NAVODAYA VIDYALYA SAMITI SHILLONG REGION STUDY MATERIAL FOR CLASS X

Transcription

1 NAVODAYA VIDYALYA SAMITI SHILLONG REGION STUDY MATERIAL FOR CLASS X Subject: SOCIAL SCIENCE PREPARED AT: JNV, GOMATI TRIPURA PATRON: Smt. P. R.Verma Deputy Commissioner NVS RO SHILLONG Programme coordinator: Mr. S.F.Rahman Assistant Commissioner NVS RO SHILLONG PREPARED BY: Course Director: Mrs. Alo Acharjee PGT- (Geography,JNV,S. Tripura) Dr. B.K.Singh Principal, JNV, S. Tripura Mr. Sankar Chakraborti (PGT- History, JNV S. Tripura) Mr. Lal Baboo Thakur (PGT- Economics, JNV S. Tripura)

2 Minerals & Energy Resources Summary: I. Mode of occurrence of Mineral: Where are these minerals found.. Minerals are usually found in Ores. 1) The term ore is described as accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. 2) It should have sufficient concentration to make its extraction viable. 3) The type of formation or structure in which they are found determines their relative ease of mining and cost of extraction. Minerals Generally Occur in These forms: 1) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called vein and the larger are called lodes. They are formed when minerals in liquid / molten & gaseous forms are forced upwards through cavities towards earth s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. They include tin, copper, Zinc, lead etc. 2) Sedimentary Rocks: No. of minerals occur in beds and layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata e.g. Gypsum, potash salt & sodium salt. They are formed as a result of evaporation in arid region. 3) Decomposition of Surface Rocks: Involves the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores e.g. Bauxite. 4) Alluvial Deposits : Occur in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These are called Placer deposits and are not corroded by water e.g. gold, Silver, tin, platinum. 5) Ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals but most of these are too widely diffused to be of economic significance, however common salt, magnesium & bromine are largely derived. II. Major Iron Ore Belts in India: 1. Orissa Jharkand Belt : In Orissa high grade hematite ore is found inbadampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar. In Jharkand haematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi. 2. Durg-Bastar - Chandrapur belt: Lies in chattisgarh and Maharashtra high grade hematitis are found in Bailadila range of hills in Chatisgarh. 3. Bellavy Chitradurga - Chikmaglur - Tumkur Belt: In Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. Kudermukh mines located in Western Ghats of Karnataka and known to be one of the largest. 4. Maharashtra- Goa Belt: Includes state of Goa and Ratnagir district of Maharashtra. Although ores are not of very high quality yet they are efficiently exploited. III. Conservation of Energy Resources: Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of national economy agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic needs inputs of energy. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a caution approach for judicious use. - Using public transport instead of individual. - Switching of electricity when not in use. - Using power saving devices. - Using non conventional sources of power.

3 Answer the following questions: 1. Which minerals are formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material. 2. Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of which rocks? 3. Which mineral is contained in Monozite sand? 4. How are minerals formed in igneous & metamorphic rocks? 5. Why do we need to conserve energy resources? 6. Explain the distribution of coal in India? 7. Explain the distribution of iron in India? MCQ Q1: Limestone is associated with (a) Sedimentary rock (b) Igneous rock (c) Metamorphic rock (d) Tertiary rock Q2: Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material? (a) Coal (b) bauxite (c) gold (d) zinc Q3: Which is correct about Magnetite iron core? (a) Magnetite is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of quantity used. (b) Magnetite has the inferior magnetic qualities which is not valuable in the electric industry. (c) It is the finest iron ore with very high content of iron upto 70%. (d) It has slightly lower iron content than hematite (50-60%) Q4: They study minerals as part of earth's crust for a better understanding of landforms. They are called: (a) Scientists (b) Geographers (c) Geologists (d) Ecologists Q5: Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals? (a) Bauxite (b) mica (c) iron ore (d) copper Q6: Which one of the following is an essential feature of Mica? (a) It is a metallic mineral made up of a series of plates (b) It is not used in electric and electronic industry. (c) It cannot be easily split into thin sheets (d) It can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown. Q7: Small occurrences of minerals in rocks are known as: (a) Lodes (b) Veins (c) Orcs (d) Crevices Q8: Which of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand? (a) Oil (b) Uranium (c) Thorium (d) Coal Q9: Which mineral belongs to the category of non-ferrous metals? (a) Iron core (b) Manganese (c) Cobalt (d) Copper Q10: Khetri mines are famous for (a) coal (b) gold (c) copper (d) iron Q11: Which one of the following minerals is NOT obtained from the veins and lodes? (a) Tin (b) Zinc (c) Lead (d) Gypsum Q12: The larger occurrences of minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks are called: (a) Veins (b) Lodes (c) Beds (d) Layers Q13: Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the strata of which of the following rocks? (a) Sedimentary rocks (b) metamorphic rocks (c) igneous rocks (d) none of the above Q14: Rat-hole mining is found in- (a) Jharkhand (b) Orissa (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Meghalaya Q15: Which one of the following minerals is largely derived from Ocean Waters? (a) Bromine (b) Silver (c) Platinum (d) Bauxite

