: High birth rate (BR) and high death rate (DR). Stage 2: BR remains high, but DR falls by the end of the stage. Stage 3: BR falls rapidly, and DR continues to slowly fall. Stage 4: BR and DR low, at under 10 per WHY IS BIRTH RATE HIGH IN MANY LEDCs children needed to work on the land and carry food and water children needed to care for parents when they are older religion may forbid birth control child can get a job and send money WHY HAS DEATH RATE FALLEN IN LEDCs lower infant mortality rate- fewer infants dying immunisation against polio, measles and TB better healthcare cleaner water supplies POPULATION ISSUES IN MEDCS AN AGEING POPULATION- smaller workforce to support an increasing population over 65 COSTS- housing for the elderly, healthcare, pensions Countries, such as Japan and the Netherlands have tried to increase the land available for their growing urban areas by reclaiming land from the sea and draining marshlands. Some developed countries have tried to boost their declining populations by encouraging the in-migration of migrant workers.

4 POPULATION ISSUES IN LEDCS Population policies have been introduced in some countries to try to curb the rapid growth. LEDC CASE STUDIES Kerala (India)- Education especially for women so that they can have careers, a higher standard of living and so not marry so early and so have fewer children. Best contraceptive is FEMALE LITERACY Reduction in poverty Education in contraception and family planning has become very important. Doreda (Tanzania)- Egypt- Building of a Health Centre has improved health care and provided contraception. This has reduced the size of families. Irrigation schemes have been vital in increasing the agricultural yields of many areas of the developing world, (see Aswan Dam Scheme in your revision notes on Water and Food Supply) China- One Child Policy- Couples allowed one child Permission needed to have a child Women must be 20 before they marry, men 22 Family Planning available at work For 1 child- free education, family allowances, housing For 2 children- no free education, no family allowances Some baby girls left to die in some parts of China. NGOs (NON GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS) These have a role in promoting family planning (contraception) and in female literacy and education.

5 MEDC CASE STUDY - Population change In the UK How is the UK population changing? 18% of the UK population is now over 65 The people born in the baby boom after the war are now retiring In the 1960s and 70s the birth rate fell because of the contraceptive pill and a trend for having smaller families This means that the smaller group of people born in the 70s and 80s will be the working population who will have to support the increasing proportion of people over 65 What are the costs of an ageing population? Elderly people need more healthcare, putting pressure on the NHS The elderly want different leisure activities to 20-year-olds, different holidays, shops and facilities Many elderly people retire to rural areas and villages and find it difficult to cope with the decline of shops, public transport and other facilities More of the elderly are living alone in their own homes, increasing the demand for housing How can population change in the UK be managed? Local authorities must be aware of the needs of elderly people so that they can plan their health care provision and housing The government is encouraging people to take out private pensions to provide them with money in their old age instead of relying on the government for a pension More Nurses and other care staff need to be recruited so that the NHS can cope with increasing numbers of elderly patients. Private companies are becoming more aware of the 'grey pound' the money that older people have to spend. The company Saga has become very successful by targeting this market for their holidays.

6 RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION RURAL: countryside URBAN: Towns and cities RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION: is the movement of people from the countryside to towns & cities. PUSH/PULL MODEL PUSH (FROM COUNTRYSIDE) famine, drought, natural disaster, war poor housing, lack of clean water disease poor healthcare poor education, few opportunities low wages, unemployment agricultural change OBSTACLES TRANSPORT, COST, FAMILY TIES PULL (TO CITIES) jobs, higher wages opportunities better healthcare better education urban facilities (shops, entertainment) clean water, food protection from conflict CASE STUDY RURAL AREA- CAATINGA (BRAZIL)- people are moving out because of drought, poor healthcare- children die from diarrhoea, no doctors, poor education, low standard of living few prospects. URBAN AREA - RIO DE JANEIRO (BRAZIL) - people are attracted by the jobs, education, healthcare, facilities etc FAVELAS (Shanty towns, squatter settlements) - many who move to Rio end up in shanty towns such as Rocinha. Homes in these areas are made by the people, who don't own the land. They often suffer from overcrowding, crime, lack of clean water and sanitation. WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT FAVELAS? Basic concrete homes- cheap but have water, electricity & sanitation Self-Help- improve own homes- bricks extensions Sites and services- authorities put in roads, electricity, water & sanitation Partnership- local authority or charities (NGOs) provide materials. Locals build the homes. ROCINHA (in Rio) is an example of self-help and sites & services.

