CIUPANEL Crisis and challenges in Spain: attitudes and political behaviour during the economic and the political representation crisis.

Transcription

1 CIUPANEL Crisis and challenges in Spain: attitudes and political behaviour during the economic and the political representation crisis. Pre- and Post- General election dataset : CNEP variables Variable Information Document Version February, 5th, 2016 Mariano Torcal, Sergio Martini, Danilo Serani

2 Proyecto de investigación patrocinado por el: En colaboración con: Como citar los datos: Torcal, M., Martini, S., Serani, D. (2016). Crisis y reto en la ciudadanía en España: actitudes y comportamiento político de los españoles ante la crisis económica y de representación política (CIUPANEL). Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CSO R, , PI: Mariano Torcal). How to quote this dataset: Torcal, M., Martini, S., Serani, D. (2016). Crisis and challenges in Spain: attitudes and political behaviour during the economic and the political representation crisis (CIUPANEL). Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CSO R, , PI: Mariano Torcal).

3 Table of Contents Introduction... 1 A. Description of the sample and the data files... 2 A1. Objective of the survey... 2 A2. Pre- and Post-European election waves A2.1 Sample: quotas and representativeness... 4 A3. Third intermediate survey December 2014-January A3.1 Sample: quotas and representativeness... 7 A4. Post- Regional and Local election survey A4.1 Sample: quotas and representativeness A5. Pre- General election survey A5.1 Sample: quotas and representativeness A6. Post- General election survey A6.1 Sample: quotas and representativeness A7. Cross-sectional and longitudinal dataset B. Principle of variable definitions B1. Variable names B2. Variable formats B3. Missing values B4. Pre- and Post- General election dataset : CNEP variables B4.1 Variable definitions... 20

4 Introduction The purpose of this document is to offer all the details related to the variables that overlap with the CNEP project and relates to political discussion and intermediation. The majority of these variables are included in the last two waves of the CIUPANEL project, namely the preand the post-general election surveys carried out between December 2015 and January Section A provides a general overview of the survey and the final sample. Then, in this section the panel structure of the data is described by considering how many panelists participated in all the waves and when we introduced new participants in order to deal with panel attrition. Section B explains all criteria for the definition of variables, how the 'missing' values have been coded and how all variables have been defined and measured (variables labels and value labels). The fieldwork was conducted in collaboration with Netquest ( 1

5 A. Description of the sample and the data files A1. Objective of the survey Modern representative democracies in Europe are facing new challenges. One of the most problematic is the relationship between the citizens and the political system which involves some basic dimensions and processes. More specifically, there are some aspects that appear to be of particular interest, such as the instability of voting behaviours and the increasing abstention; the critical attitudes of citizens towards national democratic systems; and the change in citizens s support for the European Union institutions and its policies. The Spanish case is no an exception to this phenomenon. Ineed, in this country the situation might have deteriorated due to the severe economic crisis occurred in the last few years and to the austerity measures adopted by the national government. These policies which has been the result of external constrains at the European and the supranational levels, has impacted deeply the social and economic fabrics of the country as well as its basic public services. Therefore, this research proposes to study the effect of these challenges with regard to three basic dimensions of the relationship between the citizens and the political system: 1) the attitudes towards democracy and political disaffection, 2) the attitudes towards the European Union and, finally, 3) the voting behavior and political participation. In order to achieve this goal, this project adopts an innovative research design which combines a panel study with several experiments embedded. The panel study consists of an online national sample of Spanish citizens which have been followed for two years across six different waves: 1. Pre-European Elections survey on May Post-European Elections survey on May-June A third intermediate survey conducted in December-January Post-Regional and Local election on May-June Pre-survey of the Spanish general elections on December Post-survey of the Spanish general elections on December The data includes information on various individual characteristics, among others: sociodemographic features; political interest; political information; political knowledge at national and European level; political disaffection; opinions and attitudes toward major regional and national institutions; opinions and attitudes towards the European Union; social trust; political trust; corruption; problems that citizens considered as important; attribution of responsibility in managing the economic crisis and accountability of major national and European institutions; assessment of individual and social economic situation; partisanship;

6 ideological self-placement and the positions of on the left-right scale; positions of parties in regional and European issues; whether the respondent is member of any social and political organization; political participation in various activities; party voted and intention or probability to vote in various elections (European, regional and general elections); national/regional/european identity; feelings towards different political/regional candidates and social/political groups; use of media and aspects of election campaigns; opinions on specific policy issues; political discussion and intermediation; knowledge and evaluation of various political candidates. Additionally, the survey includes experiments on European issues; effects of informational shortcuts (party, ideology and candidate cues); responsibility attribution; and methodological experiments on some questions related to partisanship and knowledge of candidates (logo, acronym, name). It is worth noting that the CIUPANEL data set consists of a non-probabilistic online sample which is nationally representative by specific quotas. 1 Thus, the user is warmly suggested to consider this aspect when analyzing the data, discussing the results or making inferences. In this sense, no weighting procedure are provided while it is suggested to take advantage of one of the main strength of the survey, namely its panel structure. It would be also useful to follow the best practices proposed by the American Association for Public Opinion (AAPOR) regarding the use and analysis of non-probability samples. 2 The CIUPANEL project also includes questions of the European Social Survey (ESS); the Barometer carried out by the Centro de Investigacion Sociologicas (CIS); the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES); the General Social Survey (GSS); the American National Election Study (ANES); the European Election Study (EES) and del Comparative National Elections Project (CNEP). A2. Pre- and Post-European election waves 2014 The first survey consists of two waves, one conducted before and the other after the European elections of 25 May According to one of the last survey of the Spanish National Institute of Statistics on the Use of Information and Communication Technology in the Spanish households published on October 2014, 74,4% of the households in Spain had an Internet connection installed (almost three percentage points more than 2013) and that 73,3% of the population between 16 a 74 years of age had used a computer at least once during the three months before the survey ( 2 Baker, R., Brick, J. M., Bates, N. A., Battaglia, M., Couper, M. P., Dever, J. A, Gile, K. J., Tourangeau, R. (2013). Summary report of the AAPoR on non-probability sampling. Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology, 1(2): It is possible to download the article at the webpage of the Journal of Survey Statistic and Methodology.

