16 th,17 th,18 th,19 th,21 st,24 th amendments

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2 Homestead Act Any adult citizen, or intended citizen, could claim 160 acres of land. Claimants were required to improve the plot by building a dwelling and cultivating the land. After 5 years on the land, the original filer was entitled to the property, free and clear, except for a small registration fee.

3 Dawes Act "An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands to Indians on Reservations," Emphasized treatment of Native Americans as individuals rather than as members of tribes. Goal was to eliminate the reservation system.

4 Anti-Trust Acts The main statutes are the Sherman Act 1890, the Clayton Act 1914 and the Federal Trade Commission Act These Acts restrict the formation of cartels and prohibit other collusive practices regarded as being in restraint of trade. They restrict the mergers and acquisitions of organizations which could greatly lessen competition. They prohibit the creation of a monopoly and the abuse of monopoly power.

5 16 th,17 th,18 th,19 th,21 st,24 th amendments 16 th - Income Tax 17 th - Direct Election of Senators 18 th - Prohibition of Alcohol 19 th - Women s Suffrage (Vote) 21 st - Repealed Prohibition 24 th - Eliminated the Poll Tax

6 Pure Food and Drug Act The first of a series of consumer protection laws Led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. Banned foreign & interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, Directed the U.S. to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors. It required that active ingredients be labeled on a drug s packaging

7 Treaty of Versailles Treaty that ended World War I Negotiated by the "Big Three" - David Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson of America Germany had to accept blame for starting war Germany had to pay over $33 billion in reparations Germany was forbidden to have an army over 100,000 men, no submarines, & no air force Germany lost territory and colonies Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires were broken up Russia lost territory League of Nations would be created. U.S. didn t join New nations created in Europe

8 Wilson s Fourteen Point Plan Wilson's Fourteen Points became the basis for a peace program after World War I 1. No more secret agreements. 2. Free navigation of all seas. 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries. 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers. 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial 6. Russia should be left to develop her own political set-up. 7. Belgium should be independent like before the war. 8. France should be allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine 9. Italy's borders are to "along clear lines of nationality." 10. Self-determination allowed for all those in Austria-Hungary. 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan states. 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves. 13. An independent Poland should be created 14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the independence of all states.

9 Civil Rights Act 1957 Included a number of important provisions to protect voting rights. It established the Civil Rights Division in the Justice Department, & empowered federal officials to prosecute individuals that conspired to deny or abridge another citizen s right to vote. Created a U.S. Civil Rights Commission charged with investigating allegations of voter infringement. Signaled a growing federal commitment to the cause of civil rights.

10 Civil Rights Act 1964 Landmark civil rights legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Barred unequal application of voter registration requirements. Required that voting rules be applied equally to all races Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin Encouraged desegregation of public schools & authorized the U.S. to enforce it. Made it easier to move civil rights cases from state courts with segregationist judges & all-white juries to federal court

11 Voting Rights Act 1965 Landmark federal legislation that prohibits discrimination in voting. The Act prohibits any state or local government from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting... which results in a denial or abridgement of the right to vote on account of" race or language minority status. It also specifically outlaws literacy tests and similar devices used to disfranchise minorities.

12 Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 1883 Government jobs should be awarded based on merit. It provided political candidates with competitive exams, instead of being required to have political ties.

13 Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 First major law restricting immigration to the United States. Enacted in response to economic fears that blamed Chinese workers for high unemployment & declining wages. Effectively halted Chinese immigration for ten years and prohibited Chinese from becoming US citizens.

14 Open Door Policy Statement by the United States that all nations should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China, and support Chinese territorial integrity. The statement was issued to Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, & Russia. It was a cornerstone of American foreign policy for more than 40 years.

15 Dollar Diplomacy The goals were: Create stability and order abroad that would best promote American commercial interests. To improve financial opportunities, Use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas.

16 PATRIOT Act An Act to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and for other purposes. Allows roving wiretaps, searches of business records, and conducting surveillance of individuals suspected of terrorist-related activities not linked to terrorist groups.

17 Miranda v Arizona A landmark Supreme Court decision. The Court held that statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible only if the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them.

18 Brown v Board of Education A landmark Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896.

19 Plessy v Ferguson A landmark Supreme Court decision, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".

20 Roe v Wade A landmark Supreme Court decision on the issue of abortion. The Court ruled that a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests: protecting prenatal life & protecting women's health.

21 Gideon v Wainwright A landmark Supreme Court case. the Supreme Court ruled that state courts are required under the Fourteenth Amendment to provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys.

22 Mendez v Westminster A federal court case that challenged racial segregation in Orange County, California schools. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, ruled that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional.

23 Delgado v Bastrop ISD In 1948, LULAC filed suit against the Bastrop ISD and three other districts. The suit charged segregation of Mexican children from other white races without specific state land in violation of the attorney general's opinion. The court agreed and ordered the cessation of the separation of Mexican children from other white races. However, the court did allow separate classes on the same campus, in the first grade only, for language-deficient or non-englishspeaking students.