4 Manufacturing Industries I. Importance of Manufacturing: Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development. (i) Manufacturing industries helps in modernising agriculture. (ii) It reduce the heavy dependence of people on agriculture income by providing them jobs. (iii) Helps in eradication of unemployment & poverty. (iv) Helps in bringing down regional disparities. (v) Exports of manufactured goods expand trade & commerce. II. Iron and Steel Industry: - Iron and steel industry is the basic industry steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and variety of consumer goods. - Iron and steel industry is a heavy industry because all raw material as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in 4: 2 : 1 - India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet we lag behind because. (a)high costs and limited availability of coking coal. (b) Lower productivity of labour. (c) Irregular supply of energy. (d) Poor infrastructure. III. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation: Industries contribute significantly to India s economic growth and development but increase in pollution results in degradation of environment. 4 Types of Pollution: (1) Air: caused by undesirable gases such as sulpher dioxide and carbon monoxide, air borne particles such as dust, sprays, mist & smoke. (2) Water Pollution: Caused by organic & inorganic industrial wastes such as release of lead, mercury pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemical, plastics, rubber, fly ash, phosphogypsum etc. (3) Thermal Pollution: Caused by nuclear power plants nuclear & weapon production cause cancers birth defects & miscarriages. (4) Noise Pollution: Cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate & blood pressure by making unwanted noise. IV. Control of Environment Degradation: - Minimizing the use of water by reusing recycling. - Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirement. - Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing in ponds & rivers, involves 3 steps. 1. Primary treatment by mechanical means. 2. Secondary treatment by biological process. 3. Tertiary treatment by biological chemical & physical processes. Answer the following Questions : 1. Describe the importance of Industries in the Economic development of a country? 2. Why iron and steel industry is called the basic industry? 3. Name the important raw material used in the manufacturing of iron and steel. 4. Critically examine how industries cause the environmental degradation? 5. Suggest some measures to control environmental degradation?

5 MCQ: Q1: Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material? (a) Aluminum (b) Cement (c) Sugar (d) Jute Q2: Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants? (a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c) TATA Steel (d) MNCC Q3: Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material? (a) Aluminum (b) Cement (c) Jute (d) Steel Q4: Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc. (a) Steel (b) Electronic (c) Aluminum (d) Information Technology Q5: One of the reasons behind the expansion of fertilizer industries is: (a) More demand for export (b) green revolution (c) Easy availability of electricity (d) Government policies Q6 : Which one of the following is not true regarding the Iron and Steel industry in India? (a) India is the largest producer of sponge iron. (b) Most of the public sector undertakings market their steel through the Steel Authority of India. (c) Chhotanagpur Plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. (d) As a leading iron and steel producing country, India does not need to import steel from other countries Q7: Sugar industries are migrating to the south and the west, because of (a) Cooler climate in these states (b) success of cooperative movement in these states (c) Higher sucrose content in the sugar canes cultivated there (d) All of these Q8 : Textile industry is an example of: (a) Agro based industry (b) Co-operative sector industry (c) Mineral based industry (d) Marine based industry Q9: Agglomeration economies are found in the (a) urban areas (b) rural areas (c) MNCs (d) Foreign Trades Q10 : Which one of the following factors has once again opened the opportunity for jute product? (a) Increasing concern for the use of biodegradable materials (b) Increasing productivity (c) Enhancing the yield per hectare (d) Improving quality Q11 : Where was the first Cement Plant set up in India? (a) Mumbai (b) Kolkata (c) Chennai (d) Delhi Q12 : Which one of the following steel plants is located in Chhattisgarh? (a) Bokaro (b) Durgapur (c) Bhilai (d) Rourkela Q13: Which one of the following cities is known as electronic capital of India? (a)srinagar (b) Noida (c) Bengaluru (d) Pune Q14: Which of the following is a consumer industry and is also found in the cooperative store? (a) Paper mills (b) Petrochemicals (c) Machine Tools (d) Sugar Q15: Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for the location of which one of the following industries: (a) Iron and Steel (b) Automobile (c) Aluminum smelting (d) Electronics

