New Technology, Organizational Change and Governance

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1 New Technology, Organizational Change and Governance

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3 New Technology, Organizational Change and Governance Edited by Emmanuelle Avril Professor of Contemporary British Politics and Society, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, France and Christine Zumello Professor of Contemporary American Politics and Society, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, France

4 Selection, Introduction and Editorial Matter Emmanuelle Avril and Christine Zumello 2013 Individual chapters Respective authors 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

5 Contents List of Illustrations and Tables Notes on Contributors vii viii 1 Introduction: Towards Organizational Democracy? Convergence and Divergence in Models of Economic and Political Governance 1 Emmanuelle Avril and Christine Zumello Part I New Paths of Governance 2 Arts Council England in the 2000s: Towards Digital Era Governance? 23 Cécile Doustaly 3 From London Transport to Transport for London: The Unstable Mix of Politics, Management, and Public Service Values 39 Roseline Théron 4 Political Parties and Financial Institutions in the United States: The Myth of Direct Access 55 Christine Zumello 5 From Campaign Finance to Obamacare The Supreme Court Disempowering Voters and Parties: The Law of Intended Consequences? 71 Vincent Michelot Part II Breaking Organizational Boundaries 6 New Challenges of Intra-Party Democracy: Grassroots Activists, Instant Members, and Cyber-Militants 85 Susan E. Scarrow 7 The Evolution of Decision-Making in the British Labour Party: From Grassroots to Netroots? 102 Emmanuelle Avril v

6 vi Contents 8 The Scottish National Party and Organizational Democratization 118 Nathalie Duclos 9 New Media, New Organizations, New Politics 133 James Morone 10 The Evolution of UK Parties in the Web 2.0 and Post-Spin Era 151 Géraldine Castel Part III Emerging Patterns of Organizational Design 11 The Rise of Machines, the Fall of Organizations 169 Régine Hollander 12 Centralizing and Decentralizing Effects of Internet Technologies within the Citizens Trade Campaign in the United States 185 Jean-Baptiste Velut 13 Towards Leaderless Organizations? The Impact of New Technology on Leadership and Learning 200 Toby Coop 14 Political Marketing and Governance: Moving towards the Political Partnership Model of Organization 218 Jennifer Lees-Marshment 15 Concluding Remarks 235 Emmanuelle Avril and Christine Zumello Index 240

7 Illustrations and Tables Illustrations 1.1 Book overview New Labour s communication strategy Source of information for Americans, per medium, Web audience, USA ( ) Main news source, by age ( ) Trend in party affiliation The political partnership model The evolution of democracy 230 Tables 6.1 The growing role of party members in selecting party leaders: Canadian and British parties, The SNP s electoral results in Scottish Parliament elections: per cent vote and number of seats Public television daily audience by nation Top visited news sites, vii

8 Contributors Editors Emmanuelle Avril is professor of contemporary British politics and society at the Sorbonne Nouvelle University in Paris. She is a member of the Centre for Research on the English-Speaking World (CREW, EA 4399) and the director of the Centre de Recherches en Civilisation Britannique (CREC), a research group devoted to the study of contemporary political and social issues in Britain. Her specialist subject and the topic of her doctorate, articles, and books is organizational change and mobilization within the British Labour Party, which has come to include a study of the impact of new technologies on party membership and activism. Other aspects of her research include ideology, the rhetoric of political images, and creativity in political research. Her publications include Comprendre la Grande-Bretagne de Tony Blair: bilan d une alternance politique (2001); Du Labour au New Labour de Tony Blair. Le changement vu de l intérieur (2007); Les élections législatives britanniques de 2010 (2011). Christine Zumello is professor of contemporary American politics and society at the Sorbonne Nouvelle University in Paris. Her research focuses on the interactions between politics and finance in the United States and the ways they inform or deform democracy and representation. This includes research on consumer finance, financial literacy, virtual spaces of representation/participation, new technologies, and the governance of organizations. She has authored and co-edited several books and scholarly articles, L Intermediation en question. Finance et Politique aux Etats-Unis (2011); Egalité-Inégalité(s) dans les Amériques (2008); Voter dans les Amériques (2005); and L entrepreneur et la dynamique anglo-saxonne (Economica, 2003). She has also completed archival historical research on early credit card history in the United States, published in the Business History Review (2011). viii