24 Edgewood ISD v Kirby A landmark case concerning public school finance. The plaintiffs charged that the state's methods of funding public schools violated the state constitution, which obligated the state to provide an efficient and free public school system. In 1989 the Texas Supreme Court delivered a decision that sided with the Edgewood plaintiffs and ordered the state Legislature to implement an equitable system by the school year.

25 Sweatt v Painter A U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson. Heman Marion Sweatt, was refused admission to the School of Law of the University of Texas, on the grounds that the Texas State Constitution prohibited integrated education. The Supreme Court ruled that the equal protection clause required Sweatt's admission to the University of Texas School of Law. Sweatt enrolled at the beginning of the school year, as did several other blacks.

26 Hernandez v Texas A landmark Supreme Court case that decided that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The court ruled that members of non-caucasian races must be allowed on jury-selecting committees

27 Korematsu v United States A landmark Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship. The Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional.

28 Tinker v Des Moines One of the most groundbreaking trials in the history of the United States. The case involves 3 minors who were each suspended from their schools for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War. The court ruling allowed individual schools to prohibit students from protesting if the protest has the chance to influence a disruptive response.

29 Wisconsin v Yoder United States Supreme Court case in which the Court found that Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education past 8th grade. The parents' fundamental right to freedom of religion outweighed the state's interest in educating its children. The case is often cited as a basis for parents' right to home school their children.

30 White v Regester Supreme Court case challenging the Texas 1970 legislative reapportionment plan. The Court invalidated the use of multimember legislative districts in two Texas counties because the redistricting plan had operated to cancel out or minimize the voting strength of Black and Mexican American communities.

31 Taft-Hartley Act Amended much of the federal law regulating labor relations of enterprises engaged in interstate commerce, & established control of labor disputes by enlarging the National Labor Relations Board. The government could obtain an injunction against any strike that it deemed a peril to national health or safety. The act also prohibited jurisdictional strikes & secondary boycotts, outlawed the closed shop, & permitted the union shop only on a vote of a majority of the employees. The act also forbade unions to contribute to political campaigns. Although President Truman vetoed the act, it was passed over his veto. Federal courts have upheld the act with the exception of political expenditures.

32 E pluribus unum In God We Trust E pluribus unum - Latin for "Out of many, one" is a phrase on the Seal of the United States, considered a de facto motto of the United States until 1956 when the United States Congress passed an act adopting "In God We Trust" as the official motto.

33 Women s Suffrage The right of women to vote and to stand for electoral office. The Nineteenth Amendment, which prohibited state or federal sex-based restrictions on voting, was ratified in 1920.

34 Scopes Trial A famous American legal case in A high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any statefunded school. William Jennings Bryan, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, spoke for Scopes. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. The trial publicized the Fundamentalist Modernist Controversy.

35 Federal Highway Act of 1956 Originally authorized 25 billion dollars for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of the Interstate Highway System supposedly over a 10-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history through that time.

36 Prohibition The legal act of prohibiting the manufacture, storage, transportation and sale of alcohol and alcoholic beverages. Alcohol consumption was never illegal under federal law. Nationwide prohibition began in 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect, and was repealed in 1933, with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment. Sale of alcoholic beverages remained illegal during Prohibition, but alcoholic drinks were still available. Large quantities of alcohol were smuggled into the United States from Canada. Criminal organizations controlled the sale of liquor to over 10,000 speakeasies, & also controlled the supply from Canada to Florida.

37 Truman Doctrine With the 1947 Truman Doctrine, the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal communist forces. The U.S. supported Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere of influence.

38 Marshall Plan A program that would help the nations of Europe recover and rebuild after World War II. It aimed to stabilize Europe economically and politically so that European nations would not be tempted by communism.

39 Camp David Accords Agreements between Israel and Egypt signed on September 17, 1978, that led in the following year to a peace treaty between those two countries, the first such treaty between Israel and any of its Arab neighbors. Brokered by U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter between Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian Pres. Anwar el-sādāt and officially titled the Framework for Peace in the Middle East, Sādāt and Begin were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1978

40 New Deal A series of laws & agencies established NRA National Recovery Act to help the US during the Great Depression FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation SEC Securities and Exchange Commission SSA Social Security Administration AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act TVA Tennessee Valley Authority CCC Civilian Conservation Corps

41 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) A multilateral agreement regulating international trade. Its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs & other trade barriers & the elimination of preferences." GATT was signed in 1947 & lasted until 1994, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995.

42 GI Bill of Rights Legislation that provided benefits to World War II veterans. The bill provided grants for school and college tuition, low-interest mortgage and small-business loans, job training, hiring privileges, and unemployment payments.

43 War Powers Act An emergency law that increased Federal power during World War II. The act was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and put into law on December 18, 1941, less than two weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor., and increased the powers of the president's Executive Branch. The act gave the President enormous authority to execute World War II in an efficient manner.

44 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It gave President Lyndon Johnson authorization, for the use of "conventional'' military force in Southeast Asia. It authorized the President to do whatever necessary to assist "any member of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty". This included involving armed forces. Pres. Johnson relied on the resolution to escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam.