6 Lifelines of National Economy I. Roadways: India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Its importance/merit/advantage can be viewed. (i) Construction cost of roads is much lower. (ii) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. (iii) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope & as such can traverse mountains. (iv) It is economical. (v) It provides door to door services. (vi) It is used as feeder to other modes of transport. II. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: The Govt. has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai- Mumbai & Delhi by six-lane super highways. The North-South corridors linking Srinagar [Jammu & Kashmir] & Kanyakumari [T.N.] & East- West Corridor connecting Silchar (Assam) & Porbander (Gujarat). The major objective of these super highways is to reduce time & distance. III. Railways: The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been largely influence by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. The Himalyan mountains regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief sparse population & each of economic opportunities. The northern plains provide most favourable condition having high population density. Rivers also create problem for lay down of railway tracts. IV. Pipelines: Pipelines transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India. Its initial cost is high but subsequent running costs are minimal. It is used for transporting crude oil, petroleum product & natural gas. 3 Important Pipeline Networks: 1. Oil field in Assam to Kanpur (U.P.), via Guwahati, Barauni & Allahabad. 2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar. In Punjab via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi & Panipat. 3. Gas pipelines from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in UP via Vijaypur in Madhya Pradesh. V. International Trade: The exchange of goods among people; states & countries is referred to as trade. Trade between two countries is called International Trade. Exports and imports are the components of trade. The balance of a trade of a country is the difference between its export and import. When the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, it is called favorable balance of trades. VI. Tourism as a Trade: Tourism has proved itself as one of the most important aspect of trade. Tourism in India has grown substantially. It helps in Promotion of National Integration. Provide support to local handicrafts Provides support to cultural pursuits. Development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.

7 Answer the following questions : 1. Critically examine how roadways are more imp. than railways. 2. What is the importance of super-highways in our national economy. 3. Describe the factors affecting the distribution of Railway network. 4. What are merits and demerits of pipelines? 5. Explain the three important network of pipelines in India. 6. What do you mean by balance trade? taking into account India s trade? 7. Suggest some measures to promote tourism in India? MCQ: Q1: The National Waterways No. 1 is located on the river (a) Ganga (b) Brahmputra (c) Indus (d) Yamuna Q2: District Roads are maintained by: (a) PWD (b) Zila Parishad (c) CPWD (d) BRO Q3: Which of the following is the most important modes of transportation in India? (a) Pipelines (b) Railways (c) Roadways (d) Airways Q4: Why is the density of railways more in the northern plains? (a) Economic prosperity (b) high density population (c) Flat surface (d) all of these Q5: Which is the extreme south-western port located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour? (a) Tuticorin (b) Chennai (c) Kochi (d) New Mangalore Q6: National Highways are constructed and maintained by: (a) NHAI (b) CPWD (c) SPWD (d) BRO Q7: Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or more countries? (a) Internal trade (b) International trade (c) External trade (d) Local trade Q8: Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the East-West Corridor? (a) Mumbai and Nagpur (b) Silchar and Porbandar (c) Mumbai and Kolkata (d) Nagpur and Siliguri Q9: Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and wellprotected port along the east coast? (a) Chennai (b) Paradip (c) Tuticorin (d) Visakhapatnam Q10: Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays? (a) Railways (b) Roadways (c) Pipeline (d) Waterways Q11: Which one of the following states is not connected with the H.V.J. pipeline? (a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Maharashtra (c) Gujarat (d) Uttar Pradesh Q12: Name the first port developed soon after independence. (a) Mumbai (b) Chennai (c) Kochi (d) Kandla Q13: Which is the first class mail from the following? (a) Book packets (b) Registered newspapers (c) Periodicals (d) Envelopes Q14: Which one of the following ports was developed in order to relieve the pressure of Kolkata port? (a) Paradip port (b) Tuticorin port (c) Haldia port (d) Chennai port Q15: The Golden Quadrilateral super highways project is implemented by (a) NHAI (b) PWD (c) CPWD (d) BRO