9 Notes on Contributors ix Contributors Géraldine Castel is a senior lecturer at the University of Grenoble 3. Her research interests include the history of the British political parties, political communication, and use of ICTs in the political field. After focusing on such practices by the British Conservatives in recent years, she is now working on a parallel project involving the French UMP during their 2012 presidential campaign. She has published several scholarly articles, more particularly in Observatoire de la Société Britannique (2010) and in La Revue LISA/LISA e-journal (2012). Toby Coop is director of New Technology with NLM Development. Trained formally at Xerox in business leadership skills, coaching, mentoring, and high performance teamwork, he has had 12 years of sales, marketing, supply chain, and management experience with leading US and UK high-tech organizations and software houses. Since 2001 he has worked as an independent consultant specializing in virtual worlds, executive coaching, and organizational innovation. Toby Coop has also taught at France s top business school HEC (at undergraduate and MBA level) and at the Sorbonne Nouvelle University. He has won awards for work with Shell in building virtual worlds for Gamechanger/innovation teams and for developing Virtual Leadership Training using multiplayer online games. He has undertaken extensive research and run executive-level workshops on applied social technologies and serious gaming for Computer Science Corporation and Philips Design. Cécile Doustaly is a senior lecturer in British Studies and member of the CICC (Civilisations et identités culturelles comparées) at the University of Cergy-Pontoise, Greater Paris. Her multidisciplinary research now centres on cultural policies in Britain since the 1990s from a comparative perspective. In 2011, she jointly organized with Warwick University and the Rodin Museum an international conference, The Arts in Times of Crisis, from which a selection of papers is being edited. In 2012, she obtained a fellowship from the French Embassy in London and the Centre for Cultural Policy Studies (Warwick) to carry out research on French and British cultural policy models. She was awarded the 2013 France-Stanford grant with the Anthropology Department, Stanford University, for the collaborative project The Conservation of Historic Cities and Sustainable Development, which will entail the organization of two conferences in 2013.

10 x Notes on Contributors Nathalie Duclos is a senior lecturer in Scottish and British politics at the University of Toulouse, France. She is the author of La dévolution des pouvoirs à l Ecosse et au pays de Galles, (2007). She has also published numerous scholarly articles and book chapters on Scottish politics, dealing with topics such as devolution, Scottish nationalism, Scottish party politics, the Scottish parliamentary model, a political representation of women. Régine Hollander is an associate professor at Université Panthéon- Assas, Paris 2. She teaches financial English in a master s program in banking and finance. She is a member of CERVEPAS (a research centre on the economies of English-speaking countries) at the Sorbonne Nouvelle University in Paris, and her research is focused on finance, SMEs, and ethnic entrepreneurship in the United States. Jennifer Lees-Marshment is based in the Department of Political Studies at the University of Auckland. She is a leading researcher in political marketing with interests in democracy and political leadership as well. Her books include Political Marketing and British Political Parties (2nd edition, 2008), Political Marketing: Principles and Applications (2009), Global Political Marketing (2010), The Political Marketing Game (2011), and The Routledge Handbook of Political Marketing (2012). Dr Lees-Marshment is currently working on a new project on integrating public input into political leadership. See for details. Vincent Michelot is professor of American Politics at Sciences Po Lyon. His research and teaching focus primarily on American institutions and elections. A frequent lecturer at the University of Virginia, he is the author of two essays on the US presidency and of a series of articles on topics ranging from inter-branch dialogue to federalism and the financing of elections. He is currently working on a history of the right to vote from the Warren Court s formulation of the one person, one vote principle to the 2008 election of Barack Obama. James Morone is professor of Political Science at Brown University. He has been on the faculty of Yale University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Bremen (in Germany). His first book, The Democratic Wish, was named a notable book of 1991 by the New York Times and won the Political Science Association s Kammerer Award. His Hellfire Nation: the Politics of Sin in American History was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. Professor Morone has been president of the New England Political

11 Notes on Contributors xi Science Association and the Politics and History section of the Political Science Association. He writes regularly for The London Review of Books, The American Prospect Magazine, andthe New York Times. Susan E. Scarrow is professor at the Department of Political Science, University of Houston, Texas, USA. She is a comparativist whose teaching and research focus primarily on European parliamentary democracies. Her current research interests include the organizational development of political parties, comparative political finance, and the spread of direct democracy. She is the author of Perspectives on Political Parties: Classic Readings (2002) and Parties and their Members (1996), and is co-editor (along with Bruce Cain and Russell Dalton) of Democracy Transformed? (2003). Her articles have also appeared in such journals as Comparative Political Studies, Legislative Studies Quarterly, Party Politics, and The European Journal of Political Research. She serves on the editorial boards of Party Politics and West European Politics. Roseline Théron is a senior lecturer at the University of Lorraine. She holds a PhD in British cultural studies and has work experience in public transport, marketing management, tourism, and secondary and higher education. Her research interests include London, urban and regional planning policies in Britain, and business history. Her publications include scholarly articles published in La Revue des Deux Mondes (2011); L Observatoire de la Société Britannique (2010); and Un service public dans la tourmente: les mutations de la culture d entreprise au sein de London Transport/Transport for London, (2008). Jean-Baptiste Velut is assistant professor in American Studies at Marne- La-Vallée University. His dissertation was titled Free or Fair Trade? The Battle for the Rules of American Trade Policy from NAFTA to CAFTA (2009). He has published several articles on US foreign economic policy and globalization debates in the United States. His current research focuses on contemporary progressive movements (antiglobalization, Occupy Wall Street, consumer activism, etc.).