7 A2.1 Sample: quotas and representativeness The sample consists of an online panel. Quotas are fixed by gender, age, education, habitat, and autonomous community. A2.1.1 Sample design Area National (Spain) Population Individuals older than 18 years of age Size Pre-EU election 3916 interviews Post-EU election 2639 interviews Fieldwork Netquest (nonprobabilistic online panel) A2.1.2 Structure of the sample The sample has been created by means of online invitations among pre-selected panelists: Pre-EU Date of invitation Invitated Participants % M1 20/05/ % M2 21/05/ % M3 21/05/ % M4 23/05/ % M5 22/05/ % M6 22/05/ % TOTAL % Post-EU Date of invitation Invitated Participants % M1 17/06/ % M2 18/06/ % M3 20/06/ % M4 26/06/ % TOTAL % A2.1.3 Survey participation

8 A more detailed overview of the 5102 participants of the Pre-election survey and of the 3037 of the Post-election survey is displayed by the following tables (sum of completed, completed ISO, Filtered, Full quota, Excluded interviews y Closed interviews ): Pre- N Completed 3916 by ISO (1) 0 Filtered 152 by ISO (2) 152 Full quota (3) 11 by CC.AA. 0 by age 0 by sex 0 Security Question KO 0 Excluded interviews (4) 403 Closed interviews (5) 620 Incomplete interviews (6) 0 Post- N Completed 2639 by ISO (1) 0 Filtered 0 by ISO (2) 0 Full quota (3) 291 by CC.AA. 0 by age 0 by sex 0 Security Question KO 0 Excluded interviews (4) 91 Closed interviews (5) 16 Incomplete interviews (6) 0 (1) Completed ISO According to ISO standards, Netquest considers as not valid those interviews that have been completed 20% faster than the estimated duration. (2) Cases filtered by ISO According to ISO standards, Netquest checks panelists by asking few preliminary questions abour gender and age. If the information provided does not correspond the one available, the interview is discarded. (3) Full quota

9 Those interviews that are discarded after having already reached the fixed quota in the sample. This includes a total number of 302 cases among the two waves. (4) Excluded interviews Due to an error occurred during fieldwork, Netquest was not able to re-contact 403 cases in the Pre-election survey and 91 cases in the Post-election survey. (5) Closed interviews Those interviews that were completed after the fieldwork was already closed. This category includes a total number of 636 cases that have tried to get access to the survey when this was already complete. (6) Incomplete interviews This category comprises those interviews that remained incomplete. These interviews are not included in the final number of participants. A2.1.4 Quotas and final distribution on basic key variables Sex Target % Pre % Pre Post % Post MALE % % % FEMALE % % % Age Target % Pre % Pre Post % Post % % 244 9% % % % % % % % % % % % % CCAA Target % Pre % Pre Post % Post ANDALUCIA % % % ARAGÓN % 122 3% 78 3% ASTURIAS, PRINCIPADO DE % 100 3% 63 2% BALEARS, ILLES % 87 2% 63 2% CANARIAS % 147 4% 101 4% CANTABRIA % 47 1% 35 1% CASTILLA Y LEÓN % 233 6% 149 6% CASTILLA - LA MANCHA % 146 4% 114 4% CATALUÑA % % % COMUNITAT VALENCIANA % % % EXTREMADURA % 78 2% 55 2% GALICIA % 224 6% 155 6% MADRID, COMUNIDAD DE % % % MURCIA, REGIÓN DE % 116 3% 83 3% NAVARRA, COMUNIDAD FORAL DE % 55 1% 37 1%

10 PAÍS VASCO % 173 4% 117 4% LA RIOJA % 30 1% 19 1% Education Target % Pre % Post % Education: lower than university level % % % Education: higher than university % % % Habitat Target % Pre % Post % Less than inhabitants % % % % % % More than % % % A3. Third intermediate survey December 2014-January 2015 The third wave has been conducted between December 2014 and January 2015 inviting the same panelists who had participated at least in one of the two previous waves. A3.1 Sample: quotas and representativeness The sample consists of an online panel. Quotas are fixed by gender, age and autonomous community. A3.1.1 Sample design Area National (Spain) Population Individuals older than 18 years of age Size 2562 intervies Fieldwork Netquest (nonprobabilistic online panel) A3.1.2 Structure of the sample The sample has been created by means of online invitations among pre-selected panelists: Third wave Date of invitation Invitated Participants % M %