8 Nationalism and Imperialism Idealistic liberal democratic sentiments because of a narrow creed with limited ends. Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war. After 1871 nationalist tension mounted in Europe in the area called Balkan s. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations. A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans and downfall of Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. As the different Slavic nationalist struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkans became an area of conflict. There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War. Many countries in the world which had been colonized by the European powers in the 19th century began to oppose imperial domination. The anti-imperial movements developed nationalism and formed independent nation states. A New Conservatism after 1815: After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 European govt. were driven by the spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed in traditional institutions of state & society like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and the family be preserved. In 1815 representatives of the European powers. Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The treaty of Vienna of The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed after the French revolution was restored to power. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and sought to curb the activities. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control newspapers, books plays and songs and reflected ideas of liberty and freedom. Questions: 1. Why did Nationalist conflict rise in the Balkans? 2. Describe the rise of Nationalism in the third phase of 19th century in Europe. 3. What do you understand by the term conservatism? 4. When was Napoleon defeated and who defeated him? 5. Explain the treaty of Vienna what were its objectives? 6. What type of conservative order existed in Europe in 1815?

9 Nationalism in India Differing strands within the movement. 1) Rebellion in the countryside: - From the cities, the non co-operation movement spread to the countryside. After the war, the struggles of peasants and tribal were developing in different parts of India. 2) One movement here war against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high nets and a variety of other cases. Peasants had to its beggar. The peasants movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. 3) Oudh Kisan Sabha was setup headed by. Jawaharlal Nehru, within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villagers. 4) Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in yet another way. 5) The colonial govt. had closed large forest areas preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits. Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers. He asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force. How participants saw the movement: 1) Different social groups that participated in the civil disobedience movement. 2) Why did they join the movement? 3) What were their ideals? What did Swaraj mean to them? Answer: 1) In the countryside rich peasant communities, being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. 2) The poorer peasantries were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand. 3) Business classes- They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. 4) The industrial working classes did not participate in civil disobedience movement in large numbers. 5) Another important feature of the civil disobedience movement was the large sale participation of women. 6) In urban areas, these women were from high caste families in rural areas from rich peasants households. Answer the following Questions : 1. What do you mean by Beggar. Who raise the voice against this and what were his ideas? 2. Write a short note on Alluri Sita Ram Raju and his work or his activities, during non cooperation movement. 3. All the different social groups which joined the non co-operation movement why they joined the movement. 4. What was the role of women in non co-operation movement? Describe them.

10 MCQ: Q1: The Congress passed resolution to begin non-cooperation movement in its session at (a) Nagpur (b) Bombay (c) Lahore (d) Calcutta Answer: (a) Nagpur Session (1920) Q2: Who is the author of book 'Anandmath'? (a) Rabindra Nath Tagore (b) Bankim C. Chattopadhyay (c) Aurbindo Ghosh (d) Abandranath Tagore Answer: (b) Bankim C. Chattopadhyay Q3: In which Congress session, the resolution on 'Poorna Swaraj' was passed? Who presided this session? (a) Calcutta, Gandhiji (b) Karachi, Maulana Azad (c) Lahore, Jawahar Lal Nehru (d) Tripura, Subhas Chandra Bose Answer: (c) Lahore, Jawahar Lal Nehru Q4: Rowlatt Act was passed in (a) 1919 (b) 1917 (c) 1918 (d) 1920 Answer: (a) 1919 Q5: For the plantation workers, the notion of swaraj meant (a) Boycotting foreign goods (b) Going back to their native places (c) No colonial control over the cultivation of indigo (d) Manufacturing salt. Answer: (b) Going back to their native places Q6: The British General connected with the Jallianwala bagh tragedy was... (a) Major Sleeman (b) General Dyer (c) Sir Arthur Wellesly (d) Col. Manson Answer: (b) General Dyer Q7: First World war took place between (a) (b) (c) (d) Answer: (c) Q8: Who painted famous image of Bharat Mata? (a) Rabindranath Tagore (b) Abanidranath Tagore (c) Ravi Verma (d) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Answer: (b) Abanidranath Tagore Q9: The objective of the Simon Commission was (a) To discuss about Swaraj (b) To investigate Jallianwala massacre (c) To suggest changes in constitutional system in India (d) To set objectives for 2nd Round Table Conference Answer: (c) To suggest changes in constitutional system in India Q10: The Swaraj Flag was designed by: (a) Lala Lajpat Rai (b) J. L. Nehru (c) S. C. Bose (d) M. K. Gandhi Answer: (d) M. K. Gandhi Q11: What was Rowlatt Act? Answer: 1. Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919 by the imperial legislative. 2. This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for two years maximum. 3. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain. 4. It caused a wave of anger among all sections and societies of India. It led to the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.

