UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI Maiduguri, Nigeria CENTRE FOR DISTANCE LEARNING SOCIAL SCIENCES SOC 212: SOCIAL CHANGE I UNIT: 2

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1 UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI Maiduguri, Nigeria CENTRE FOR DISTANCE LEARNING SOCIAL SCIENCES SOC 212: SOCIAL CHANGE I UNIT: 2

2 STUDY GUIDE GENERAL INFORMATION Course Code and Title: SOC 212: Social Change I Credit Unit: 2 Year: 2016 Total Hours - 28 two per Week of Study. For any queries or Questions contact the Course Lecturer Using your through the Centre for Distance Learning Portal. You are welcome to this study Unit. Each Unit is arranged to simplify your study. In each topic of the Unit we have introduction, learning outcome, in-text information, in-text questions and answers, summary and self assessment exercises. In-text questions and answers serve as motivation for your reading and to encourage to pay attention to major points in the text. Tutors will be available at designated contact Centre for Tutorial. Meet them to resolve your questions and other guide. The Centre expects you to plan your work well. Should you wish to read further you could supplement the study with more information from the list of references and suggested reading available in each study Unit. PRACTICE EXERCISES SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES (SAES) This is provided at the end of each topic or Study Session. The exercises can help you to assess whether or not you have actually studied and understood the topic/study session. Solutions to the exercises are provided at the end of the Study Unit for you to assess yourself. HOW TO PREPARE FOR EXAMINATION To prepare for the examination you should read and understand the Study Materials provided for you on C.D.ROM, prints or downloads from the Portal. Other things you need to prepare for examination include understanding all sample questions at the end of every Study Session/topic Reading the suggested/recommended reading texts. ASSESSMENTS 1. The continuous assessment for all courses consists of 30%. 2. The Examination shall make up 70% of the total Marks. 3. Feedback and advice is a component of the continuous assessment The Examination shall be conducted at the Centre for Distance learning (Centre). Students are to come to the Centre on the Examination date with all the necessary requirements. The Examination is Computer based or e-testing one. 2

3 STUDY SESSION ONE 1.0 THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL CHANGE 1.1 IN-TEXT 1.2 WHAT IS SOCIAL CHANGE Social change deals with the alteration or dynamics that takes place in human society. It is only in human society that we experience changes known as social change. In that, man is a social being who engage in various social activities that differentiate him from other animals. No human society that is stagnant or static, it changes as many lives in that society. The nature of man is unpredictable because man changes at any situation and time. These changes in man also help in societal change. In general term, the human.society today changes compare to the ancient days or contemporary changes taking places cannot be compared with societies ten or fifteen years back. Civilization and other forms of development and technology have help in the changes today. It is as a result of alternation, modification, tempered that causes changes in human society. What constitute a change in man? or what indication can be observed in man to know whether he had change? In order to Know changes in man, the following should be put to noticed; his behaviour attitudes, manner, outlook, etc. these are certain things to take note of or consider to know if there is a change in person. How therefore, can someone know that man have change in behaviour, attitude or manner? One can only understand or Know changes in man by inferring his past behaviours, attitudes, manners, to the present one. There must be comparison or measurement or the past to cue present in trying to know changes in society and in human behaviour. Social change is not a phenomenon that erects individuals in society, but it is a phenomenon that governs the totality of the entire human society. The dynamic nature of human society is a constant one. It takes place every day, anytime, and in every hour. For example, he following two change do occur constantly in human societies. Cultural Change: Culture is the way of life of people in an area. Culture is something that is supposed to be maintained. But as society changes and human beings changes too, in trying to adopt other way of life, tour culture gradually will be affected which will lead to change in culture. This change in culture is terrible and hazardous practice that will at the end be of effect on our generation to come. 3

