Discuss what this map shows. In your book write three concise bullet points to describe what this map shows. Explain what the Brandt Line is.

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2 Discuss what this map shows. In your book write three concise bullet points to describe what this map shows. Explain what the Brandt Line is.

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4 Most people link development to wealth. We divide the world up depending on how much money we think a country has. We link how much money a country has to the type of jobs people do, the level of education people receive, the type of homes people live in. We are used to thinking of the world in terms of the map below.

5 Geographers are moving on from the simple idea of MEDCs and LEDCs. Countries now tend to be classed as either: Low Income Countries (LICs) Newly Emerging Economies (NEESs) High Income Countries (HICs) LICs tend to have Average incomes per person of less than $1,045. NEEs tend to have. HICs tend to have..

6 How do we know if a country is rich or poor? We measure its level of development or wealth. How do Geographers do this? By using Development Indicators. They tell us important information about a country. TASK brainstorm 10 pieces of data that you think could be used as Development Indicators: Some of the most well known Development Indicators are: Daily calories consumed % of the population with access to clean water Adult Literacy Rate Life Expectancy Infant Mortality Gross Domestic Product

7 What is the HDI? (Human Development Index) Every Development Indicator we have looked at so far today is a single measure of Development. In 1990 the United Nations created the HDI. This is a combined measure of life expectancy, % of people who attend school and wealth per person. The outcome, for each country, is a number between 0 and 1 (Your HDI number). The closer to 1 the better your level of overall development is. How do countries compare? 1. Using Page 182 in New Wider World explain how the HDI is calculated and what the result means.

8 HDI for 2014

9 Highest and lowest HDI ranking (2014) Can you suggest the highest and lowest ranking countries? HDI rank and score Country HDI rank and score Country 1 (0.944) Norway 183 (0.374) Sierra Leone 2 (0.933) Australia 184 (0.372) Chad 3 (0.917) Switzerland 185 (0.341) Central African Republic 4 (0.915) Netherlands 186 (0.338) DR Congo 5 (0.914) United States 187 (0.337) Niger United Kingdom ranks 14 alongside Sweden with a score of

10 The model looks like this.

11 The DTM The DTM explains the stages of population change that countries progress through. The model was developed by Notestein in It s based on the experience of changes that took place in Britain in the 1800 and 1900s (and some other studies of western Europe and North America).

12 The DTM Birth rates, death rates and total population were seen to have gone through a series of stages, in a logical order. Notestein believed that all countries would pass through each stage of the model as they advanced socially and economically and were taken over by the process of modernisation. Notestein believed that population change was closely linked to economic change birth rates and death rates fall as standards of living and levels of wealth increase.

13 High fluctuating: High birth rate and high death rate, therefore there is little population increase as one cancels out the other. High BR and DR generally means that both are about 35 per Often referred to as the preindustrial phase.

14 Early expanding: The BR remains high but the DR starts to fall rapidly, to about 20 per This results in significant population increase. Start of the industrial phase. To move from Stage one to Stage Two the DR must go into permanent and continuous decline.

15 Late expanding: The BR now begins to decline (to about 16 per 1000). The DR is still in decline but is not falling as sharply as it did before (about 12 per 1000). Resulting in steady population increase.

16 Low fluctuating: Both birth rates and death rates remain low. BR per 1000 DR per 1000 Steady, low population growth Post industrial

17 This has been a new addition since the mid 1990s. Death rates fall below birth rates, for a significant period of time, resulting in population decline. Central and eastern Europe. Some countries within southern Africa largely as a result of HIV/Aids.

18 An unequal world 15% of the world s population live on less than $1 a day. 77% live on less than $10 a day. 24% of the world s population have no access to electricity. 16% of the world s population do not have access to safe clean water. 39% do not have access to adequate toilets. 8% never get enough to eat, ever! Around one in five people aged 15 and over cannot read or write. Around 25,000 young people die every day, mainly from causes linked to poverty.