11 Q12: What was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859? Answer: Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. Q13: In which movement did Gandhi see an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement? (a) The oppressive plantation system in Champaran movement (b) A satyagraha movement to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat (c) A nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919 (d) A non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj Answer: (d) A non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj Q14: Which was the main cause for boycotting foreign goods during Non-Cooperation Movement? (a) A symbol of western economic and cultural dominations (b) A symbol of foreign rule (c) A symbol of western political domination (d) A symbol of oppressive rule Answer: (b) A symbol of foreign rule Q16: What was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859? Answer: Inland Emigration Act of 1859 was to impose restrictions on the movement of plantation workers. According to this Act the workers were not permitted to leave tea quarters without permission. Q17: Which one of the following is not true regarding the Rowlatt Act? (a) It barred Indians from carrying weapons and arms (b) It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial, for two years (c) Its aim was to give power to the government to repress political activities (d) It was passed by the Imperial Legislative Councils in 1919 Answer: (d) It was passed by the Imperial Legislative Councils in 1919 Q18: Why did General Dyer open fire on the peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April, 1919? (a) General Dyer wanted to enforce martial law very strictly in Amritsar. (b) He wanted to create a feeling of terror and awe in the minds of satyagrahis. (c) He wanted to demoralise the local congress leaders. (d) He wanted to gain prominence in the eyes of British government. Answer: (b) He wanted to create a feeling of terror and awe in the minds of satyagrahis. Q19: Who designed the 'Swaraj Flag'? Answer: Mahatma Gandhi Q20: What was the importance of the Nagpur session of congress? Answer: The congress passed resolution to begin non-cooperation movement in its session of Nagpur in Q21: Why did not the industrial workers participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) in large numbers? Answer: The industrial workers didn't participate in CDM in large numbers because the industrialists came closer to the Congress and gave financial assistance. Thus workers stayed aloof. Also the Congress was reluctant to include workers demands as part of its programme of struggle. Q22: What did freedom meant to the plantation workers of Assam? Answer: For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. It meant retaining a link with the village from where they had come.

12 Popular struggles and Movements Meaning of the word democracy: - Democracy is the govt. of the people, for the people and by the people. The aims of movement for democracy in Nepal: The Nepalese movement for democracy arose with the specific objectives of reversing the kings orders that led to suspension of democracy. Establishment of democracy in Nepal: Democracy established in Nepal in King Birendra accepted it. King Gyanendra the new king of Nepal was not prepared to accept democratic rule after the death of king Birendra. The king dismissed the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the govt from the king and establish democracy means the govt of the people. All the major parties of parliament formed a seven party alliance. (SPA) and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country s capital. On 21st April the protestors served an ultimatum to the king. 24th April 2006 was the last day of the ultimatum, the king was forced to concede all the demands. The SPA choose Girija Parasad Koirala as new Prime Minister of the interim govt. The parliament passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king. This struggle came to be known as Nepal s second movement for democracy. Questions : 1. What was SPA? 2. What was the main demands of people of Nepal? 3. What was the aims of movement for democracy in Nepal? 4. When did the protestors served ultimatum to the king? 5. How was democracy established in Nepal? Sectional Interest groups and Public Interest Group meaning of Interest Groups: Usually interest groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society. Sectional Interest Groups: - They are sectional because they represent a section of society-workers, employees, business, persons, industrialists, followers of religion, caste group etc. Features: Their principal concern is the betterment and well being of their members, not society in general. Public Interest Groups: Public interest group promote collective rather than selective goods. They aim to help groups other than their own members. Example : BAMCEF (Backward and minorities community employees federation). Questions : 1. Distinguish between sectional interest groups and public interest groups? 2. Give one example of public interest group? 3. What is public welfare groups? 4. In what ways do pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics.

