DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCffiTY IN EASTERN EUROPE

Transcription

1 DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCffiTY IN EASTERN EUROPE

2 SELECI'ED PAPERS FROM THE FOURTH WORLD CONGRESS FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES, HARROGATE, 1990 Edited for the International Council for Soviet and East European Studies by Stephen White, Professor of Politics, University of Glasgow From the same publishers: Roy Allison (editor) RADICAL REFORM IN SOVIET DEFENCE POLICY Ben Eklof (editor) SCHOOL AND SOCIETY IN TSARIST AND SOVIET RUSSIA John Elsworth (editor) THE SIL VBR AgE IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE John Garrard and Carol Garrard (editors) WORLD WAR 2 AND THE SOVIET PEOPLE Zvi Gitelman (editor) THE POLITICS OF NATIONALITY AND THE EROSION OF THE USSR Sheelagh Duffin Graham (editor) NBW DIRECTIONS IN SOVIBT LITERATURE Celia Hawkesworth (editor) LITERATURE AND POLmCS IN BASTBRN BUROPB Lindsey Hughes (editor) NBW PERSPECTIVES ON MUSCOVITE HISTORY Walter Joyce (editor) SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE FORMER USSR Bohdan Krawchenko (editor) UKRAINIAN PAST, UKRAINIAN PRESENT Paul G. Lewis (editor) DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCIBTY IN EASTERN EUROPE Robert B. McKean (editor) NEW PERSPECTIVES IN MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORY John Morison (editor) TilE CZECH AND SLOVAK EXPERIENCE EASTERN EUROPE AND THE WBST John 0. Nonnan (editor) NEW PERSPECTIVES ON RUSSIAN AND SOVIET ARTISTIC CULTURE Derek Offord (editor) THE GOLDEN AGE OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE AND THOUGHT Michael B. Urban (editor) IDEOLOGY AND SYSTEM CHANGE IN THE USSR AND BAST EUROPE

3 Democracy and Civil Society in Eastern Europe Selected Papers from the Fourth World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies, Harrogate, 1990 Edited by Paul G. Lewis Senior Lecturer in Government The Open University pal grave macmillan

4 C lnlematlonal Counell for Soviet and East European Studies, and Paul 0. Lewis 1992 Oeneral Editor's Introduction C Stephen While 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rlshts reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written pennlsslon. No pmsraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or cransmltled save with written pennlsslon or In accordance with the provisions or the Copyrishl, Dealps and Patencs Ace 1988, or under the terms oiany licence pennlttlns limited copylns luued by the Copyrlsftt Llcenslns Asency, 90 1'olCenltam Coun Road, London WI P 9HE. Any penon who doel any unauthorised actin relation to this publication may be liable to criminal proaecutlon and civil claims for damaps. Pint publiahed In Oreal Britain 1992 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmllls, Baslnptoke, Hampshire R021 2XS and London Companies and repreaenlalivea throuahout the world This book Is published In auoclatlon wllh the lncemacional Council for Soviet and Bast European Studies. A cataloaue record for this book Ia available from the British Library ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Flnl published In the United States of America 1992 by Scholarly and Reference Division, ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y ISBN This book. is printed on paper suitable for recyclin.g and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging. pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Ubmry of Conaress Cata1o&ln&-ln-Publlcatlon Data World Consre for Soviet and Bast European Studies (4th : 1990: HlliTOJBie, Bnsland) Democracy and civil society In eastem Europe : selected papen from the founh World Con,reas for Soviet and East European Studies, Harropte, 1990/edlled by Paul 0. Lewis. p. em. Includes Index. ISBN Civil society-europe, Eastern -Consreaaea. 2. Post communlsm -Europe, Elletem-Co11Jreases. 3. Europe, Eastern-Politics and aovemment conpelltl. 4. Europe, Baalern-Soclal condltlou--con,reaeea. I. Lewis, Paul 0., lncematlonal Council for Soviet and East European Studies. Ill. Tille. JC599.E92W '0947-dc s ()() CIP