11 M % M % M % M % M % TOTAL % A3.1.3 Survey participation A more detailed overview of the 2933 participants of the third survey is displayed by the following tables (sum of Completd, Completed ISO, Filtered, Full quota, Excluded interviews y Closed interviews ) : Third wave N Completed 2562 by ISO (1) 2 Filtered 31 by ISO (2) 31 Full quota (3) 291 by CC.AA. 10 by age 71 by sex 125 Security Question KO 38 Excluded interviews (4) 0 Closed interviews (5) 47 Incomplete interviews (6) 102 (1) Completed ISO According to ISO standards, Netquest considers as not valid those interviews that have been completed 20% faster than the estimated duration. (2) Cases filtered by ISO According to ISO standards, Netquest checks panelists by asking few preliminary questions abour gender and age. If the information provided does not correspond the one available, the interview is discarded. (3) Full quota Those interviews that are discarded after having already reached the fixed quota in the sample. This includes a total number of 291 cases. (4) Closed interviews

12 Those interviews that were completed after the fieldwork was already closed. This category includes 47 cases that have tried to get access to the survey when this was already complete. (5) Incomplete interviews This category comprises those interviews that remained incomplete. These interviews are not included in the final number of participants. A3.1.4 Quotas and final distribution on basic key variables % Quota Sex Third wave % Distr MALE 49% % FEMALE 51% % TOTAL 100% % % Quota Age Third wave % Distr % ,20% % ,90% % ,30% % ,00% % ,50% TOTAL 100% % % Quota CCAA Third wave % Distr ANDALUCIA 18,2% ,40% ARAGÓN 2,9% ,00% ASTURIAS, PRINCIPADO DE 2,3% ,60% BALEARS, ILLES 2,4% ,40% CANARIAS 4,5% ,90% CANTABRIA 1,3% ,20% CASTILLA Y LEON 5,4% ,80% CASTILLA - LA MANCHA 4,5% ,40% CATALUNA 16,0% % COMUNITAT VALENCIANA 10,9% ,90% EXTREMADURA 2,3% ,40% GALICIA 5,9% ,70% MADRID, COMUNIDAD DE 13,7% ,30% MURCIA, REGION DE 3,1% ,80% NAVARRA, COMUNIDAD FORAL DE 1,4% ,40% PAIS VASCO 4,6% ,20% LA RIOJA 0,7% ,70% TOTAL 100% % A4. Post- Regional and Local election survey 2015

13 The forth wave has been conducted after Regional and Local elections held on 24 May 2015, inviting the same panelists who had participated at least in one of the three previous waves. A4.1 Sample: quotas and representativeness The sample consists of an online panel. Quotas are fixed by gender, age and autonomous community. A4.1.1 Sample design Area National (Spain) Population Individuals older than 18 years of age Size 2593 interviews Fieldwork Netquest (nonprobabilistic online panel) A4.1.2 Structure of the sample The sample has been created by means of online invitations among pre-selected panelists: Post-Regional and Local election Date of invitation Invitated Participants % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M %

14 TOTAL % A4.1.3 Survey participation A more detailed overview of the 3132 participants of the fourth survey is displayed by the following tables (sum of Completed, Completed ISO, Filtered, Full quota, Excluded interviews y Closed interviews ): Post-Regional and Local election N Completed 2593 by ISO (1) 3 Filtered 31 by ISO (2) 31 Full quota (3) 209 by CC.AA. 2 by age 207 by sex 0 Security Question KO 0 Excluded interviews (4) 193 Closed interviews (5) 103 Incomplete interviews (6) 111 (1) Completed ISO According to ISO standards, Netquest considers not valid those interviews that have been completed 20% faster than the estimated duration. (2) Cases filtered by ISO According to ISO standards, Netquest checks panelists by asking few preliminary questions abour gender and age. If the information provided does not correspond the one available, the interview is discarded. (3) Full quota Those interviews that are discarded after having already reached the fixed quota in the sample. This includes a total number of 209 cases. (4) Excluded interviews Due to an error occurred during fieldwork, Netquest was not able to re-contact 193 cases. (5) Closed interviews Those interviews that were completed after the fieldwork was already closed. This category includes a total number of 103 cases that have tried to get access to the survey when this was already complete.

15 (6) Incomplete interviews This category comprises those interviews that remained incomplete. These interviews are not included in the final number of participants. A4.1.4 Quotas and final distribution on basic key variables % Quota Sex Fourth wave % Distr MALE 49% % FEMALE 51% % TOTAL 100% % % Quota Age Fourth wave % Distr % ,6% % ,4% % ,4% % ,6% % ,1% TOTAL 100% % % Quota CCAA Fourth wave % Distr ANDALUCIA 18,2% ,7% ARAGÓN 2,9% % ASTURIAS, PRINCIPADO DE 2,3% ,4% BALEARS, ILLES 2,4% ,3% CANARIAS 4,5% ,9% CANTABRIA 1,3% ,2% CASTILLA Y LEON 5,4% ,6% CASTILLA - LA MANCHA 4,5% ,4% CATALUÑA 16,0% % COMUNITAT VALENCIANA 10,9% % EXTREMADURA 2,3% ,4% GALICIA 5,9% ,9% MADRID, COMUNIDAD DE 13,7% ,3% MURCIA, REGION DE 3,1% ,2% NAVARRA, COMUNIDAD FORAL DE 1,4% ,4% PAÍS VASCO 4,6% ,5% LA RIOJA 0,7% ,7% TOTAL 100% % A5. Pre- General election survey 2015 The fifth wave has been conducted before General elections held on 20 December 2015, inviting the same panelists who had participated at least in one of the four previous waves.