45 Affordable Health Care Act "Obamacare", is a US federal law signed into law by President Obama in The most significant overhaul of the U.S. healthcare system since Medicare & Medicaid in It has the goals of increasing quality & affordability of health insurance, lowering uninsured rate, & reducing costs of healthcare. It introduced mandates, subsidies, & insurance exchanges, meant to increase coverage & affordability. Requires insurance companies to cover all applicants & offer the same rates regardless of pre-existing conditions or sex. The US Supreme Court upheld the individual mandate in National Federation of Independent Business v Sebelius

46 Sacco and Vanzetti Case Controversial murder trial in Massachusetts, extending over seven years, , & resulting in the execution of the defendants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. The trial resulted from the murders of a paymaster of a shoe factory, & the guard accompanying him. Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists were arrested for the crime. In 1921, they were brought to trial & found guilty. Socialists & radicals protested the men s innocence. Many people felt that the trial was not fair & that they had been convicted for their radical, anarchist beliefs rather than for the crime. The state Supreme Court refused to upset the verdict. The two men were sentenced to death in 1927.

47 Leopold and Loeb Case Richard Loeb, an 18-year-old graduate student, was smart, handsome, charming and wealthy. His friend and lover, 19-year-old Nathan Leopold, was a brilliant law student, a published ornithologist, and the heir to a manufacturing fortune. But, the duo who considered themselves Nietzschean "supermen" to whom laws did not apply became obsessed with pulling off the perfect crime. They proved sloppy criminals, however. The two men kidnapped and murdered Loeb's 14-year-old cousin, Bobby Franks. While dumping the body near their Chicago homes, Leopold dropped his glasses. The perfect plot came undone; within 10 days, both had confessed to the heinous crime. Super-lawyer Clarence Darrow could not save them from conviction, though the pair escaped the death penalty.

48 National Defense Education Act 1958 Provided funding to United States education at all levels. A science initiative inaugurated by President Eisenhower, to increase the technological sophistication and power of the US. It followed a growing national sense that U.S. scientists were falling behind scientists in the Soviet Union, because of early Soviet success in the Space Race, notably the launch of the first-ever satellite, Sputnik, the year before.

49 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) The North American Free Trade Agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico (NAFTA) is designed to eliminate trade barriers between its members. NAFTA created the world's largest free trade area, which now links 450 million people. Trade between the United States and its NAFTA partners has soared since the agreement began.

50 Fair Deal An ambitious set of proposals put forward by President Truman. The term has also been used to describe the domestic reform agenda of the Truman Administration. The most important proposals were aid to education, universal health insurance, the Fair Employment Practices Commission, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act. They were all debated at length, then voted down. A number of smaller and less controversial (but still important) items passed.

51 New Frontier A slogan used by President John F. Kennedy to describe his goals & policies. Amongst the legislation passed by Congress during the Kennedy Administration, unemployment benefits were expanded, aid was provided to cities to improve housing & transportation, funds were allocated to continue the construction of a national highway system started under Eisenhower, a water pollution control act was passed to protect the country s rivers & streams, the Clean Air Act (1963), & an agricultural act to raise farmers incomes was made law.

52 Great Society A set of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty & racial injustice. It spawned dozens of programs, among them the Job Corps, Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), Upward Bound, the Food Stamp Act of 1964, Project Head Start, Elementary & Secondary Education Act of 1965, Higher Education Act of 1965, authorized Medicare & Medicaid, the Child Nutrition Act of 1966, & more.

53 Reynolds v Sims A U.S. Supreme Court case that ruled that state legislature districts had to be roughly equal in population. The eight justices who struck down state senate inequality based their decision on the principle of "one person, one vote". In his majority decision, Chief Justice Earl Warren said "Legislators represent people, not trees or acres. Legislators are elected by voters, not farms or cities or economic interests."

54 O.J. Simpson Trial A criminal trial held in Los Angeles, California, from 1994 to The former professional football star & actor O. J. Simpson was tried on two counts of murder after the deaths of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, & a waiter, Ronald Lyle Goldman. The case has been described as the most publicized criminal trial in American history. Simpson was acquitted after more than eight months. Simpson's celebrity & the lengthy televised trial riveted national attention on the so-called "Trial of the Century".

55 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act An economic stimulus package enacted by Congress in 2009 & signed into law by President Obama. To respond to the Great Recession, the primary objective for ARRA was to save & create jobs almost immediately. Secondary objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most impacted by the recession & invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy. The Act included direct spending in infrastructure, education, health, & energy, federal tax incentives, & expansion of unemployment benefits & other social welfare provisions.

56 War on Poverty The unofficial name for legislation introduced by President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address in This legislation was in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.

57 Affirmative Action Affirmative action refers to equal opportunity employment measures that Federal contractors and subcontractors are legally required to adopt. These measures are intended to prevent discrimination against employees or applicants for employment on the basis of "color, religion, sex, or national origin". Examples of affirmative action include outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and management development, and employee support programs

58 Title IX Title IX is a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972, It states (in part) that: No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.