4 Religious change: Changes not only do they affect culture but also religion, the believe people have in various believes, will also change. Religion is for people therefore people can also change it when their attitudes and a-+4s behaviour changes. The kind of religion in practice in olden days is not the same as the one we are practicing now. Changes have the effect on that. Our forefather s old tradition of religion is systematically and technically yipped out by the changes and practice of new other Kinds or today s beliefs. 1.3 PATTERN OF SOCIAL CHANGE This is a process or stages that changes takes place in any society. The following are the patterns by which change takes place: we shall study each of these patterns one by one. 1. Evolution: This is a process of progressing from a simple homogeneous to a complex heterogeneous or societal movement tram simple to complex stage. e.g. some 50 years lack man was not as he is now. That is to say from the initial stage man was moving naked, from that, started to realized his secrets and begins to cover him selves with leaves. Then changes continue up to the stage where there is an experience of machine that will sew clothes for human being to cover himself completely. 2. Diffusion: This refers to a situation whereby a group of people are living together but come from different cultural background. Later, the other cultural group started to copy, borrowed the other opponents own culture e.g. like their dressings, manner of talking, etc. and this does simply because their long time of staying together not because of any intimidation or force. 3. Invention: It means to make or create something by the use of human brains or experience. The inventing of new things has actually 6rought some changes in our societies. Therefore, whenever chore is invention of new things, there must be a change in that very society e.g. The invention o machine equipments have change society, before it was man made efforts and animals. 4. Guided change: This is a man made directed, plan and programme. He sit and thi1k and decided now to implement the ideas or policies to the other people of the society. This guided change sometimes it is implemented or the belter met or the structure of the society to change the ecor1ouy, while sometimes, it is just for the interest of the policy makers. Finally, all the above patterns of social change have negative effects in the society, as far as human society is concerned. Going back to the pattern we can see that evolution increased complexity and confusion in our society and even in our day to day activities for instance may people implicate themselves into trouble because of the material things (clothes) arid other related things, While diffusion also affects the youths of nowadays, to forget and even do away with their own culture simply because they are not together at home (village). 4

5 Also, invention of new things encourage many people to become lazy and it also reduces the number or manpower, this eventually leads to idealness which may create way for criminal act and other evils and social problems, egg Crimes, unemployment, etc. Finally, the guided changes which not only encourage the people at the top to exploit those at the lower level, out also encourage corruption. 1.4 WHY DO WE STUDY SOCIAL CHANCE Introduction The major aim of studying social change is to know what has happened in the past compared with the present and predict what will happen in the future. The past history or historcalexper1ence of Africa: i. Slavery: According to Walter Rodney How Europe under develop Africa. That about five million Africans were carried or taken away by the European as slaves to their countries. The taken away of slaves from African countries has bought a great social change in the African countries. This is because bur heroes and the little educated ones were all carried away by the Europeans. ii. Colonialism: The coming of the colonial masters also contributed in changing the societal structure of our nations. This also brought different political and religious instability. Also, the introduction of Western education has also change the society. The colonial masters now decided to exploit the country having discovered that, there are so many natural resources. They carry our own resources and when coming back they brought with their sweets, mirror and some other minor things that were not known in Africa. iii. Neo colonialism: Imperialism the departure of the white men giving us independent. That is we are politically independent hut not economically independent, before they left, they located their industries where they will be generating revenue from our country, and controlling our economic pressure by taking us, collecting our revenue and rents. 1.5 FACTORS STIMULATING SOCIAL CHANGE The following are the factors that influence or stimulate social change,; a) Physical environment: The moment: there is a change in society, physically or naturally. Things like natural happenings or man made causes, change is bound to take place. 5

6 Changes in environment such as pollution, earth quakes, erosion etc. the lives and attitudes of people will Change. Erosion is bound to made people homeless. Their movement from the original environment: to a new one will certainly differ the initial set up will be different from the new one. b) Population: When there is a high raise in population or when the population is censing there is bound to be change. The higher the population of a place the greater the numbers of work force. This will enable development. But when the population constitutes great number of old men or children, development will be less. The rate of population determines the change in that society. The growths in population facilitate some change. c) Ideology: This is the principle by which a society is governed and administered. It is the idea a society puts as a guide on whom that society is rule or governs. Our ideology in the pre colonial time was a divine orientation. Leader s rule and judges within their power and in their palace. During colonial time the ideology changes from divinity to constitutional ideology. The introduction of money economy by the colonial leads to capitalism in the former colonies. The constitutional ideology as made possible by the provision of books on how to rule and govern ourselves. This completely has altered change on our social life. Once there is a change or alteration on the principles of governance or ideology, there will certainly be change. d) Leadership: different type of people rule and one ruling different part of the world. Leadership differs from one society to another. It is a stirring force of any society and it tale guide the society. Good leadership is the nest and the accepted one in leadership we have strong countries and weaker ones. Their ability to rule and control he society in principles and ideology stands to change the society. 1.6 SUMMARY In this study session, we tried to look at the definition of social change. The main objective of the session is to make the reader understand that man and his environment are so dynamic due to the unpredictability of the nature of man. These changes do not just happen suddenly, but there patterns through which these changes take place. The main reason for this study is to be able to compare the past and present and predict the future cause of actions of man towards his environment. 6