16 A5.1 Sample: quotas and representativeness The sample consists of an online panel. Quotas are fixed by gender, age and autonomous community. A5.1.1 Sample design Area National (Spain) Population Individuals older than 18 years of age Size 2411 interviews Fieldwork Netquest (nonprobabilistic online panel) A5.1.2 Structure of the sample The sample has been created by means of online invitations among pre-selected panelists: Post-General election Date of invitation Invitated Participants % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % TOTAL %

17 A5.1.3 Survey participation A more detailed overview of the 2591 participants of the firfth survey is displayed by the following tables (sum of Completed, Completed ISO, Filtered, Full quota, Excluded interviews y Closed interviews ): Post-General election N Completed 2411 by ISO (1) 0 Filtered 19 by ISO (2) 19 Full quota (3) 0 by CC.AA. 0 by age 0 by sex 0 Security Question KO 0 Excluded interviews (4) 0 Closed interviews (5) 161 Incomplete interviews (6) 56 (1) Completed ISO According to ISO standards, Netquest considers not valid those interviews that have been completed 20% faster than the estimated duration. (2) Cases filtered by ISO According to ISO standards, Netquest checks panelists by asking few preliminary questions abour gender and age. If the information provided does not correspond the one available, the interview is discarded. (3) Full quota Those interviews that are discarded after having already reached the fixed quota in the sample. (4) Closed interviews Those interviews that were completed after the fieldwork was already closed. This category includes 161 cases that have tried to get access to the survey when this was already complete. (5) Incomplete interviews This category comprises those interviews that remained incomplete. These interviews are not included in the final number of participants.

18 A5.1.4 Quotas and final distribution on basic key variables % Quota Sex Fifth wave % Distr MALE 49% % FEMALE 51% % TOTAL 100% % % Quota Age Fifth wave % Distr % % % % % % % % % % TOTAL 100% % % Quota CCAA Fifth wave % Distr ANDALUCIA 49% % ARAGÓN 2,9% % ASTURIAS, PRINCIPADO DE 2,3% % BALEARS, ILLES 2,4% % CANARIAS 4,5% % CANTABRIA 1,3% % CASTILLA Y LEON 5,4% % CASTILLA - LA MANCHA 4,5% % CATALUÑA 16,0% % COMUNITAT VALENCIANA 10,9% % EXTREMADURA 2,3% % GALICIA 5,9% % MADRID, COMUNIDAD DE 13,7% % MURCIA, REGION DE 3,1% % NAVARRA, COMUNIDAD FORAL DE 1,4% % PAÍS VASCO 4,6% % LA RIOJA 0,7% % TOTAL 100% % A6. Post- General election survey 2015 The sixth wave has been conducted after General elections held on 20 December 2015, inviting the same panelists who had participated the previous fifth wave. A6.1 Sample: quotas and representativeness The sample consists of an online panel. Quotas are fixed by gender, age and autonomous community.

19 A6.1.1 Sample design Area National (Spain) Population Individuals older than 18 years of age Size 2264 interview Fieldwork Netquest (nonprobabilistic online panel) A6.1.2 Structure of the sample The sample has been created by means of online invitations among pre-selected panelists: Post-General election Date of invitation Invitated Participants % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % M % TOTAL % A6.1.3 Survey participation A more detailed overview of the 2286 participants of the sixth survey is displayed by the following tables (sum of Completed, Completed ISO, Filtered, Full quota, Excluded interviews y Closed interviews ): Post-General election N Completed 2264 by ISO (1) 1 Filtered 15 by ISO (2) 15

20 Full quota (3) 2 by CC.AA. 2 by age 0 by sex 0 Security Question KO 0 Excluded interviews (4) 0 Closed interviews (5) 4 Incomplete interviews (6) 39 (1) Completed ISO According to ISO standards, Netquest considers not valid those interviews that have been completed 20% faster than the estimated duration. (2) Cases filtered by ISO According to ISO standards, Netquest checks panelists by asking few preliminary questions abour gender and age. If the information provided does not correspond the one available, the interview is discarded. (3) Full quota Those interviews that are discarded after having already reached the fixed quota in the sample. This includes a total number of 2 cases. (4) Closed interviews Those interviews that were completed after the fieldwork was already closed. This category includes 4 cases that have tried to get access to the survey when this was already complete. (5) Incomplete interviews This category comprises those interviews that remained incomplete. These interviews are not included in the final number of participants. A6.1.4 Quotas and final distribution on basic key variables % Quota Sex Sixth wave % Distr MALE 49% % FEMALE 51% % TOTAL 100% % % Quota Age Sixth wave % Distr % % % % % % % % % %

