Congressional Apportionment
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1 Congress-II
2 Congressional Apportionment House seats are apportioned among the states every ten years, following the census. Reapportionment the allocation of seats in the House of Representatives to each state after each census Redistricting The redrawing of the boundaries of the congressional districts within each state
3 The Original Gerrymander
4 The Fourth Congressional District of Illinois
5 Congressional Elections Candidates for Congressional Elections Candidates for congressional seats can be selfselected or recruited by the local political party. Usually the party attempts to select a candidate that has many of the social characteristics of the population in the district. Congressional campaigns and elections Campaign funding Effects of Presidential elections The Power of Incumbency
6 THE DRIVING FORCES BEHIND POLITICS POLITICS OFFERS A MIX OF POWER AND CELEBRITY FOR THE PEOPLE ATTRACTED TO IT PERSONAL TRAITS POLITICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ABILITY TO SELL ONESELF POLITICAL TEMPERAMENT IT S A LIFESTYLE, NOT JUST A JOB COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN VARIOUS FORMS AND SETTINGS PROFESSIONALISM IT HAS BECOME A CAREER AT THE TOP CAREERISM PEOPLE BEGIN AT A VERY YOUNG AGE BACKGROUND THE PREVALENCE OF LAWYERS
7 ADVANTAGE GOES TO THE INCUMBENTS INCUMBENTS ARE THOSE CANDIDATES ALREADY HOLDING OFFICE AND SEEKING REELECTION ADVANTAGES: NAME RECOGNITION MEDIA COVERAGE CAMPAIGN FINANCES PACs INFLUENCE BY NORMALLY FAVORING THE INCUMBENTS OFFICE RESOURCES FRANKING PRIVILEGE REFERS TO THE FREE USE OF THE U.S. MAILS GRANTED TO MEMBERS OF CONGRESS TO PROMOTE COMMUNICATION WITH CONSTITUENTS
8
9 The Incumbency Advantage Media coverage is higher for incumbents Incumbents have greater name recognition due to franking, travel to the district, news coverage Members secure policies and programs for voters
10 Percentage of Incumbents Reelected to Congress Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics, (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2000), table 1-18; 2004 updated by Marc Siegal.
11 Incumbents in Congress Reelected by 60 Percent or More
12 CAMPAIGN STRATEGIES HAVING A PLAN FOR A CAMPAIGN NORMALLY INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING: SELECTING A THEME A THEME THAT CHARACTERIZES CANDIDATE DEFINING THE OPPONENT ONSLAUGHT OF NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING USING FOCUS GROUPS AND POLLING FOCUS GROUPS ARE SMALL GATHERINGS THAT REVIEW AND RESPOND TO VARIOUS ISSUES AND INFORMATION INCUMENT VS. CHALLENGER STRATEGIES A GOOD OFFENSE VS. A GOOD DEFENSE NEWS MANAGEMENT PROVIDING GOOD PHOTO OPPORTUNITIES AND SHORT SOUND BITES PAID ADVERTISING A LOT OF MONEY GOES INTO THIS EFFORT FREE AIRTIME USE OF NEWS AND TALK SHOWS TO GET MESSAGE OUT TO PUBLIC, INCLUDING DEBATES
13 Sources of Campaign Funds The Federal Election Commission monitors campaign fundraising Sources of funds include: Direct Mail Political Action Committees The Candidates Parties and Soft Money Public Funding
14 Campaign Finance Reform Both parties have argued that reforms should be made to the campaign finance system Incumbents are reluctant to give up the financial advantage Each party fears that reform would benefit the other side
15 Implications for Democracy Campaign contributions affect the balance of power among contending social groups Limits on contributions would undermine free speech and political participation
16 PARTY IDENTIFICATION REMAINS A STRONG INFLUENCE GROUP VOTING COURTING SPECIFIC GROUPS WITH LARGE NUMBERS OF VOTES CAN PAY OFF WITH GROUP ENDORSEMENTS CANDIDATE IMAGE TRAITS SUCH AS INTELLIGENCE, ATTRACTIVENESS, AND PROFESSIONALISM CAN BE IMPORTANT THE ECONOMY A SOUND ECONOMY CAN MAKE THINGS VERY TOUGH FOR A CHALLENGER ISSUE VOTING SOME PERSONS CAST THEIR VOTE BASED ON THE POSITION A CANDIDATE HAS EXPRESSED
17 Member Behavior Representational view: members vote to please their constituents, in order to secure re-election Organizational view: where constituency interests are not vitally at stake, members primarily respond to cues from colleagues Attitudinal view: the member s ideology determines her/his vote
18 Discussion Questions Which of the theories listed above do you believe is practiced by most members of Congress during campaign season? Would you expect the longer term of Senators (6 years) compared to Representatives (2 years) to result in their practicing a different theory of representation? Which of the three theories listed above do you endorse as a citizen? Which would you endorse as a member of Congress? Explain why your perspective did or did not change, depending on your political role. Suppose you want your representative in Congress to vote for the policies you prefer the representational theory of congressional voting. How could you make this happen?
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