5 Contents General Editor's Introduction vi Notes on the Contributors ix Introduction The Discourse of Civil Society and the Self-elimination of the Party 16 Agnes Horvath and Arpad Szakolczai 2 The End of Anti-politics in Central Europe 32 Knud Erik Jt'rgensen 3 Why is There No Women's Movement in Eastern Europe? 61 Melanie Tatur 4 From Closed to Open Communication System: New Information and Communication Technologies and the Rebirth of Civil Society in Communist Eastern Europe 76 Tomasz Goban-Kias and Teresa Sasinska-Kias 5 Economic Change and Civil Society in Poland 91 Witold Morawski 6 Dilemmas and Controversies Concerning Leadership Recruitment in Eastern Europe 113 Jacek Wasilewski 7 Between Hope and Hopelessness: Women in the GDR after the 'Turning-point' 128 Irene Dolling 8 Civil Society in Slovenia: From Opposition to Power 134 Tomal Mastnak 9 Civil Society at the Grass-roots: A Reactionary View 152 Chris Hann Index 167 v

6 General Editor's Introduction The Fourth World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies took place in Harrogate, Yorkshire, in July It was an unusual congress in many ways. It was the first of its kind to take place in Britain, and the first to take place since the launching of Gorbachev's programme of perestroika and the revolutions in Eastern Europe (indeed so rapid was the pace of change in the countries with which we were concerned that the final programme had to incorporate over 600 amendments).lt was the largest and most complex congress of Soviet and East European studies that has yet taken place, with twenty-seven panels spread over fourteen sessions on six days. It was also the most representative congress of its kind, with over 2000 participants including - for the first time - about 300 from the USSR and Eastern Europe. Most were scholars, some were activists, and a few were the new kind of academic turned part-time deputy: whatever their status, it was probably this Soviet and East European presence that contributed most directly to making this a very different congress from the ones that had preceded it in the 1970s and 1980s. No series of volumes, however numerous, could hope to convey the full flavour of this extraordinary occasion. The formal panels alone incorporated almost a thousand papers. There were three further plenary sessions; there were many more unattached papers; and the subjects that were treated ranged from medieval Novgorod to computational linguistics, from the problems of the handicapped in the USSR to Serbian art at the time of t~e battle of Kosovo. Nor, it was.decided at an early stage, would it even be desirable to attempt a fully comprehensive 'congress proceedings', including all the papers in their original form. My aim as General Editor, with the strong support of the International Council for Soviet and East European Studies (who cosponsored the congress with the British Association for Soviet, Slavonic and East European Studies), has rather been to generate a series of volumes which will have some thematic coherence, and to bring them out as quickly as possible while their (often topical) contents are still current. vi

7 General Editor's Introduction vii A strategy of this kind imposes a cost, in that many authors have had to find other outlets for what would in different circumstances have been very publishable papers. The gain, however, seems much greater: a series of real books on properly defined subjects, edited by scholars of experience and standing in their respective fields, and placed promptly before the academic community. These, I am glad to say, were the same as the objectives of the publishers who expressed an interest in various aspects of the congress proceedings, and it has led to a series of volumes as well as of special issues of journals covering a wide range of interests. There are volumes on art and architecture, on history and literature, on law and economics, on society and education. There are further volumes on nationality issues and the Ukraine, on the environment, on international relations and on defence. There are Soviet volumes, and others that deal more specifically with Eastern (or, perhaps more properly, East Central) Europe. There are interdisciplinary volumes on women in Russia and the USSR, the Soviet experience in the Second World War, and ideology and system change. There are special issues of some of the journals that publish in our field, dealing with religion and Slovene studies, emigres and East European economics, publishing and politics, linguistics and the Russian revolution. Altogether nearly forty separate publications will stem from the Harrogate congress: more than twice as many as from any previous congress of its kind, and a rich and enduring record of its deliberations. Most of these volumes will be published in the United Kingdom by Macmillan. It is my pleasant duty to acknowledge Macmillan's early interest in the scholarly output of the congress, and the swift and professional attention that has been given to all of these volumes since their inception. A full list of the Harrogate series appears in the Macmillan edition of this volume; it can give only an impression of the commitment and support I have enjoyed from Tim Farmiloe, Clare Wace and others at all stages of our proceedings. I should also take this opportunity to thank John Morison and his colleagues on the International Council for Soviet and East European Studies for entrusting me with this responsible task in the first place, and the various sponsors - the Erasmus Prize Fund of Amsterdam, the Ford Foundation in New York, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the British Council, the Stefan Batory Trust and others- whose generous support helped to make the congress a reality. The next congress will be held in 1995, and (it is hoped) at a