13 Political Parties Meaning: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in govt. and make public opinion among the people of country. The role of Political Parties to Shape Public Opinion: They raise and highlight issues. The parties clear the policies of govt. to people. The parties clear the policies of govt. to people. Political parties give their ideas in favour and against the govt. Political parties give their ideas about the new laws made by the govt. In this way the political parties help to create public opinion in people. So it is necessary for people if they want to establish democratic govt. they have to analyze for and against democracy. Challenges to Political Parties: Parties are for the working of democracy parties are the most visible face of democracy. It is natural that people blame parties, criticize them. Parties have to face many challenges:- I. Lack of Internal democracy :- 1) Concentration of powers in one hand. 2) Parties do not conduct internal election. 3) Leaders assume greater power to make decision in name of party. II. The second challenge of dynastic succession is related to the first one. Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members. III. Growing role of money and muscle power in parties: The parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money. In some cases parties support criminals. III. The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice. In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different. There has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties. The difference among all the major parties on the economic policies has reduced. Those who want really different policies have no option available to them. Lack of good leaders. Reforming the Political Parties: The constitution was amended to prevent elected members from changing parties. The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals. Now it is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property. The election commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organizational elections and file their income tax returns. A law is made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. The govt. should give money to parties for election so that everyone who wants to participate in elections can do the same.

14 Outcomes of Democracy Democracy is better than others: We felt that democracy is better because it : Promotes equality among citizens. Enhance the dignity of the individual Improves the quality of decision making. Provides a method to resolve conflicts. Allows room to correct mistakes. The countries which have formal constitutions, they hold elections and form govt. They guarantee rights of citizens. Democracy solves the social and political and economic problems of the country. Accountable, responsive and Legitimate Govt.: Accountable Govt. : Democracy is a accountable govt because it is the govt. of the people and made by people and for the people. The representatives elected by the people are responsible to them. If the people are not happy with the govt. they can change the leaders in coming elections. Responsive Govt. : A citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find this out. She has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This type of transparency is not available in non democratic govt. Legitimate Govt.: Democratic govt. is legitimate govt. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic govt. is people s own govt. cannot ignore the needs of people. So people wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. Questions : 1. Give the definition of democracy? 2. How democracy is better than other types of govt.? 3. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate govt. 4. democracy depends on political equality. clarify this statement.

15 Challenges to Democracy Challenges to Democracy: The serious challenges that democracy face in a country for smooth running of govt. is called challenges. A challenge is not just any problem. We usually call only those difficulties a challenge which are significant and which can be overcome. Challenges: At least one fourth of globe is still not under democratic govt. The challenge for democracy in these parts of the world is very stark. These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic govt. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expression. This involves applying the basic principles of democratic govt. across all the region, different social groups and various institutions. Challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another. This involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. They should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of democracy. Elections are very expensive. The only rich persons can elect elections. The common man cannot stand in elections. The govt. should minimize the election expenditure. The govt. should prepare budget for elections. Political Reforms in Democracy: Meaning: All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called democracy reform or political reform. Reforming politics by making new laws. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the results may be counterproductive. For example, many states have banned people who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections. This has resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor people and women. The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. The Right to Information Act is a good example of a law that empowers the people to find out what is happening in govt. Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. Any proposal for political reform should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how. Questions : 1. Name the two democratic countries who face challenge of expansion. 2. What is political reforms. 3. What is the importance of Right to Information Act. 4. What is the meaning of word challenge. 5. How we can make political reforms in democracy. 6. Evaluate the main challenges faced by Indian democracy.

16 MCQ: Q1: What are the different types of challenges to a Democracy? Answer: Constitutional Design Federalism and its functioning (centralization vs decentralization) Working of institutions (executive and judiciary) Elections Democratic rights Accommodation of diversity Political groups and organizations Challenge of Expansion of democracy foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy challenge of deepening of democracy to strengthen Different countries have different challenges. Q2: What are the influences of Socio-economic Inequality on Indian democracy? Answer: 1. Disinterest among common people mean less participation/ 2. Control over government by rich people and Industrial houses. 3. Widening gap between rich and poor 4. Promotes class interest. 5. Unrest between the poor and the rich leads to tension. Q3: What are political reforms? Answer: The suggestions or proposals to address and overcome democracy challenges are collectively called political reforms or democracy reforms. Q4: What are different political reforms that should be implemented in India? Answer: 1. Legal and Constitutional reforms: Some the Acts are century old and needs to be amended as per the current needs. 2. Administrative Reforms to corruption in the political circles and the bureaucracy. 3. Universal Literacy 4. Poverty Alleviation to provide wages and employment to landless and the poor. 5. Elimination of Gender Discrimination through social-economic reforms. 6. Redressing regional imbalances. 7. Sustainable Development in terms of economic, social and environmental reforms. 8. Improve quality of political parties by people s participation. Q5: What do you mean by Foundational Challenge in Democracy? What values can help to overcome this challenge? Answer: Foundational challenges in democracy are: 1. Transition to democratic institutions from non-democratic regimes 2. Separation of military from governing authority 3. Establishing a sovereign and a functional state. Following values can help in overcoming these challenges: Honesty Integrity

