ROMANIANS IN SPAIN. Migration patter ns and state of ar t. LOREDANA STAN Coordinadora Europe Direct Coslada Representante FEDROM.

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1 ROMANIANS IN SPAIN Migration patter ns and state of ar t LOREDANA STAN Coordinadora Europe Direct Coslada Representante FEDROM

2 FEDROM The Federation of Romanian Associations in Spain Gathers more than 35 organizations all around the Spanish territory. Created in 2004, FEDROM develops projects in collaboration with local, regional, national institutions both in Spain and Romania, and also with the European Commission and counterpart organizations in other European countries.

3 EUROPE DIRECT COSLADA Created in 2009, it represents the collaboration between the EC and FEDROM responsible of the management of the Center. Constitutes the interface between the EU and citizens at local level. Provides information on a multitude of topics relates to the EU.

4 SUMARY ROMANIAN MIGRATION PATTERNS IN SPAIN WHAT DO ROMANIANS DO IN SPAIN ROMANIAN ASSOTIATIONS IN SPAIN REGULATION 492/2011 APLICATION IN SPAIN. MAIN PROBLEMS FOR ROMANIAN CITIZENS

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6 ROMANIAN MIGRATION PATTERNS (1)

7 ROMANIAN MIGRATION PATTERNS (II) Considered a mostly recent phenomenon Two important moments: 2002 opening of the EC borders Schengen Treaty the entrance of Romania in the EU Moratoriums : for Romanians and Bulgarians, limiting their access to labor market July only for Romanians arguing the high unemployment rates as a result of the economic crisis.

8 Migration moments The 90s pioneer migrants Beginning of 2000s ( ) substantial increase of Romanian migrants mostly due to labor market demand in construction, domestic workers and agriculture. Establishment of the networks until today consolidation of networks and boost of migration; stabilization of Romanian community in Spain. ROMANIAN MIGRATION PATTERNS (III) Main features In the first periods important proportion of circular and temporary migration also imposed by European norms. After the entrance of Romania in the EU, we could talk about a certain stabilization of Romanian community, easier to regroup families and settle in the country, although circular migration still exists. Networks are a fundamental characteristic of Romanian migration in Spain.

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10 Are Romanians integrated in Spain? It is generally said that Romanians have integrated very well in Spain We can identify however two phenomenon that coexist: Second generations The existence of a parallel Romanian society that coexist with the Spanish one but only connect in the labor sphere.

11 What do Romanians do in Spain From the labor perspective: The situation of the Spanish labor market must be considered exacerbating social inequality and migrant vulnerability Romanians, in particular, have been strongly affected by the economic crisis: Less are affiliated at the Social Security Increase of unemployment Affiliation to the general scheme mostly in sector hardly hit by the crisis such as construction and related sectors.

12 Romanians affiliation to Social Security General Scheme (1) Agricultural Sector Domestic Workers Scheme Autonomous Workers Scheme Maritime Workers Scheme Minning Workers Scheme (Trabajadores del Carbón)

13 From the education perspective Students enrolled in nonuniversity education, Foreign students enrolled in the Spanish University System, Total Total Foreigners EU27 Total Total EU-27 Romanians Undergraduate Students Students of 1st and 2nd cycles Master Degree Students

14 Is return an option for Romanian migrants? Factors that favor return decisions Spanish economic conditions, volatility of employment and loss of social rights Human capital level of education, knowledge of Spanish Age Romanians over 45 are more likely to return with the prospective of a tranquil retirement Religion could influence more in the case of Seventh-Day Adventists. Factors that favor mobility decisions Time of residence in Spain the longer the residence, the lower the possibilities to return. Family reunification or family projects developed in Spain Lack of good perspectives of finding well-paid jobs, other recourses and opportunities in Romania. Seeing returning as a step behind in their lives.

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16 Romanian Associations in Spain According to the registers of the Romanian Embassy in Madrid, there are approximately 182 Romanian associations in Spain. Their number in the 17 Autonomous Communities depend on the size of the Romanian population residing in the region. Autonomous Community Number of Associations Canarias 1 Cantabria 1 Galicia 1 La Rioja 1 Navarra 1 Extremadura 2 Murcia 2 Asturias 3 Baleares 4 Basque Country 6 Aragón 9 Castilla y León 9 Cataluña 12 Andalucía 15 Castilla la Mancha 15 Valencian Comunity 34 Madrid 66

17 Romanians public participation Romanians generally show little interest in Spanish local, regional or national public life, determining a practically inexistent participation. The family and network migration model has an important influence they tend to solve their private problems with the support of their closest family and friends.

18 Romanian Associations in Spain Work to fulfill what Putnam (2009) identified as the basic mechanisms immigrant associations work: bounding and bridging. They succeed it to a limited extent due to: Limited recourses Lack of know-how and qualification in managing social projects Disproportionally cultural character, but addressed majorly to the Romanian community and less to connect with host society closed community. Develop an advisory work and legal assistance to Romanians, trying to fulfill the absence of such services from host authorities.

19 Problems for Romanian Citizens REGULATION 492/2011 APPLICATION IN SPAIN

20 Basic legislation Royal Decree 2040/2007, of 16 th of February on the entry, free movement ans residence in Spain of citizens of EU Member States and other States of the European Economic Area. Order PRE/1490/2012 of 9 th of July, establishing the rules for the application of Article 7 of the Royal Decree 240/2004

21 Main challenges for Romanian Workers Issuing and change of Certificates of Citizens of the European Union. Interpretation made of the Royal Decree 240/2007, in reference to the need to change or not the certificate after five years of issuance.

22 Main challenges for Romanian Workers (2) Identified a certain lack of coordination and miscommunication between civil services: At the horizontal level, between different public institutions - such as the National Policy (where workers may issue the change) and the offices of the Public Service of Employment and Social Security Vertically, in the same institutions at different levels - local, regional, or national Problems in registering employment contracts with Romanian ID card.

23 Main challenges for Romanian Workers (3) Misinformation of the workers themselves: Confused and often erroneous information received through informal networks - family, friends, acquaintances Unfamiliarity with the language and the basic procedures in Spain Imprecise information by civil servants they attend to solve their problems Determines extension of procedures and promotes their incorporation into the irregular labor market.

24 Main challenges for Romanian Workers (4) The conditionality of economic activity or demonstration of means in order to live in Spain. Many are having exhausted all benefits unable to prove this income, or find a job due to the crisis consequences over the Spanish labor market. Consequences: The ability to access other types of benefits, encouraging their precariousness and vulnerability o their acceptance of an irregular job outside public services protection.

25 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! FEDROM WAD-RAS STREET, MADRID EUROPE DIRECT COSLADA CENTRO MULTIFUNCIONAL LA RAMBLA PRÍNCIPES DE ESPAÑA BULEVARD, S/N, COSLADA EXT g