7 1.7 ITQ: ITA: 1. What do we mean by social chance? 2. Enumerate the various sources of social change. 3. List and discuss the factors that cause social change. 4. With proper example explain, why we study social change. 1.8 REFERENCES Mills, C. W. (195). The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford. University Press. Lenski, G. & Lenski J. (1982). Human Societies. 4 th ed New York: McGraw- Hill. 7

8 2.0 STUDY SESSION: TWO 2.1 IN TEXT 2.2 AGENTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE These are things that affect change or contribute to change known as agents of social change; a. Government: Government in its own policies and programs contribute to change. The policies they carry and programs implemented have added to change in the life of the people e.g. the policy of recent increase in wages by the military which was not implemented, have made the life of the people change. Prices of goods, fuel and other related items skyrocketed. b. Economy: is the variable or agent to social changed Once it is altered or touch it affects the standard of living e.g. SAP which not only saw to the poor standard of living hut also have altered our income. Economy of the pre-colonial era and the colonial economy need special mentioned. Our economy of that time was agriculture. But with the introduction of colonialism with the money economy, things change and money become the order of the day. The oil boom of 70 s also altered the economic system. The high rate of dependent on oil exploration has done away with the agriculture economy. c. Religion: It is the introduction of what is rigid. It is a divine belief or what someone belief in, you worship and lye praise to is your religion. The introduction of religion have altered have altered our lives compared to the ancient time of our great grandparents. Religion when introduction to a society where it is not in practice there is group to be reaction and change among societies. d. Educational system: Education also is one of the accents of change. A society whore there is educational institution; there is hound to the change in that society. The leaving process in our institutions have helped Zn the change of individuals life, People acquire knowledge on row to rule and judge or people can different late between the elite and the illiterate ones. e. Leisure/media: This also is another agent of social change. 2.3 IDEAS OF GROWTH & MILLS CONCERNING FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL CHANGE To them, there are three major factors that influence social change; 1) Group of individuals 8

9 2) Environment/material world 3) Ideas/ideology The above three are the major actual i-actors that cause change in human society. Man is the main in actor who determine change in society. Nan is the main engine of change that causes change to cake place. The environment where man leaves influence social change, man change the environment based on where and how men lives in an environment. He influences the environment of building of houses, streets, farm lands, minerals exploitation etc. the environment in turn influences man e.g. the climate. The climatic condition of an environment entails me kind of dress ha/she should wear or the kind of farm produce one should produce, likewise the kind of house and should construct. Ideas/Ideology they are promulgated by man ideas are nor made by animals or trees, they are manmade policies, Ideas are new principle policies that man make to depend or line on in a society. The principle of ideas was influence by the work of Weber in his protestant ethnic spirit of capita1ism. According to ohm, the idea of capitalism came up in the issue or profit maximization. That people don t or should not spend unnecessary but should spend to maximize profit. According to Marx, tie believes determination came up as a result of ideas of capitalism. He believes that ideas are responsible for development in society. He propounded that the Protestants ethnic was as a result of ideas in which religion emerged. Another scholar MORIS GINSBERG (1960) developed the following factors to explain social change; 1. The conscious desires ant decision or individual is effects change. He cited an example with the movement of small family size in Western Europe. 2. Furthermore, that social change is also influence by individuals act, influenced by cnang.ng conditions, He cited an example which the decline of village system between (i e) in England. The act of the villages to stop living in isolation made them to come together because or the risk involve in living in isolation to join other villages to be n a group. 3. External influence through what is called cultural contract, this have contributed to social change. External nflu.nce of ocher groups on another as a result of their coming 9