8 viii General Editor's Introduction location in Eastern Europe. Its proceedings can hardly hope to improve upon the vigour and imagination that is so abundantly displayed on the pages of these splendid volumes. University of Glasgow STEPHEN WHITE

9 Notes on the Contributors Irene Dolling is Director of the Institut fur Kulturwissenschaft at Humbold University in Berlin, having acted as the first head of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Women's Studies there from Her publications have been in the area of cultural theory, gender relations and personality development, and current research concerns sociocultural change in everyday German life following unification. Chris Hann is Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Kent and previously lectured at Cambridge University. His main publications have been Tazlar: a Village in Hungary (1980), A Village without Solidarity: Polish Peasants in Years of Crisis (1985) and, as editor, Market Economy and Civil Society in Hungary ( 1990). He is currently preparing a general book on 'The Anthropology of Eastern Europe'. Tomasz Goban-Kias and Teresa Sasinska-Kias are, respectively, Professor of Sociology and Adjunct Professor at the Institute of Political Science in Cracow, specialising in the areas of communication and journalism. They have published, mostly in Polish, on communication theory and the media, political communication and socialisation, and youth culture. Agnes Horvath and Arpad Szakolczai are research fellows in the Institute of Sociology at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. They have published, respectively, on contemporary Western social theory and the history of economic and political thought. Szakolczai has more recently been Lecturer at the European University Institute, Florence. Their book on The Dissolution of Communist Power in Hungary, which extends themes introduced in their contribution to this book, is forthcoming. Knud Erik Jllrgensen is research fellow at the Institute of Political Science, University of Aarhus, and is associated with the Centre for Peace and Conflict Research at the University of Copenhagen, whose financial support he acknowledges in the preparation of this chapter. He ix

10 X Preface has published works on the Polish opposition, Western responses to Soviet policy under Gorbachev and issues of European security. Paul G. Lewis is Senior Lecturer in Government at the Open University. He has published in the areas of comparative and international politics, and the politics and sociology of Eastern Europe with particular reference to Poland. He is currently preparing A History of Central Europe since 1945' and is engaged on a collaborative research project on regime change in East-Central Europe, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. Tomal Mastnak is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Philosophy in the Centre of Scientific Research, the Slovene Academy ofsciences and Arts, Ljubljana. His works include Towards a Critique of Stalinism, and he has edited A Socialist Civil Society? and Two Centuries of the Disputability of Revolution. His current research is into early eighteenth-century English political thought. Witold Morawski is Professor of Sociology at the University of Warsaw, having spent the year as visiting professor at the University of Toronto. He has published widely on questions of economic organisation, management and industrial relations and general issues of economy and society. He is joint editor of a recent book on basic problems of sociology and is currently conducting research into the transition to democracy and the market. Melanie Tatur works at the Forschungstelle Osteuropa, University of Bremen, and from 1991 also (with a newly established team) studies the Soviet Union at the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Her main research interests concern the industrial and political sociology of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, while her publications have dealt with the Solidarity movement and the working class in Poland. Jacek Wasilewski is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Sociology, University of Cracow, and heads the elite studies section of the Institute of Political Studies at the Polish Academy of Sciences. Recent publications concern elites and patterns of elite recruitment and contemporary developments in the Polish parliament, in both of which areas he is also conducting further research.