21 TOTAL 100% % % Quota CCAA Sixth wave % Distr ANDALUCIA 18,2% % ARAGÓN 2,9% % ASTURIAS, PRINCIPADO DE 2,3% % BALEARS, ILLES 2,4% % CANARIAS 4,5% % CANTABRIA 1,3% % CASTILLA Y LEON 5,4% % CASTILLA - LA MANCHA 4,5% % CATALUÑA 16,0% % COMUNITAT VALENCIANA 10,9% % EXTREMADURA 2,3% % GALICIA 5,9% % MADRID, COMUNIDAD DE 13,7% % MURCIA, REGION DE 3,1% % NAVARRA, COMUNIDAD FORAL DE 1,4% % PAÍS VASCO 4,6% % LA RIOJA 0,7% % TOTAL 100% % A7. Cross-sectional and longitudinal dataset A large number of Spanish citizens have participated in at least one of the surveys carried out between 2014 and In the following table, we present in detail the structure of the sample both at the cross-sectional level and at the longitudinal one. More specifically, we show the number of panelist who have participated in each single wave as well as the total number of completed interviews. In the same way, we also describe how many panelists have participated longitudinally in all six surveys and at which time-point we have introduced new panelists in order to increase the sample and its representativeness. Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5 Wave 6 N of cross-sectional cases in each wave N panelist introduced Total N of cross-sectional cases (1-6) 4459 Total N of longitudinal cases (1-6) 1447 The following table, instead, shows a comparison of the distribution of some basic sociodemographic caracteristics (e.g. sex, age, CCAA and education) in the six waves of the CIUPANEL project with the same variables from a national post-european election study carried out by the CIS in 2014 (study 3028; in order to ensure greater comparability only

22 Internet users are considered). As it an be seen, the distribution of each variable in the CIUPANEL approximates the one achieved by the CIS study with the only exception of education. In this respect, in the CIUPANEL dataset we have a overrepresentation of more educated people. Variable Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave CIS MD3028* % Femal 54,2 51,2 52,8 48,0 50,9 51,5 48,8 Age (mean) 45,5 46,1 47,3 46,0 47,2 47,5 40,2 CCAA (%) Andalucía 16,5 16,9 17,3 17,7 17,2 17,4 17,3 Aragón 3,1 2,9 3,0 3,0 3,4 3,4 2,9 Asturias 2,5 2,3 2,6 2,4 2,7 2,6 2,1 Balears 2,2 2,3 2,3 2,2 2,2 2,1 2,2 Canarias 3,7 3,8 3,8 3,9 3,5 3,4 4,6 Cantabria 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,6 1,5 1,7 Castilla y León 6,0 5,6 5,8 5,6 5,5 5,5 5,3 Castilla La Mancha 3,7 4,3 4,4 4,4 4,2 4,2 4,3 Cataluña 18,6 17,0 17,0 16,0 16,5 16,4 16,4 Comunitat Valenciana 10,6 11,1 10,8 10,9 10,8 10,7 10,3 Extremadura 2,0 2,0 2,3 2,3 2,2 2,2 2,2 Galicia 5,7 5,8 5,6 5,9 5,3 5,4 5,6 Madrid 14,5 14,4 14,3 14,3 14,4 14,4 15,4 Murcia 3 3,1 2,7 3,1 2,9 3,0 2,6 Navarra 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,7 1,7 1,1 País Vasco 4,4 4,4 4,2 4,5 4,5 4,5 5,0 Rioja 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,8 3,8 0,5 Education (%) Primary 5,8 5,9 6,4 5,9 6,2 6,2 5,3 Secondary 53,5 54,4 50,5 47,32 45,7 49,8 75,8 Tertiary 39,8 38,9 34,8 31,2 30,3 42,6 18,8 N * Internet users are defined as those people that had used the Internet at least once in the three months before the CIS survey.

23 B. Principle of variable definitions B1. Variable names The variables are divided into three different types: questions about opinions are identified by the suffix p- ; questions belonging to the experiments are indicated by the suffix t- ; questions about socio-demopraphic characteristics are distinguished by the suffix soc_ ; the variables created by NetQuest carry the suffix panel_ ; the number at the end of the suffix of each variable indicates the panel wave. B2. Variable formats The variables are presented in numerical or string formats. B3. Missing values The missing data are identified by the value 777 ( I prefer not to answer ), 888 ( Don t know ) and 999 ( Not used in those cases for which the question should not be asked ). B4. Pre- and Post- General election dataset : CNEP variables B4.1 Variable definitions Tables B4.1.1 and B4.1.2 reports the content of the variables that overlap with the CNEP project and focus on media consumption, campaigning and political discussion and intermediation. The majority of the variables are included in the Pre- and-the Post-General election surveys of the CIUPANEL Only in a few cases, variables belong to previous waves. The table provides information about the name, the label and the format of all included variables. Some of these questions have been revised by Prof. Mariano Torcal and Prof. Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck. All matches between the CIUPANEL project and the CNEP project have also been reported.