17 Q6: Why are elections a challenge to Indian democracy? Answer: Contesting elections are very expensive. It costs lots of money. The only rich persons can contest elections. For the common man it is beyond his capacity to fund elections expenses. The government should think ways to minimize as well check the election expenditure. The government should also prepare budget for elections and provide means that any citizen (rich or poor) can contest. Q7: What do you mean by 'Deepening of Democracy' as a challenge? Answer: 'Deepening of democracy' is faced by every democracy in one form or another. It involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. The ordinary people have different expectations from democracy in different societies.therefore this challenge has different meanings in different parts of the world. It requires more of people s participation and control and less control of rich people in making of the governmental decision. Q8: If we redefine democracy out of political context, what could be its possible definitions? Answer: The most popular definition of democracy is "Democracy is a government of the people, for the people, by the people". But this definition holds good in political context. But in social context or in our daily lives (operational context), it may be redefined as: 1. The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions. 2. Elections must offer a choice and opportunity to all the people to change the current rulers. 3. This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis; and 4. The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizens rights.

18 Consumer Right The consumer in the marketplace: Markets do not work in a fair manner when producers are few and powerful where as consumers purchase in small amounts and are scattered. These companies with huge wealth, power and reach can manipulate the market in various ways. A consumer includes anyone and everyone who makes a purchase. Common ways by which consumers are exploited: Hoarding and black- marketing. Adulteration Substandard quality High prices Under weight and under measurement False claim Lack of safety device Duplicate articles Unpleasant behavior and unnecessary conditions. Rules and regulations are required for the protection of the consumers in the market place. Factors causing exploitation of consumers: 1. Limited information: A consumer needs full information about price, quality durability composition, etc. of the product. in the absence of full & correct information a consumer may get exploited. 2. Limited supplies: When the supply of goods is less than their demand then a consumer may get exploited by charging higher price. 3. Low literacy: Illiteracy causes ignorance which leads to exploitation of consumer Consumer Movement: In India, the consumer movement as a social force originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices. Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food & edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organized from in the 1960s. Consumer awareness means educating consumers about their rights and duties so that consumers should be well-conversant with the laws that protect their interests and restrict traders to exploit them. Measures taken to promote consumer movement in the country: Enforcement of consumer protection Act 1986.

19 Amendment of various legislations such as prevention of food Adulteration Act Empowerment of consumer and registered consumer organizations to file complaints in the courts. Publishing printed material and its free distribution etc. In 1985 United Nations adopted the UN guidelines for consumer protection. Consumers international has become an umbrella body of 240 organizations from over 100 countries. World consumer Right day is celebrated on 15 th march every year. A consumer activist, Ralph Nader is considered as the father of the consumer movement. National consumer Right Day is celebrated on 24 th December every year. It was on this day that Indian parliament enacted the consumer protection Act in In India the enactment and enforcement of the consumer protection Act in 1986 is milestones for the protection of consumers. The main objective of this act is to provide better protection to consumers.the act is intended to provide simple speedy and inexpensive redressal to the consumers grievances and relief of a specific nature and award of compensation wherever appropriate to the consumer

20 CONSUMER RIGHTS: 1. The Right to safety- consumer have right to be protected against the marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property. There are many thing of daily utility which need special attention to safety such as pressure cookers which have a safety valve and if that is defective can cause a serious accident. Producers need to strictly follow the safety rule and regulation. 2. Right to be informed- All information regarding the product its ingredients date of manufacture precaution of use etc should be enumerated either on the package or separately on piece of paper.. Thus, a consumer has right to be informed. 3. Right to choose- The consumer has the right to choose the product of his choice out of the alternative products available. 4. Right to seek redressal When consumer are cheated or exploited they have a right to get their claims settled against manufacturer. A number of consumer courts and agencies have been set up specifically for this purpose. 5. Right to be heard Every consumer must be granted the Right to be heard.he must be assured that his complains and grievances about the products and services will be heard and attention paid to them. 6. Right to Consumer education- A consumer can be protected against frauds only when he/she knows that there is a law dealing with such malpractices. He/she should be aware of the rights and remedies available. Under COPRA, three- tier quasi-judicial machinery at district, state and national level court deals with the case involving claims up to Rs20 lakh, the state level courts between Rs20 lakh and Rs1crore and the national level court deals with cases involving claims exceeding Rs 1crore. Legislative measures include enactment of the consumer protection act. Administrative measures include distributing essential commodities through public distribution system. Technical measures consist of standardization of products. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) caters to the industrial and consumer goods. AGMARK is meant for the agricultural products. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certifies the standards of products at the international level. ISO established in 1947 is located in Geneva. Consumer International is a global institution of consumer welfare organization.