7 CHANGING CITY AND TOWN CENTRES CBD: Central Business District- main shops, offices, entertainments, banks. INNER CITY: The area around the CBD- old terrace housing, high rise flats, old factories, brownfield sites, derelict land. CBD Land expensive High Office blocks Cinemas, theatres, restaurants Banks, finance Town Halls INNER CITY Old Terrace Housing Old factories Derelict land- brownfield sites Car parks High rise flats eg Humee, Manchester built in 60s ZONE OF DISCARD: an area, which is run down or decaying. ZONE OF ASSIMILATION: an area, which is busy and sought after. NEW SHOPPING CENTRES: have been built in city centres eg- The Galleries, to attract shoppers back from edge of town centres like The Mall. THE GALLERIES: has its own car park, shops are under one roof, clean, warm, seats, cafes etc. PEDESTRIANISED CENTRES: where cars are banned and the street becomes all pavements e.g. Broadmead. TRAFFIC PROBLEMS IN CITIES AIR POLLUTION CONGESTION SLOW SPEED OF TRAVEL ACCIDENTS POOR ENVIRONMENT PARKING PROBLEMS SLOW PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN CAMBRIDGE CCTV CAMERAS SPEED CAMERAS BUS LANES SPEED BUMPS RISING/FALLING BOLLARDS PARK AND RIDE New towns/villages around Cambridge will be self-sufficient, so less travelling is needed.

8 PROBLEMS LIVING IN POOR INNER CITY AREAS (MEDCs) SOCIAL High proportion of poor people (students, old, young, single-parent families, ethnic minorities). Drugs, crime, vandalism. People cannot move out - lack of money or skills. ECONOMIC Cycle of poverty High unemployment Low wages Declining industries Lack of facilities ENVIRONMENTAL Air pollution, rubbish, derelict sites Lack of open space Old terrace housing Poor quality high rise flats CASE STUDIES: 1. REDEVELOPMENT IN MANCHESTER: MILES PLATTING ESTATE Decapitation of flats Stairwells turned into houses New private housing Apprentice housing Salford Quays- redevelopment of docks Commonwealth Games Legacy-new jobs, buildings, amenities created 2. REGENERATION IN BRISTOL DOCKS This area was once a successful dock, importing wine and cigarette When the new docks opened at Avonmouth the old docks became run down, with many derelict buildings and areas of polluted land In the 1970s and 80s some old warehouses were converted to become tourist attractions, such as the Industrial Museum In the 1990s the area became popular for high quality housing developments, with warehouses being converted into flats New business buildings were also built i.e. the Lloyds Bank HQ complex was built as a millennium project The area has also been landscaped, with trees, fountains and seating Some people have criticised the regeneration as the housing is too expensive for most people who live in the city centre

9 PRESSURES AT THE RURAL/URBAN FRINGE RURAL /URBAN FRINGE IS ABOUT DEVELOPMENTS AND CHANGE AT THE EDGE OF TOWNS AND CITES- WHERE CITIES MEET THE COUNTRYSIDE CHANGE INCLUDES RETAIL new out of town shopping centres such as THE MALL, these need: Cheap land- land is cheaper at the edge than in city centres Plenty of flat land- space to build large stores Easy access by car for shoppers and deliveries- near motorways Plenty of space for parking Access to a large population of shoppers to provide the trade OFFICES AND BUSINESS PARKS- E.g. AZTEC WEST (BRISTOL), ISLEPORT(HIGHBRIDGE)- these need: Cheap land Space Access- preferably near a motorway junction. Aztec West is near the M4 & MS interchange. Isleport is near the BoS junction, for bringing in goods and sending out finished products Nearby workforce Space for expansion Parking space LEISURE Many leisure amenities are also now on the rural urban fringe near motorway junctions or other main roads. Example: Hollywood Bowl and cinema in Taunton. HOUSING Housing developments have been built around every town eg. North Worle (W-s-M), t Bradley Stoke (Bristol) Advantages for people who move into New estates on the edge of cities Attractive houses with gardens Garages Peace & quiet, clean air Less crime Good environment for children Easy access to countryside Easy access to main roads Easy access to out of town facilities eg retail parks (shops) Disadvantages Need a car Have to travel to work Maybe few amenities for children (parks) Little for young people to do