24 B4.1.1 Type and content: CNEP variables Variable name CIUPANEL Variable name CNEP Variable label wave_5 -- Pre-General election survey Yes; 2-No wave_6 -- Post-General election survey Yes; 2-No Value labels p113a_5 A.EconSit Evaluation of the present economic situation in Spain 1-Very good; 2-Good; 3-Regular; 4- Bad; 5- Very bad p157a_6 B.DemMea Meaning of democracy: Freedom to criticize the 1-Not important at all; 2-Not very ncrit government important; 3-Important; 4- Absolutely essential; 777-I prefer p157b_6 p157c_6 p157d_6 p158_6 p159a_6 B.DemMea njobs B.DemMea nelec B.DemMea ngap B.MediaExt ent B.OneParty Rule Meaning of democracy: Jobs for everyone Meaning of democracy: Free and fair elections Meaning of democracy: A smaller income gap between rich and poor Spanish media are free and uncensored Way to govern country: Only one political party should be allowed to stand for election and hold office p159b_6 B.PresDict Way to govern country: Elections and the National Assembly should be abolished so that we can have a strong leader running this country p159c_6 B.MilRule Way to govern country: The army should govern the country p159d_6 B.ReligRul e Way to govern country: Religious leaders should govern the country according to religious principles not to answer; 888-Don t know 1-Not important at all; 2-Not very important; 3-Important; 4- Absolutely essential; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 1-Not important at all; 2-Not very important; 3-Important; 4- Absolutely essential; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 1-Not important at all; 2-Not very important; 3-Important; 4- Absolutely essential; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 3- Completely free media; 2- Partly free media, with minor problems; 1- Partly free media, with major problems; 0-Not free media; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 1-Strongly disagree; 2-Disagree; 3- Neither agree nor disagree; 4- Agree; 5-Strongly agree; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 1-Strongly disagree; 2-Disagree; 3- Neither agree nor disagree; 4- Agree; 5-Strongly agree; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 1-Strongly disagree; 2-Disagree; 3- Neither agree nor disagree; 4- Agree; 5-Strongly agree; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 1-Strongly disagree; 2-Disagree; 3- Neither agree nor disagree; 4- Agree; 5-Strongly agree; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know p93_6 B.DemAuth Democratic legitimacy 1-Democracy is preferable to any other form of government; 2- Under some circumstances, an authoritarian regime, a dictatorship, is preferable to a democratic system; 3- For people like me, one regime is the same as another p91_6 B.DemExte Perception of the level of democratization in Spain 0-Not at all democratic; 10- nt (Likert Completely democratic p19_5 p19_6 and Scale) B.DemSat Satisfaction with democracy in Spain 1-Very satisfied; 2-Somewhat satisfied; 3- Not very satisfied; 4- Not at all satisfied

25 p21_5 C. C.LRSelf (1-10 Scale) p23asigla_5 C.LRGov1 (1-10 Scale) p23bsigla_5 C.LROpp1 (1-10 Scale) p23isigla_5 C.LROppN ew1 (1-10 Scale) p23osigla_5 C.LROppN ew2 (1-10 Scale) p23csigla_5 C.LROpp4( 1-10 Scale) p23fsigla_5 C.LROpp5 (1-10 Scale) p23ssigla_5 C.LROpp6 (1-10 Scale) p23dsigla_5 C.LROpp7 (1-10 Scale) p24sigla_5 C. C. PartyID/ C.PartyID Which p25_5 p106m_5 p106n_5 p106p_5 p106r_5 p106t_5 C.PartyIDS trength C.ThermGo v1leader C.ThermOp p1leader C.ThermOp pnew1lea der C.ThermOp pnew2lea der C.ThermOp p4leader Left-Right scale Self placement Left-Right scale placement: PP (People s Party) Left-Right scale placement: PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers Party) Left-Right scale placement: Podemos (We can) Left-Right scale placement: C s (Citizens) Left-Right scale placement: IU (United Left) Left-Right scale placement: ERC (Catalan Republican Left) Left-Right scale placement: CDC (Catalan Democratic Convergence) Left-Right scale placement: PNV (Basque Nationalist Party) 0 Left; 10-Right; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0 Left; 10-Right; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0 Left; 10-Right; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0 Left; 10-Right; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0 Left; 10-Right; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0 Left; 10-Right; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0 Left; 10-Right; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0 Left; 10-Right; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0 Left; 10-Right; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know Close to a political party 1 - PP (People s Party); 2 - PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers Party); 3 - IU (United Left); 31 - C s (Citizens); 33 Podemos (We can); 4 - UPyD (Union, Progress and Democracy); 35 - CDC (Catalan Democratic Convergence); 36 - UDC (Catalan Democratic Union); 7 - EAJ-PNV (Basque Nationalist Party); 8 - CC (Canarian Coalition); 9 Commitment for Galicia; 11 - ERC (Catalan Republican Left); 12 - EH-Bildu (Basque Country Unite); 13-BNG (Galician Nationalist Bloc); 37 Commitment; 38 Equo; 22 - CHA (Aragonist Council); 30 - FAC (Forum Asturias); 32 Vox; 40 - Other; 0 I feel no close to any party Strength of the party closeness 1-Very close; 2- Fairly close; 3- Feelings about political leaders: Favorable/Unfavorable Feelings about political leaders: Favorable/Unfavorable Feelings about political leaders: Favorable/Unfavorable Feelings about political leaders: Favorable/Unfavorable Feelings about political leaders: Favorable/Unfavorable Merely a sympathizer 0-Unfavorable feelings; 5-Neither unfavorable nor favorable feelings; 10-Favorable feelings; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0-Unfavorable feelings; 5-Neither unfavorable nor favorable feelings; 10-Favorable feelings; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0-Unfavorable feelings; 5-Neither unfavorable nor favorable feelings; 10-Favorable feelings; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0-Unfavorable feelings; 5-Neither unfavorable nor favorable feelings; 10-Favorable feelings; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0-Unfavorable feelings; 5-Neither unfavorable nor favorable feelings;

