Political Participation
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1 Political Participation
2 THEME A: POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS From State to Federal Control Initially, states decided who could vote and for which offices This led to wide variation in federal TIFF elections (Uncompressed) decompressor Congress has since reduced state prerogatives through law and constitutional amendments Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 2
3 Expanding the Franchise 1842 law: House members elected by district 15 th Amendment (1870): seemed to give TIFF suffrage (Uncompressed) to African Americans decompressor 19 th Amendment (1920): Women given suffrage 26 th Amendment (1971): 18-year-olds given suffrage Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 3
4 Table 6.2: Voter Registration in the South Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 4
5 Nonvoting Alleged problem: low turnout of voters in the U.S. compared to Europe Data is misleading: it tends to compare TIFF turnout (Uncompressed) of the voting-age decompressor population; turnout of registered voters reveals the problem is not so severe The real problem is low voter registration rates Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 5
6 Figure 8.2: Voter Participation in Presidential Elections, For : Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, part 2, 1071; : Statistical Abstract of the United State, 1992, 517; : Michael P. McDonald and Samuel L. Popkin, "The Myth of the Vanishing Voter," American Political Science Review 95 (December 2001): table 1, 966. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 6
7 Table 8.3: Two Methods of Calculating TIFF Turnout (Uncompressed) in decompressor Presidential Elections, Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 7
8 Table 6.4: Two Methods of Calculating Voter Turnout in Selected States, 2000 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 8
9 Table 6.1: Two Ways of Calculating Voter TIFF Turnout, (Uncompressed) decompressor Elections, Selected Countries: Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 9
10 Figure 6.1: Sources of Voter Registration Applications, Source: Federal Election Commission, Executive Summary--Report to the Congress, Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 10
11 Voter Turnout Real decline is caused by lessening popular interest and decreasing party mobilization are Some needed scholars to see argue this historical picture. voter turnout figures where skewed by fraud Most scholars see some real decline due to several causes, including the difficulty of registration Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 11
12 Discussion Questions for Theme A What have been the policy consequences of a broader electorate? Which extensions of the suffrage have changed policy outcomes, and which have mattered little? What could QuickTime be done to increase and voter aturnout? Would a TIFF program (Uncompressed) of reforms to increase decompressor voting turnout need to are focus needed on the cost to of see voting, this the picture. benefits, or both? Which do current reform proposals do? Why not simply make voting compulsory? If you do not want to use coercion to induce voting, why not pay people to vote? If elections are a public good in which all citizens have a stake, why should we depend on unpaid voluntary action? Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 12
13 THEME B: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND VOTING Six Kinds of US Citizens Inactives: rarely vote, contribute to political organizations, or discuss politics; have little education, low income, young, many blacks; 22 TIFF percent (Uncompressed) decompressor are Voting needed specialists: to see vote this but picture. do little else; not much education or income, older Campaigners: vote, get involved in campaign activities, more educated, interested in politics, identify with a party, take strong positions Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 13
14 Six Kinds of US Citizens Communalists: nonpartisan community activists with a local focus Parochial QuickTime participants: don t and vote a or participate TIFF in (Uncompressed) campaigns or political decompressor organizations, but do are contact needed politicians to see about this specific picture. problems Activists: Participate in all forms of politics; highly educated, high income, middle age; 11 percent Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 14
15 Table 8.5: How Citizens Participate Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 15
16 Predictors of Participation Those with schooling or political information are more likely to vote Church-goers vote more, because church involvement develops the skills associated with political participation Men and women vote at the same rate Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 16
17 Predictors of Participation Black participation is lower than that of whites overall Controlling QuickTime for socioeconomic and a status, blacks participate at a higher rate than whites Studies show no correlation between distrust of political leaders and not voting Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 17
18 Figure 6.4: Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections, by Age, Schooling, and Race, Source: Updated from Gary R. Orren, "The Linkage of Policy to Participation," in Presidential Selection, ed. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 18
19 Figure 8.5: Electoral/Nonelectoral Political Participation Among Anglo Whites, African Americans, and Latinos Adapted from Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Scholzman, Henry Brady, and Norman H. Nie, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995). Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 19
20 Factors That Decrease Turnout More youths, blacks, and other minorities in population are pushing down the percentage of eligible adults who are TIFF registered (Uncompressed) and vote decompressor Parties are less effective in mobilizing voters Remaining impediments to registration have some discouraging effects Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 20
21 Factors That Decrease Turnout Voting is not compulsory, as it is in some other nations Some potential QuickTime voters may and feel a that are elections needed do to not see matter this picture. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 21
22 Participation Other Than Voting People can give money to a candidate They can join political organizations are nonpolitical needed activities to see this picture. Citizens also engage in a wide variety of Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 22
23 Figure 8.3: Nonpolitical Voluntary Activity Among Citizens Sidney Verba et al., Voice and Equality: Civic Volunteerism in American Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 23
24 Table 8.6: Participation Beyond Voting in Fourteen Democracies Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 24
25 What Participation Rates Mean Americans vote less, but participate more Americans elect more officials and have more elections U.S. turnout rates are heavily skewed to higher status persons Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 25
26 Discussion Questions Which of these ten measures do you believe would be the most appealing to the American public, given current participation patterns? Which proposals would be the most objectionable? Would an increase QuickTime in voting in and local, astate, and federal TIFF elections (Uncompressed) be a logical consequence decompressor of the adoption of are Barber s needed proposals? to see Why this or why picture. not? How can technological change be used to increase political participation? Or do you expect innovations in information and communication to discourage participation? Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 26
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