10 together to live in group. It may also be as a result of conquest which is cultural, as a result of various contract between croups is between one society and another. Internally factors arising from structural strains in a situation of contradiction between force or mode of production and in relation to the means of production e.g. industrial evolution in Europe of 19th century. The bourgeoisie realize that owing individuals as slaves was not profitable rather than a burden to them. Outstanding Individuals or groups are also factors influencing social change. Example charismatic leaders, scientist, who are individual with exceptional ability, their knowledge were used to facilitate to the development and change of the society. e.g. Mao of China, Nganddi of India, Hitler of Germany, Wrights brothers (who created Aer oplane) etc They, are not only influence change in society but even the world over. 2.4 SUMMARY Changes do not occur just like that, but rather there are factors responsible for their occurrence. Such factors are called agents of social change. The factor ranges from human and natural factors. Among the human factor responsible for changes in human societies are: government, economy, environment, religion, and mass media among others, the idea of individuals or group affect change in human societies greatly. 2.5 ITQ: 1 Without man changes cannot take place. Discuss 2 List all the agents of social change known to you and discuss any two with good example 3 list all the charismatic leaders known to you and explain the contributions of any one among them. ITA: 2.6 REFERENCES Lenski, G. (1996). Power and Privilege: a theory of social stratification. New York: McGraw- Hill Igbo, E. M. (2003). Basic Sociology. 1 st Ed: CIDJAP Press, 1-3 Ikwuato Street Uwmi Catholic Secretariat II, Enugu. 10

11 STUDY SESSION THREE 3.0 THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHAN GE 3.1 Introduction They are postulations, views, opinions, ideas of scholars, social critics and scientist, who try to explain how and why the phenomena of social change take place in society. The following are some of the theories of social change. However, we will be interested in the last ones a) Evolutionary theory b) Secular theory c) Equilibrium theory d) Modernization theory 1 Evolutionary: The postulates of this theory are Herbert Spencer, Comte, etc. they are of the view that changes takes place or emerge gradually as the name implies evolution They believe that the change is taking certain specific principle and passing through stages. Early scholars like Morgan who classified the development at human society in different stages from the simplest to the most complex one. That all human society must pass through simple stage of development to a complex and developed stage with the highest stage damn Western society industrialized society. The reason why people believe that society should start a gradual change is the experience during the 19 th Century Industrial development or evolution in Europe which changes society from being western society to industrialized society. A. Come: In his theory of social change identified the three processes in which society undergoes change; a) Theological ( ) August Comte b) Metaphysical c) Scientific stages The theological stage according to Comte has to do with the crudest stage (early time). This is the period in which things have coed and are explained based on the religious perspective. At this time, things were simple everything is attributed to God. There was present of reasoning things just happened without caution as to how or why it happened. 11

12 From the stage of theological society, the society moves to the metaphysical. Now nature or abstract things were used to explain changes in the society. For example, the moon, sun, stars and other natural causes that are seen Godly in nature. Gradually the development in moved from a simpler to the complex form of society. Development or changes continued, from the stage of metaphysical where natural forces were used to explain things, now the society moves to the scientific stage. At this stage things in society were explained systematically. It is a stage in which society now moves or changes from a simple stage to a more complex one. Modernization and civilization emerged as a result of the sciences. In the final analyses of the gradual changes or evolution in society can based be summarized as society of religion early age or era to the medieval stage and finally to the modern age or scientific stage. B. Spence: He explained the evolutionary movement of society from simple homogenous tribal society to complex scientific, modern and industrial society. He cited an example with the hunting and gathering society. A society where human beings depend on fruits gathering and animal hunting to survive. Individuals were independent from control by another except the head of the bands. People at that time uses stones, woods for structure and other things that they use. However, with increase in population, awareness, and reasoning, people started thinking of what to do. They realized that the fruits seeds after they threw it later on it will germinate. They therefore engage in planting fruits seeds and wait until it germinate and give more fruits, they now begin to grow and plant more fruits, that is, horticultural activities. From the stage of horticultural stage, people move to the agricultural stage where they begin to produce in a large quantity not only for consumption but for sell as well. The structures at this time change to come up with the new development. The last and final Stage according to Spencer is the scientific stage. It is the civilized or moderns stage where modernization is the order of the day. It is the stage where people from homogeneous society developed or moved to heterogeneous society. Most of the views of social change is based on evolution. C. Karl Marx: He viewed or identified the evolutionary theory of social change based on the economic determination. He use economic situation to measure changes. According to him, society passes through the following stages; a) Ancient slavery b) Feudal c) Capitalist d) Socialism 12