26 p106o_5 p106s_5 p50_6 p52_6 C.ThermOp p6leader C.ThermOp p7leader D.CamPape r D.CamRadi o Feelings about political leaders: Favorable/Unfavorable Feelings about political leaders: Favorable/Unfavorable Frequency of political information on newspaper (internet included) Frequency of political information on radio 10-Favorable feelings; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0-Unfavorable feelings; 5-Neither unfavorable nor favorable feelings; 10-Favorable feelings; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 0-Unfavorable feelings; 5-Neither unfavorable nor favorable feelings; 10-Favorable feelings; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know 1-Never or almost never; 2- From time to time 3- Only during weekends; days a week; days a week; 6- Daily or almost daily 1-Never or almost never; 2- From time to time 3- Only during weekends; days a week; days a week; 6- Daily or almost daily p51_6 D.CamTV Frequency of political information on television 1-Never or almost never; 2- From time to time 3- Only during weekends; days a week; days a week; 6- Daily or almost daily p140_6 D.MediaAg re Number of media sources that support the same political party as the respondent 3-Almost or almost all; 2- Most; 1- Some; 0-None; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know; 999-I did not support any political party p50a_6 D.Paper1.F Favourite newspaper 1- El País; 2- El Mundo; 3- ABC; 4- El Periódico; 5- La Razón; 6- El Diario; 7- El Diario Vasco; 8- La Voz de Galicia; 9- La Vanguardia; 10- Ara; 11- Other; 777-I prefer not to answer; 999- Not p50b_6 D.Pap1Bias Favourite newspaper favored a political party/coalition? p50c_1_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (PP - People's Party) p50c_2_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (PSOE - Spanish Socialist Workers Party) p50c_17_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (UP - Popular unity; IU - United Left) p50c_18_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper C s (Citizens) p50c_12_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (Podemos - We can) p50c_4_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (UPyD - Union, Progress and Democracy) p50c_19_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (DL- Democracy and Liberty) p50c_20_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (UDC Catalan Democratic Union) p50c_7_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (ERC - Catalan Republican Left) p50c_6_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (CC

27 Canarian Coalition) p50c_21_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (NOS - Galician candidancy - BNG - Galician Nationalist Bloc) p50c_9_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (PNV - Basque Nationalist Party) p50c_13_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (EH- Bildu/Amaiur) p50c_14_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (Geroa- Bai) p50c_15_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (UPN - Navarrese People's Union ) p50c_11_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (FAC Forum Asturias) p50c_32_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (Vox) p50c_40_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (Other) p50c_999_6 D.Pap1Part Parties or coalitions favored by newspaper (Not ) p50d_6 p50e_1_6 p50e_2_6 p50e_17_6 p50e_18_6 p50e_12_6 p50e_4_6 p50e_19_6 p50e_20_6 p50e_7_6 p50e_6_6 p50e_21_6 D.Pap1Opp ose D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp Favourite newspaper favored a political party/coalition? Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (PP - People's Party) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (PSOE - Spanish Socialist Workers Party) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (UP - Popular unity; IU - United Left) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper C s (Citizens) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (Podemos - We can) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (UPyD - Union, Progress and Democracy) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (DL- Democracy and Liberty) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (UDC Catalan Democratic Union) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (ERC - Catalan Republican Left) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (CC Canarian Coalition) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (NOS - Galician candidancy - BNG - Galician Nationalist Bloc)

28 p50e_9_6 p50e_13_6 p50e_14_6 p50e_15_6 p50e_11_6 p50e_32_6 p50e_40_6 p50e_999_6 D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp D.Pap1Opp Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (PNV - Basque Nationalist Party) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (EH- Bildu/Amaiur) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (Geroa- Bai) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (UPN - Navarrese People's Union ) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (FAC Forum Asturias) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (Vox) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (Other) Parties or coalitions opposed by newspaper (Not ) p52a_6 D.Rad1.F Favourite Radio 1 Radio Nacional; 2 Cadena SER; 3-Cadena COPE; 4- Onda Cero;5EsRadio;6-Radio Intereconomía;7-Canal Sur Radio;8- Radio Euskadi ;9-RAC1;10- Radio4;11-Onda Madrid;12-Otros, especificar ;777- I prefer not to answerr;999not Aplicable p52b_6 D.Rad1Bias Favourite radio favored a political party/coalition? p52c_1_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (PP - People's Party) p52c_2_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (PSOE - Spanish Socialist Workers Party) p52c_17_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (UP - Popular unity; IU - United Left) p52c_18_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio C s (Citizens) p52c_12_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (Podemos - We can) p52c_4_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (UPyD - Union, Progress and Democracy) p52c_19_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (DL- Democracy and Liberty) p52c_20_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (UDC Catalan Democratic Union) p52c_7_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (ERC - Catalan Republican Left) p52c_6_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (CC Canarian Coalition)

29 p52c_21_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (NOS - Galician candidancy - BNG - Galician Nationalist Bloc) p52c_9_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (PNV - Basque Nationalist Party) p52c_13_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (EH- Bildu/Amaiur) p52c_14_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (Geroa-Bai) p52c_15_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (UPN - Navarrese People's Union ) p52c_11_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (FAC Forum Asturias) p52c_32_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (Vox) p52c_40_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (Other) p52c_999_6 D.Rad1Part Parties or coalitions favored by radio (Not ) p52d_6 p52e_1_6 p52e_2_6 p52e_17_6 p52e_18_6 p52e_12_6 p52e_4_6 p52e_19_6 p52e_20_6 p52e_7_6 p52e_6_6 p52e_21_6 p52e_9_6 D.Rad1Opp o se D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp Favourite radio opposed a political party/coalition? Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (PP - People's Party) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (PSOE - Spanish Socialist Workers Party) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (UP - Popular unity; IU - United Left) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio C s (Citizens) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (Podemos - We can) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (UPyD - Union, Progress and Democracy) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (DL- Democracy and Liberty) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (UDC Catalan Democratic Union) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (ERC - Catalan Republican Left) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (CC Canarian Coalition) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (NOS - Galician candidancy - BNG - Galician Nationalist Bloc) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (PNV - Basque Nationalist Party)