21 SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE Consumer Rights 1. Explain three ways by which people are exploited in the market. 2. The consumer redressal process is becoming cumbersome, expensive and time consuming.do you agree? Give two reasons in support of your answer. 3. How do we participate in the market as producers and consumers? Explain with three examples. 4. Explain any three consumer s rights as user of goods and services. 5. What were the factors responsible for arising consumer movement? Explain any three. 6. Explain the three tier quasi judicial machinery under COPRA. 7. What are the duties of consumers while purchasing a thing? Write any five points. 8. Explain the main factors responsible for the exploitation of consumers in India. 9. Why are rules and regulations required for the protection of the consumer in the market place? Explain. 10. What is the rationale behind the enactment of consumer protection Act 1986? 11. Write a short note on Right to information Act Explain any five rights of consumer. MCQ Consumer Right 1. In which one of the following years was the Right to Information act implemented? a b c d Name the umbrella body of 240 organizations from over 100 countries for consumer movement. a. Consumer protection act b. Consumer International c. UN Guidelines for Consumer protection d. UNDP 3. Consumer movement was organized for the first time in India during the a. 1950s b. 1960s c. 1970s d. 1980s 4. Hallmark is the certification maintained for the standardization for which one of the following? a. Jewellery b. Electrical Goods c. Edible oil d. Refrigeration 5. ISI mark can be seen on which of the following items? a. Jewellery b. Edible oil c. Electrical appliances d. Cereals

22 GLOBALISATION IN INDIAN ECONOMY Until the middle of the twentieth century, production was largely organized within the countries. Colonial countries exported raw materials and imported raw materials. A MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one country. To earn greater profits, MNCs set up offices and factories for production where they get cheap labour and other factors for production. In present era the goods and services are produced globally. Production is organized in increasingly complex ways. China provides cheap manufacturing locations for MNCs. India provides highly skilled engineers for technical aspects and English speaking youths for customer care services. Production across countries mean percent cost saving for MNC. INTERLINKING PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipments is called investment. Investment made by MNCs is called Foreign Investment. Investment is made to earn profit. MNCs set up production units jointly with local companies. Local companies get money for investment and latest technology which these MNCs bring with them. Sometimes MNCs buy up local companies and expand production. Cargill foods, a very large American MNC bought Indian company Parakh foods. Cargill is now the latest producers of edible oil in India with capacity to make 5 million pouches daily. Many of the top MNCs have enormous wealth which exceeds the entire budgets of the developing country s government. Large MNCs place orders for production with small producers. These MNCs sells the products under their Brand name. MNCs spread their production across the globe by setting up their partnership with local companies., by using local companies for supplies, by closely competing with local companies or buying them up. Thus production in these widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked. Nike, Coca Cola, Pepsi, Honda, Nokia & Ford motors are major multinationals.ford motors came in India in 1995 and set up plant near Chennai by spending 1770 crore rupees in collaboration with Mahindra & Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.

23 Foreign Trade and integration of market Foreign trade results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries. Foreign trade provides a global market to sell products for producers. Foreign trade provides choice of goods to buyers. Globalisation: Globalisation is the process of integrating various economies of the world without creating any hindrances in the free flow of goods and services, technology, capital and even labour or human capital. The following arguments are given in favour of globalisation: To promote direct foreign investment to enable developing countries to raise capital without international indebtedness. To enable developing countries to make use of technology developed by advanced countries without investment in research & development. To widen the access of developing countries to export their produce in developed countries. To enable the consumers of developing countries to obtain quality consumer goods at lower prices. Globalisation is considered as the engine of growth, technical advancement, raising productivity, enlarging employment and bringing about poverty reduction along with modernization. MNCs play major role in the globalisation process. More and more goods and services investments and technology are moving between countries. Factors that have enabled Globalisation: Development in information and communication technology. Improvement in transportation technology. Advancement of science & technology. > Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy > Pressures from international organizations such as W T O. Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy: Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as Liberalisation. With liberalisation of trade, business is allowed to make decision freely for import and export. Under the liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy the government reduces the trade barriers.