THE GHOSTS OF CENSUS PAST AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR 2020
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1 THE GHOSTS OF CENSUS PAST AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR 2020 Margo Anderson Distinguished Professor Emerita, History & Urban Studies, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee
2 The U.S. has taken a census every ten years since 1790 let s look back.
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5 The Census is a. Rare, Repeated, Unobtrusive event in American political life Rare: The 2010 Census was the 23 rd in 220 years. By comparison the US has had 45 presidents, and 58 presidential elections. The 115 th Congress is currently in session.
6 The Census is a. Rare, Repeated, Unobtrusive event in American political life Repeated: Successfully every ten years since 1790, despite wars, including the Civil War, economic crises, political turmoil.
7 The Census is a. Rare, Repeated, Unobtrusive event in American political life Unobtrusive: Most people don t remember the last one, the one before that, the one before that
8 Building the American State: Writing the Constitution of
9 Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct.
10 Voting Qualifications Were Left to the States Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 1: The Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
11 Importance of the Census The United States was the first nation in the history of the world to take a regular population census and use it to allocate seats in a national assembly according to population. 11
12 Importance of the Census The U.S. has had one of the most demographically dynamic and diverse populations in the history of the world. The combination of the census as mechanism to adjust power and resources each decade, in conjunction with the demographic dynamism and diversity, made the census and the statistical system truly central to the functioning of the society and state 12
13 Importance of the Census Dynamism is measured by patterns of population growth and change Diversity involves geographic diversity, group diversity, and different rates of change for different parts of the country, and among the groups. Numerical growth Geographic diversity Racial and ethnic diversity 13
14 Numerical Growth
15 From 3.9 million to ~330 million: Growth 13 states have become 50 states. House of Representatives grew from 65 to 435 members. The average congressional district after the 2010 Census is larger than the total population of any of the original 13 states in Growth has been differential: some states and local areas lose while others gain. 15
16 Population, United States, Japan, United Kingdom, France, " 250" Popula'on)in)Millions) 200" 150" 100" 50" US" UK" Japan" France" 0" 1780" 1830" 1880" 1930" 1980" Year)
17 Admitting States to the Union and Growth of the House of Representative 17
18 Examples
19 More Examples
20 Differential Population Growth and Its Counterintuitive Impact: New York State Population and House Delegation,
21 Changes in House Seats:
22 Geographic Diversity
23 Geographic Diversity: Westward Expansion 23
24 Geographic Diversity: The First Gerrymander,
25 Racial and Ethnic Diversity
26 Asian as a Percentage of County Population, 2010
27 The Relevance for 2020
28 The Public Face of Census Taking: Humor and Worries Enumerators: Benign or Nosy??? Respondents: Cooperative and/or Confused??? Census Officials: Do They Get it Right? Every 10 years, we remember. Some examples.
29 1930 Enumerators
30 1940 Census: Alternative Living Arrangements
31 Are Enumerators Intrusive? [1860]
32 Do Respondents Understand the Questions? [1890]
33 In 1920 Congress Didn t Trust the Results: No Reapportionment That Decade
34 Thank you. For more information.
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