Ethnic Diversity, Mixing and Segregation in England and Wales,

Transcription

1 Ethnic Diversity, Mixing and Segregation in England and Wales, Gemma Catney Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences WIREL Conference, Vienna Institute of Demography 20 th -21 st November 2014

2 1 in 5 in minority population New diversity in new places The increased diversity of Britain (by both migration and natural increase) has provided: Diversity of experiences, sharing of cultures in many environments: residential, religious, schools, workplace, socially (restaurants, music, art, etc.) Superdiversity (Vertovec, 2007) A changing ethnic and religious landscape (migrationmuseum.org)

3 What do we know about segregation and mixing in Britain? Britain does not have ghettoes (Peach, 1996 and 2009) Segregation decreased between 1991 and 2001 (Simpson, 2007, Rees and Butt, 2004). Segregation by income, wealth and employment is greater than segregation by ethnicity (Parkinson et al., 2006: 153) Positive reasons for co-ethnic concentration Critique of self-segregation claims (Finney and Simpson, 2009) Then why measure segregation? Perpetuate segregation s prevailing negative images (Phillips, 2007: 1139)?

4 Why measure ethnic group segregation? Media and popular discourse in GB, recent years have seen an increase in interest in several key issues: Immigration Population concentration and dispersal Identity, values and Britishness Community cohesion/multiculturalism/integration Inequalities, social cohesion and social exclusion These issues have been brought to the fore in the context of: Diversification of immigration streams Discourses on willingness to integrate, aka parallel lives debate (intersection with religion ) Debates about threat to national security and to traditional British values The economic recession and joblessness 2011 Census results: levels of White British and foreign-born Better inform public debates and policy

5 2011 Census: a Time of Firsts Three time points of ethnic group data ( ) Two decades of ethnic group change at the small area level Change in mixed ethnic groups (introduced in 2001) Change in religion (introduced in 2001) New questions on languages spoken, national identity, passports held, year of arrival to UK, intention to stay

6

7 Ethnicity and Religion in the Census

8

9

10 Change in religion, Christian by far the largest group in 2011 (33.2m; 59%); 2 nd largest Muslim (2.7m; 5%) Some changes, : No religion grew from 15 to 25 per cent of the population Christian population fell by 4.1m (from 72%) Christian (White British) population older age profile: mortality of the more religious? (22% aged 65+); births to younger groups Proportion declines given growth in other religions, especially Muslim (who also have a young age profile) Movement into other categories, especially no religion Question interpretation: Religiosity or religious affiliation? (wording didn t change but its position did) (Voas, 2014)

11 Religion by Ethnic Group Heterogeneous Christians Diverse Muslims Non- religious White British (mainly UK-born) Christian Buddhist Hindu Jewish Muslim Sikh Other religion No religion Not stated White British White Irish Gypsy/Irish Traveller Other White Mixed Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Chinese Other Asian African Caribbean Other Black Other Doubled: 2004 EU Accession migration Only voluntary q: 7% Large geographic variations, at a very local level

12 An increasingly diverse England and Wales non-white groups now 14% of the population (7.9m) up by 8% points since 1991(natural change / immigration) Minority groups now 20%; White British still remains the considerable majority Greater individual mixing: Mixed or multiple ethnic group: approx. 660,000 (1.3%) in 2001 to over 1.2 million (2.2%) in 2011 Greater household mixing: 12% of households of 2+ persons now with residents with multiple ethnic groups 6.5% of households of 2+ persons living with a spouse or partner with a different ethnic group to their own.

13 Geography of mixing and diversity Mixed ethnicity HHs Most common in Inner London (nearly 40%) Increased in all but two Districts (London and outside) New geographies of ethnic diversity: Question our associations of diversity and the urban Call for greater attention to challenges for rural areas

14 Measuring diversity: Reciprocal Diversity Index Square each ethnic group s proportion in an area, then sum those values. Divide the sum into one. Standardise to give a value from 0 to 100 where 100 indicates that every group is in equal proportion in the area. Average England and Wales: Districts = 3.45 (18 groups) Most diverse electoral wards in E&W: Dollis Hill in Brent (RDI: 56) and Plaistow North in Newham (RDI: 49)

15 Change in diversity,

16 Index of Dissimilarity (D): population (un)evenness Tests unevenness or unequal geographical spread Comparison between groups e.g., Chinese compared to White British, or, usually more sensibly, Chinese compared to the rest of the population D = 50 n i=1 x i X y i Y How do we interpret this? 0% indicates a completely even spread of the population, and 100% means complete separation.

17 Spatial Distribution of Religion D, 2011 Christian 22.0 Buddhist 55.3 Hindu 67.1 Jewish 76.8 Muslim 67.8 Sikh 77.3 Other 49.7 None 20.3

18 % point change Change in D, , ward level Pakistani Bangladeshi Black Caribbean Black African Indian White Chinese

19 % of districts England and Wales, Output areas within local authority districts Districts with >200 pop. each ethnic group % change in segregation,

20

21 iv Rural satellite towns / villages iii i Urban core ii Suburbia v Rural hinterland and beyond = 15 people

22 White British segregation Increased by 1.23 percentage points for Output Areas. The White British continue to have low levels of segregation Why increasing segregation for the White British? Increased residential mixing on the ground, in previously homogenous (suburban/rural) areas. White flight? Not strong evidence (Kaufmann, 2014, and see next slide)

23 6% of the White British in outer London districts in 01; 5% in 11 = 1% decrease in share

24 % above threshold Increased White British residential mixing with all other ethnic groups Threshold (%)

25 The checkerboard problem O Sullivan, D. and Wong, D. (2007) A surface-based approach to measuring spatial segregation. Geographical Analysis 39:

26 Fixed bandwidth = same for all locations at fixed distance away (eg 10km) Variable/adaptive bandwidth = small kernel in areas with many zones; large with small numbers of large zones (eg 20nn)

27 Local segregation examples: PAKISTANI Blackburn Luton

28 Moderate change example (Pakistani group) Blackburn with Darwen -2.59% points = 61.7% in 2011

29 Blackburn

30 Local D: African 1. Largest contributions to D from only London: unevenness here suggests dispersal (or increases by other groups) and immigration to new areas 2. Generally less segregation over time (as with global measures discussed earlier this allows us to see which areas are (and aren t) contributing to this global pattern)

31 Local D: Chinese 1. Most dispersed group by far 2. and becoming more dispersed over time 3. Provide insight into district level D values, eg students in small university towns

32 To close Strong evidence of greater ethnic group mixing between 1991 and 2011 (especially the last 10 years) Between people Within places and in new places Scales of mixing and diversity Challenging association of diversity as exclusively urban Raises policy issues about: Equal opportunities for residential mixing Issues facing newly diversifying local places

33 Ethnic Diversity, Mixing and Segregation in England and Wales, Gemma Catney Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences WIREL Conference, Vienna Institute of Demography 20 th -21 st November 2014