19 The actual physical geography of some counties can make development difficult. Some examples: The most landlocked countries on Earth are in Africa. A landlocked country is a country which is only bordered by land. With no access to the seas, a country is cut off from seaborne trade, which is important for economic growth. Extreme weather, such as cyclones, droughts and foods, often hits tropical regions parts of Africa are particularly badly affected. An extreme weather season can slow development and it can be costly to repair damaged infrastructure. Physical causes Insert map of landlocked Africa.

20 Colonialism Historical Causes From around 1400, European explorers set out to control new territories, often seeking mineral wealth such as gold. From 1650 to 1900 over 10 million people were transported from Africa to North America to work as slaves on plantations. Almost all of the wealth produced in this period went to European powers. By the end of the nineteenth century must of Africa and part of South America and Asia had been divided up between the European superpowers. Countries such as the UK, Germany, Spain and France had powerful empires and colonies. Since 1950 former European colonies have gained independence and power. In many cases this has been a difficult process, resulting in civil wars and political struggles for power. Money has been spent on armaments and some governments have been corrupt. This political instability has held back development.

21 Abilit y to trade with others Many richer countries have a long history of industrial and economic development. Whilst some countries, particular in Asia and South America (for example, China, Malaysia and Mexico) have recently emerged as industrialised nations, many other countries have yet to experience any significant economic growth.

22 Economic causes There is often more supply than demand for raw materials, which keep prices low. Processing, which adds value, takes place in the richer developed countries. In this way, the rich countries get richer and the poorer countries are not able to develop. LICs and NEEs have traditionally exported primary products such as minerals and agricultural products. In the last 20 years many of these countries have developed manufacturing. Manufacturing products now make up about 80 per cent of the exports of NEEs. Some countries have trade surpluses, while others have trade deficits. This often leads to a debt trap that makes further development difficult.

23 WHAT CAUSES POVERTY AND A LACK OF DEVELOPMENT? Landlocked Civil war Low life expectancy Poor water quality Poor healthcare Diseases (E.g. Aids, Malaria) Relief - height and shape of the land Natural hazards Trading mostly raw materials Desertification POOR EDUCATION UNRELIABLE WATER SUPPLY HOSTILE CLIMATE COLONIALISM NOT ABLE TO IMPORT MANUFACTURED GOODS LACK OF NATURAL RESOURCES TARIFFS ON GOODS TNCS NOT LOCATING IN YOUR COUNTRY GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION INFERTILE SOIL

24 THE DEVELOPMENT GAP FOR SOME GROUPS OF PEOPLE IN LICS AND NEES QUALITY OF LIFE IS NOT IMPROVING. SOMETIMES, THE ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENTS A COUNTRY EXPERIENCES ARE ONLY OF BENEFIT TO A SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN THE COUNTRY. THIS IS KNOWN AS INTERNAL DISPARITY. IN OTHER WORDS THE SITUATION ISN T FAIR FOR ALL PEOPLE! THE GINI COEFFICIENT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN THIS.

25 THE DEVELOPMENT GAP GINI COEFFICIENT THIS IS A RATIO THAT RANKS COUNTRIES BETWEEN 0 AND 1 0 = EVERYONE HAS THE SAME INCOME 1 = ALL THE INCOME IS CONTROLLED BY ONE PERSON THE CLOSER TO 1 THE MORE UNFAIR AND UNEQUAL THE ECONOMIC WEALTH IN THE COUNTRY IS LIKELY TO BE.

26 THE GINI COEFFICIENT.

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28 Aid What is it?