13 e) Communism I. Slavery was a time when man could not use his sense to think. He was controlled and use as a tool or property. He is a material for further production. Man at that time a factor of production. At this time, slavery was the only social institution. People were suppressed and dominated by the Kings. The stage of slavery gave birth to the feudal era. This era was associated with the medial era where the king or Lord with his nobles acquires land and settlement and those they acquired become their subjects who are tree as individuals unlike in the slavery stage. In this era we have the peasants and the serfs who live on the land, manage it on behalf of the Land owners (Lords/kings). However, the feudal era paved way for capitalism, a period or maximization at profit. It is a period where the land owners and some of their noble acquired and gathered for themselves what they need, Industries, factories and other capital yielding structures were owned by and some Lords/Kings. With the capitals developed and gathered, mode of production changes in line with the changes of factories of production. At this period of capitalism make profit maximization, wealth, exploitation and subjugation. Marx also talks about labor alienation, where the laborers will in turn face the owner or the person whom employed him. He further said, in every stage of change; there is a seed of destruction. From the stage of capitalism the society moves to the stage of socialism. At the socialist stage or transition stage, the society will be run and govern by workers, because by then the whole society have become industrialized and the workers fully engaged in the industries. Class difference is now over, the capitalist are no more. Everybody at this strategic have reached an advance stage. No exploitation, maximization of profits and no domination everyone is equal. The factors influencing the movement or society from one stage to another are two; a) Growth in population and; b Differentiation specialization. 3.2 CRITICS OF VOLUNTARY THEORIES 1) There is argument that not every society must pass through the states mentioned in the different scholars, e.g. barbaric stage was not experienced in Africa. It was the Europeans that see our social set up as barbaric therefore self centered. Also, slavery was not experienced in Europe and Erica as they said in their theories. Sim1arly, there have been societies that have reached the stage of socialism but could not reach communism. Not all human society must pass through the stages mentioned. 2) The next criticism is that the entire theorist based their explanation in Europe and America. This does not mean that what has happened in Europe must or should happen in other societies. 13

14 3.4 SUMMARY Theory is a set of ideas, opinions put forward by different scholars at different places and times. Social change theory is not an exception, why because the founding fathers of sociology explored changes that use to occur in human society. Like evolutionism, who agreed and maintained that all human society changes from one stage to another; that is gradually society change from simple, tradition to complex and modern form of society. 3.5 ITQ: ITA: 1 What is the contribution of Karl Marx in social change? 2 Compare and contrast the views of Comte and Spencer in regards to social change. 3 List the stages of social change by August Comte and explain any one in detail. 4 Define social change and explain critics of evolutionism.\ 3.6 REFERENCES Wikins, E. J. (1976). An introduction to sociology. 2 nd ed. Estover, Plymouth: MacDonald and Evans Ltd. Haralambo, M. & Heald R. (1980). Sociology: theme and perspectives. Slough: University Tutorial Press Limited 14

15 STUDY SESSION: FOUR 4.0 MODERNIZATION THEORY 4.1 INTRODUCTION These are the theorist who argued that any human society that wants to become modern it must undergo, experience what modern industrialized society of now a days passed through. It is directed to the third world nation; the under developed, the developing, it is an economic theory of third world Countries. 4.2 CONCEPTS OF MODERNIZATION Some basic things in modernization theories certain concepts need to be explained or known. Modern Modernization Advance societies Modern: This means recently, or the most recent, associated with the past. From this definition we can observe that the modernization theorist is talking about the recent society particularly the European society. Many scholars regard the idea about modernization theory as product of Euro American ethnocentrism. Modernizing: Means the exchanging of old ways of doing things with recent one. Old manners, behavior and activities change to new or the most recent. Both modern and modernizing are associated with progress and development. This is because of the belief that the modernizing theories said that, any society that is not modern or the people in the society are not modernizing; there will not be development or progress. The Euro-American theorist attributed progress and development of Europe and America as the modern type so they believed all society that want to be developed must be like that of Europe and America. All societies must pass through developmental stages of past societies e.g. Europe, America, Japan, etc. There are three approaches to the understanding of the Euro American theories. a) Analytic b) Historical c) As a set of policies 15