30 p52e_13_6 p52e_14_6 p52e_15_6 p52e_11_6 p52e_32_6 p52e_40_6 p52e_999_6 D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp D.Rad1Opp Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (EH- Bildu/Amaiur) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (Geroa-Bai) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (UPN - Navarrese People's Union ) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (FAC Forum Asturias) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (Vox) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (Other) Parties or coalitions opposed by radio (Not ) p51a_6 D.TV1.F Favourite television channel 1- La 1; 2- La 2; 3-Antena 3; 4- Cuatro; 5-Telecinco; 6-La Sexta; 7- Intereconomía; 8- TV3; 9-Canal Sur; 10-8 TV; 11- TVG; 12- Telemadrid; 13-ETB; 14-Others; 777-I prefer not to answer; 999- Not p51b_6 D.TV1Bias Favourite television channel favored a political party/coalition? p51c_1_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (PP - People's Party) p51c_2_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (PSOE - Spanish Socialist Workers Party) p51c_17_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (UP - Popular unity; IU - United Left) p51c_18_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel C s (Citizens) p51c_12_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (Podemos - We can) p51c_4_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (UPyD - Union, Progress and Democracy) p51c_19_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (DL- Democracy and Liberty) p51c_20_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (UDC Catalan Democratic Union) p51c_7_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (ERC - Catalan Republican Left) p51c_6_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (CC Canarian Coalition) p51c_21_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (NOS - Galician candidancy - BNG - Galician Nationalist Bloc) p51c_9_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (PNV - Basque Nationalist Party)

31 p51c_13_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (EH-Bildu/Amaiur) p51c_14_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (Geroa-Bai) p51c_15_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (UPN - Navarrese People's Union ) p51c_11_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (FAC Forum Asturias) p51c_32_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (Vox) p51c_40_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (Other) p51c_999_6 D.TV1Part Parties or coalitions favored by television channel (Not ) p51d_6 p51e_1_6 p51e_2_6 p51e_17_6 p51e_18_6 p51e_12_6 p51e_4_6 p51e_19_6 p51e_20_6 p51e_7_6 p51e_6_6 p51e_21_6 p51e_9_6 D.TV1Opp ose D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp Favourite television channel opposed a political party/coalition? Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (PP - People's Party) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (PSOE - Spanish Socialist Workers Party) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (UP - Popular unity; IU - United Left) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel C s (Citizens) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (Podemos - We can) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (UPyD - Union, Progress and Democracy) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (DL- Democracy and Liberty) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (UDC Catalan Democratic Union) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (ERC - Catalan Republican Left) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (CC Canarian Coalition) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (NOS - Galician candidancy - BNG - Galician Nationalist Bloc) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (PNV - Basque Nationalist Party) p51e_13_6 D.TV1Opp Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (EH-Bildu/Amaiur) p51e_14_6 D.TV1Opp Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel

32 p51e_15_6 p51e_11_6 p51e_32_6 p51e_40_6 p51e_999_6 p53_6 p53a_6 p53b_6 p53c_6 p53d_6 (Geroa-Bai) D.TV1Opp Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (UPN - Navarrese People's Union ) D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.TV1Opp D.Internet (dichotomo us) D.InterNew s D.InterPart y D.InterFrie nds D.InterOthe r Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (FAC Forum Asturias) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (Vox) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (Other) Parties or coalitions opposed by television channel (Not ) Frequency of political information on the Internet and social media Frequency of political information on Internet: news media Frequency of political information on Internet: party or candidate sources Frequency of political information on Internet: Information/comments by people I know personally Frequency of political information on Internet: Information/comments by other people online p53e_6 D.InterInfo Frequency of political information on Internet: Other political information sources not linked to parties or candidates 1:Never or almost never; 2: From time to time, occasionally; 3: Only during weekends; 4: 2-3 days per week; 5: 4-5 days per week; 6: Daily or almost daily 4: Daily or almost daily; 3: 3-4 days per week; 2: 1-2 days per week; 1: Less frequently; 0-Never; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know; 999- Not 4: Daily or almost daily; 3: 3-4 days per week; 2: 1-2 days per week; 1: Less frequently; 0-Never; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know; 999- Not 4: Daily or almost daily; 3: 3-4 days per week; 2: 1-2 days per week; 1: Less frequently; 0-Never; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know; 999- Not 4: Daily or almost daily; 3: 3-4 days per week; 2: 1-2 days per week; 1: Less frequently; 0-Never; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know; 999- Not 4: Daily or almost daily; 3: 3-4 days per week; 2: 1-2 days per week; 1: Less frequently; 0-Never; 777-I prefer not to answer; 888-Don t know; 999- Not p53f_6 D.InterBias Internet sources favored a political party/coalition? p53g_1_6 D.InterPart Parties or coalitions favored by Internet sources (PP - People's Party) p53g_2_6 D.InterPart Parties or coalitions favored by Internet sources (PSOE - Spanish Socialist Workers Party) p53g_17_6 D.InterPart Parties or coalitions favored by Internet sources (UP - Popular unity; IU - United Left) p53g_18_6 D.InterPart Parties or coalitions favored by Internet sources C s (Citizens) p53g_12_6 D.InterPart Parties or coalitions favored by Internet sources (Podemos - We can) p53g_4_6 D.InterPart Parties or coalitions favored by Internet sources