29 TYPES OF AID: This IS a recap of Y9 work. Match the numbers and letters on your whiteboard. You will be given a work sheet with definitions on after. 1) Money donated by the general public in richer countries and distributed by NGOs such as Oxfam A) Short term = B) Long term = C) Multilateral = D) Bilateral = E) Tied = F) Voluntary = 2) richer governments give money to an international organisation such as the World Bank, which then redistributes the money as aid to poorer countries. 3) Emergency help usually in response to a natural disaster, such as a flood or earthquake 4) Sustainable aid that seeks to improve resilience, e.g. wells to reduce the effects of drought, or improvements to agriculture 5) aid from one country to another (often tied) 6) aid may be given with certain conditions e.g. that the recipient has to spend the aid money on the donor country s products

30 OTHER METHODS OF CLOSING THE GAP As well as donating aid to LIC countries, a number of other strategies have also been implemented. What is it? How does it reduce the gap? Additional info e.g. disadvantages Aid. Given by one country to another as money or resources Can be spent on development projects e.g. schools to improve literacy and building dams to improve access to clean water Sometimes this aid can be wasted by corrupt governments. Projects can fail when money runs out or if there isn t enough local knowledge and support. Around the classroom are a range of strategies used to reduce the development gap. Use this information to complete your methods table.

31 ECONOMIC INVESTMENT AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN COUNTRIES WITH A VERY LOW LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURE MAKES UP A LARGE PORTION OF THE ECONOMY. DEVELOPING INDUSTRY INCREASES GNI AND HELPS IMPROVE LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT AS PRODUCTIVITY, LEVELS OF SKILL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ARE IMPROVED. Hydropower is the fastest-growing energy source in the world, encouraged by the world bank, which sees it as the basis for economic growth. Rapidly developing LICs and NEEs such as China, India and Brazil all have large projects in the pipeline. Foreign-direct investment (FDI) is when people or companies in one country buy property or infrastructure in another FDI leads to better access to finance, technology and expertise and improve infrastructure, improved industry and an increase in services. These developments however have risks, In China for example the extra water pressure on the ground may increase the risk of earthquakes. Dams also threaten unique environments such as rainforests leading to a loss of biodiversity. Impact of the Three Gorges Dam in China

32 FAIR TRADE The fair trade movement is all about farmers getting a fair price for goods produced in LICs, e.g. Coffee and bananas, allowing them to provide for their families Companies who want to sell products labelled as fair trade have to pay producers a fair price Buyers also pay extra on top of that to help develop the area where the goods come from e.g. to build schools and health centres. However there are problems only a tiny proportion of the extra money reaches th eoriginal producers. Most of it still goes to the retailer (shop). Last year the money from Fairtrade Premium helped pay my son s school fees. Other farmers have tried to copy what we are doing and the quality of the coffee is getting better.

33 MICROFINANCE Microfinance is when small loans are given to people in LICs who may not be able to get the loans from traditional banks. The loans enable them to start their own businesses and become financially independent. Many borrowers are women Although microfinance works for some people, it s not clear that microfinance can reduce poverty on a large scale. Phones for women in Bangladesh: One business idea has been to introduce mobile pay phones. The bank lends $200 to village women to buy a mobile phone. Other villagers then pay her for the use of it. They might use it to check the price of items at markets in surrounding villages or talk to family who have moved to the city.

34 INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGIES. Intermediate technology includes tools, machines and systems that improve quality of life but are also simple to use, affordable to buy or build and are cheap to maintain. For example, solar powered LED lightbulbs are used in parts of Nepal where the only other lighting options are polluting and dangerous kerosene lamps or wood fires. Small scale dams and pumps improve access to water and irrigation of farm land This allows people to work in their homes or businesses, and children to study after dark. As a result, skills, income and industrial output can increase which helps to reduce the development gap. Solar cookers are used all over the world today, they focus the suns rays on the cooking pot. Cheap to make and easy to transport!

35 DEBT RELIEF: Debt relief is when some or all of a country s debt is cancelled, or interest rates are lowered. This means they have more money to develop rather than pay back the debt. For example, Zambia (in S Africa) had $4billion of debt cancelled in in 2006, the country had enough money to start a free healthcare scheme for millions of people living in rural areas. In 2005, the worlds richest countries (G8) agreed to cancel the debts of many HIPCs. To qualify the countries had to: Demonstrate they could manage their own finances Show there was no corruption in their government Agreed to spend the saved money on education, healthcare and reducing poverty.