16 The Analytical approach sees modernization or modernizing as qualities of social structures and process. Norbert Moore an America functionalist see modernization as a total transformation or change of traditional or pre modern societies into the type or kinds of technologies and associated social organizations that characterized advance, economically, and politically stable nations of Western world. The analytical approach tries to explain the change in society looking at the social structures. Moore emphasized the change by attributing to old ways, traditional system or structure to an advance stage or modern stage of industries. Whereas the subsistence farming, change to mechanize industrial types. Agricultural products are not only for consumption but also for trade exchange. The Historical approach on the other hand sees modernization or modern as a periodic of time mark of from a past period. Predecessor period by a new one or successor, it demarcate a specific period between two others, old and new, past and present, colonial to civilization. In this historical approach, modernization connotes a transition between traditional and modernity. Historical approach tells us about two societies, old and new that is why we have for example early European history and contemporary European history or early African and contemporary Africans. That is why in this is we use a transition between old and new. As set of Policies name of policies pursuit by leaders simply means Leaders who initiates change in their countries are termed modernizers and modernity as the goal of their aspiration/want they want while modernization is a conscious set of plans and polities for changing a particular society in the direction of contemporary societies which the leaders think more advanced. It is an ideal or a goal through actions plan or program. 4.3 HOW DO YOU MODERNIZE AN INDIVIDUAL? The theorist studies social change from two points of view, that the individual and the societal. Their argument is that if you want to understand society all you need is to got the individual, change him to become modern. From been traditional to modern, and immediately you change the individual the society, gets change from traditional society to a modern society, as society is made of human beings or individual. a) You inculcate into him and develop into him the attitude of openness to new ideas and experiences. b) Openness to knowledge and opinion on national and international policies or topics/ideas. 16

17 c) An orientation towards the present future rather than the past. They postulated that a modern man is who is thinking of the past is conservative or traditional. They give story of past event traditional grandfather. d) Another feature of modern man is behaving in planning and science. He outlines what he intends to do or programmed everything. Unlike a traditional man who plan nothing but the modern man plans not only to a day but tor future time. The theorist believed that if you attribute to the characteristics of modernity you are a modern man. A modern man must be rational, calculated and scientific in doing things. e) Trust in and respect to other people and preparing tor achievement to ascription. They argue that the traditional man always talk about his tradition, he cares not about the other people s way of life, out the modern man is willing to appreciate the way to achievement than as criptism. This is because he is competent and capable for achievement. 4.4 FEATURES OF MODERN SOCIETY 1) Highly educated persons the education here is the Western type of education. The Language of Euro American use an educating the people, in a modern society or society that want to be modern must possessed this educated people. 2) urbanization they are referring to modern cities with electricity, good roads, telecommunication network, good drinking water, wonderful sky creatures (bu ilding) good transport system, industries and all social amenities that are features of a city. Recreation centers, big hotels, airports. The society that has the above characteristics can be seen as having Euro American can artifacts. 3) Large scale industries and factories that utilize huge labor forces, the city that has full number of industries and factories whose large number of people are engage as labor. 4) Standard communication and transportation system unlike Nigerian transportation or communication system which are not standardize. The theorist believes that for us to change our environment, we should 4. Europe America and bring their technology so as to transform our society. This contention is irrelevant to Taylors definition of culture which Says that the totality of way of life of members of a society. The theorist also argues that for us to develop or change we have to receive loan from Euro 1merica and change our society. They dictate the way of using the loans which goes along their advocates that Euro American Industries and factories and skill labor on to be brought in to change. 17

18 4.5 SUMMARY Modernization theory tried to figure out those things that are hindering development especially in the third world nations. According to this theory, for the third world nation to develop they have to abandoned the traditional ways of doing things. Such as traditional institutions and adopt the modern ways of behavior. The theories believed that the third world nation could for example; develop their agricultural practice by adopting the use of new technology such as tractors, insecticides, improved seeds among others. In short, modernization is nothing rather than westernization, because to become modern is to behave, act and do things like a western man do. 4.6 ITQ; 1. Define modernization. 2. List and concepts of modernization and briefly discuss them. 3. How can a person or group of persons become a modern one? 4. Identify the features of modern community and discuss any two. ITA: 4.7 REFERENCES 1. Lauer, R. H. (1982). Perspectives on social change. 3th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon 18