10 SUBURBANISED VILLAGES This is where villages are changing to become more like suburbs of a city. What has happened? More houses in estates Infilling (houses built on odd plots of land) Trees and green spaces replaced by buildings Village shop only used for convenience People in new houses all have cars and look to the city for their needs CONSEQUENCES OF CHANGE IN THE RUF (RURAL-URBAN FRINGE) Growth in the rural urban fringe may affect the CBD. The Mall may take shoppers from Broadmead, so some shops there may close. Increase in traffic- more commuters (people travelling to work and back) and lorries. This leads to traffic jams etc. Loss of countryside May be conflict of land use Jobs created Several activities may be on one site Buildings may be out of character May be noise and some pollution of air and water ROLE OF PRESSURE GROUPS Pressure groups are where people join together to make there views known eg: Friends of the Earth Local Societies Local clubs Residents associations Road building campaigners MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Green belts New Towns e.g. Stevenage Use brownfield sites for building e.g. Bristol Docks Redevelop city centres to make them more attractive e.g. Broadmead The government has banned any more out of town shopping centres Super villages like Cambourne outside of Cambridge provide jobs and facilities as well as housing, so people don't need to commute to the city

11 Managing Change in the Human Environment Population Change What do the terms birth rate, death rate, natural increase, immigration and emigration mean? What physical and human factors cause population change? What does the dependency ratio for a country show? Why are populations in MEDCs ageing? Why are populations in LEDCs so youthful? What problems do MEDCs with ageing populations face? What problems do LEDCs with youthful populations face? What is being done to manage these problems in MEDCS? Case studies? What is being done to manage these problems in LEDCS? Case studies? Rural-Urban Migration What do the terms rural-urban migration, rural depopulation and urban growth mean? What push and pull factors cause rural-urban migration? What problems does rural-urban migration cause in rural areas? What problems does rural-urban migration cause in urban areas? What problems do people living in shanty towns face? Case studies? How can the problems in rural areas be managed? Case studies? How can the problems in urban areas be managed? Case studies? Changing City and Town Centres How are city and town centres changing? What has caused these changes? What impact have these changes had on people? Case studies? What are the environmental and economic impacts of these changes? What can be done to manage these changes? Case studies? Pressure at the Rural-Urban Fringe What is the rural-urban fringe? How is the rural-urban fringe changing? What do the terms counter-urbanisation and suburbanization mean? What are the advantages of building retail parks in the rural-urban fringe? What problems can these retail parks cause for city centres? Case study? What are the advantages of building industrial estates and business parks in the rural-urban fringe? Case study? What are the advantages of building housing estates in the rural-urban fringe? What are the disadvantages? Case study? Why are pressure groups concerned about the rural-urban fringe? Case study?

12 What is a green belt and how can it help to protect the rural-urban fringe? How successful have green belts been in the UK? What are New Towns and why are they built? Case study? What are brownfield sites? Why do many people think it is better to use these sites for new developments instead of Greenfield sites? Why do developers often prefer Greenfield sites? Case study? Why has the government banned the building of any more large out of town shopping centres? What are super villages and why are they built? Case study?

Demography. Demography is the study of human population. Population is a dynamic open systems with inputs, processes and outputs.

Demography. Demography is the study of human population. Population is a dynamic open systems with inputs, processes and outputs. Population Demography Demography is the study of human population. Population is a dynamic open systems with inputs, processes and outputs. This means that change constantly occurs in population numbers,